{"title":"The influence of the solvent removal process on subsequent molding of impregnated wood with melamine formaldehyde resin","authors":"Masako Seki, Yuko Yashima, Daisuke Shimamoto, Mitsuru Abe, Tsunehisa Miki, Masakazu Nishida","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01522-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01522-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The resin impregnation treatment of wood is used as a pretreatment to improve the deformability of wood and the durability of its formed products. The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of solvent removal after resin impregnation on wood deformation. A solution of melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was impregnated into the wood, and the solvent was removed from the wood under vacuum or different relative humidity (RH) conditions. The deformability of MF-resin-impregnated wood was evaluated based on the load required for molding. A higher RH during solvent removal allowed the MF resin to penetrate the cell wall, while the polymerization of the MF resin impregnated in the cell lumen and cell walls was accelerated. Polymerization of the impregnated resin significantly reduced the deformability. The cell orientation and distribution of the MF resin at the cellular level in the molded products were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and Raman mapping. The results showed that the higher the RH during the solvent removal process, the higher the cell orientation and amount of resin in the cell wall. These results suggest that the solvent removal process after resin impregnation has a significant effect on deformability during deformation processing and the formed products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139029637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Susmozas, P. Manzanares, M. J. Negro, I. Ballesteros
{"title":"Optimisation study of Ulmus pumila woody biomass fractionation by steam explosion for bioproducts production","authors":"A. Susmozas, P. Manzanares, M. J. Negro, I. Ballesteros","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01521-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01521-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Ulmus pumila</i> represents a promising lignocellulosic biomass source for biofuels and bioproducts production since it can grow in low rainfall and extreme temperature zones. A first step in the conversion process is biomass fractionation to enhance the performance of the hydrolysis and subsequent biological conversion steps. The aim of this work is to optimise the main variables (temperature, residence time and the addition or not of sulphuric acid) of steam explosion to pretreat <i>Ulmus pumila</i> biomass. The optimal conditions to maximise both glucose and xylose recovery were 204.8 °C and 30 mg H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/g biomass, obtained through a multilevel factorial design of experiments. Additionally, enzymatic hydrolysis using high solid loads (15% and 20% (w/w)) and different enzyme doses was studied. As a result, steam explosion at optimal conditions followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with 20% solid loading and 60 mg protein/g cellulose of enzyme allow the recovery of 70% of the potential sugars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00226-023-01521-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139029506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Solar drying of timber in Harbin, China","authors":"Xiang Chi, Chenghui Wu, Yaohui Liu, Zhipeng Zhu, Xiaoxue Song, Zechun Ren, Guangping Han, Wanli Cheng, Stavros Avramidis","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01517-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01517-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The variation in seasonal conditions causes an impact on the wood–water relations and dimensional stability like shrinkage and swelling with solar drying technology, leading to discrepancies in drying qualities. To address this processing problem, we studied the pattern of drying kinetics and dimensional changes in four seasons and Northeast China. The experimental analysis shows that the Page, the Aghbashlo et al., the two-term exponential, and the Weibull models may be applied to emulate solar drying kinetics during different seasons of poplar timber. The results also show that the diffusion coefficients fall below the range of 6.01 × 10<sup>–11</sup> to 1.52 × 10<sup>–9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s, the activation energy mean is 32.74 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, and the <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> is 0.84 and the wood dimensional changes during the drying are in descending order of summer, spring, winter, and fall. Conclusively, solar timber drying is seasonally affected, and related studies are needed to provide a theoretical basis to develop the numerical modeling, and a thermo-mass-mechanical multi-physics coupled model for the seasonality of solar drying. This research will eventually provide references for improving the application of solar drying technology in different regions of the world, such as the development of heat storage media in different seasons, the upgrade of drying equipment, and the standardization of solar intermittent drying schedules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wood property genetic parameter estimation from first-generation Douglas-fir progeny tests","authors":"L. R. Schimleck, K. J. S. Jayawickrama, T. Z. Ye","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01516-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01516-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Douglas-fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (Mirbel) Franco) is the most important commercial timber species in the United States Pacific Northwest (US PNW). Owing to its significance, Douglas-fir has been the subject of long-term tree improvement. First-generation and second-generation progeny tests are available for wood property evaluation, but aside from specific gravity (from increment cores) and stiffness (usually determined on standing trees using acoustics), the estimation of genetic parameters has been limited. There is interest in evaluating trees for wood stiffness, but the cost of evaluation is generally a barrier. Near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) may provide a rapid technique for the estimation of a variety of wood properties, providing wood property data is available for building predictive models. In this study, SilviScan was used to assess tracheid properties (wall thickness, coarseness, specific surface and radial and tangential diameter), air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA) and stiffness for 40 calibration samples, 20 each from two progeny tests aged ten and twelve years, respectively (500 samples in all, one test site from each of two independent first-generation breeding programs). Wood properties were measured on sections of increment cores representing the five growth rings adjacent to the bark. Based on the NIR-HSI and SilviScan data from the 40 calibration samples, models were built to predict wood properties of all samples. These data were used to estimate heritabilities and trait-to-trait genetic correlations. Results from this preliminary study are encouraging and the technique can be explored on larger, multi-site, datasets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138563157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of combustion characteristics for wood specimens coated with metal oxides of different oxidation states in the secondary stage of combustion (II)","authors":"Eui Jin, Yeong-Jin Chung","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01510-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01510-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal oxides were applied to cypress wood typically used as an interior building material. Combustion characteristics were evaluated focusing on the oxidation state of metal ions and char characteristics of the second stage of combustion. The burning properties of the materials were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The external heat flux was fixed at 50 kW/m<sup>2</sup>. FeO, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SnO and SnO<sub>2</sub> were used as the metal oxides, and sodium silicate was mixed with increasing the flame-retardant effect. SnO<sub>2</sub>SS was 1.05 times lower than the 164.76 kW/m<sup>2</sup> of the uncoated specimen. The other specimens increased 1.03–1.09 times. The peak smoke production rate of the wood specimens coated with flame retardant was 1.2–1.6 times lower than the uncoated specimens. SnO<sub>2</sub>SS had the lowest value and showed a synergetic effect with SS. The CO/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio of the test specimens coated with the silicate compound was 1.6–2.3 times lower than that of the uncoated specimen. In SnO<sub>2</sub>SS, HRR<sub>2nd_peak</sub> and SPR<sub>2nd_peak</sub> decreased because the generated heat was dispersed by convection because of pores in the char. This formed a relatively hard and heat-stable char structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamish Pearson, Lloyd Donaldson, Mark Kimberley, Bruce Davy
{"title":"Supercritical CO2 drying of New Zealand red beech to below the fibre saturation point reduces collapse distortion","authors":"Hamish Pearson, Lloyd Donaldson, Mark Kimberley, Bruce Davy","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01509-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01509-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> offers an alternative method of removing wood moisture and reducing cellular collapse compared to traditional drying techniques. The technique has been previously demonstrated for <i>Pinus radiata</i> and <i>Eucalyptus nitens</i> dewatering and was modified in this study for New Zealand red beech (<i>Nothofagus fusca</i>) heartwood, which is notoriously difficult to dry without causing excessive distortion. The technique was also successfully extended to drying below the fibre saturation point. A specific dewatering and drying schedule was developed for <i>N. fusca</i> because of negligible dewatering using a schedule previously designed for wood with an open hydrofluidic network of interconnected vessels. An anatomical assessment confirmed lumen pathways were occluded with tyloses and polyphenol resins. A fluid dynamics assessment concluded that permeability measurements are recommended together with tortuosity and porosity information for improved wood species dewatering characterisation. Using the dewatering and drying schedule, collapse was successfully reduced by 92% for both normalised internal wood area and void collapse when compared to oven-dried samples. The beech specimens took 18 days to reach 17.3% moisture content (MC) but displayed some checking from early dewatering depressurisation, compared to air-dried control specimens which showed no collapse or checking but took 6 months to reach 12% MC. Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> dewatering and drying could be combined with extractives separation, preservative treatment, and mechanical forming of wood in one plant to make a potentially economically viable process with improved energy, environmental and carbon footprints. A techno-economic analysis is suggested to fully compare supercritical drying of wood against conventional drying operations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00226-023-01509-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138546435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Noman Khan, Zain ul Abidin, Shamim Khan, Almas, Sonia Mustafa, Iftikhar Ahmad
{"title":"Birefringence of cellulose: review, measurement techniques, dispersion models, biomedical applications and future perspectives","authors":"Muhammad Noman Khan, Zain ul Abidin, Shamim Khan, Almas, Sonia Mustafa, Iftikhar Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01512-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01512-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cellulose, the basic biopolymer of plants, has unique optical characteristics due to its inherent birefringence. In this review, we summarize reported birefringence values for cellulose from the literature and describe its measurement techniques, including ellipsometry, interferometry, spectrophotometry and photothermometry. We also discuss the main dispersion models that have been proposed to explain the wavelength dependence of cellulose birefringence. Furthermore, we outline the diverse applications of cellulose birefringence, with a particular focus on biomedicine. Finally, we discuss the future prospects for cellulose birefringence. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the basic research and practical application of cellulose birefringence and will stimulate new research and innovation in various fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138546296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pankaj Yadav, Julie Bossu, Nicolas Le Moigne, Stéphane Corn, Francesco Di Renzo, Philippe Trens
{"title":"Sorption of water and ethanol pure vapours and vapour mixtures by four hardwoods","authors":"Pankaj Yadav, Julie Bossu, Nicolas Le Moigne, Stéphane Corn, Francesco Di Renzo, Philippe Trens","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01514-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01514-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water is a universal solvent and swelling agent that is widely used in wood industry in association with organic solvents and salts, whether for the fractionation of biomass and the production of bio-based synthons for the chemical industry, the application of sizing agents and painting for the paper industry or the incorporation of preservatives to enhance wood durability for the timber industry. The relevance of solvents and technical treatments used for wood-based products requires a proper identification of the specific role of each solvent on wood biopolymers to better understand and predict their influence on wood properties. In particular, wood impregnated with aqueous solutions of organic solvents has shown to give rise to greater swelling than that observed in pure water, described as “hyperswelling”. To understand this phenomenon, the first step is to examine the existing interactions between wood microstructure and the different solvents present in these mixtures. This study is an attempt to bring to light the sorption behaviour of four different hardwoods in water–ethanol vapour mixtures containing increasing molar fractions of ethanol from 0 to 100%. Contrasted sorption behaviour in pure solvents was observed according to wood species having different biochemical compositions. This behaviour highlights the different affinities of ethanol and water for the macromolecules present in the wood microstructure. With mixed solvents, peculiar effects were confirmed in sorption behaviour of woods with lower mixed solvent uptake at high partial pressures compared to pure solvents. It is also shown that part of the sorbed ethanol molecules remains chemisorbed in the wood structures at the end of the desorption process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138503708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liangmu Qiu, Ranran Guo, Xiaojun Ma, Binqing Sun, Jie Li
{"title":"Fabrication of hierarchical porous biomass-based carbon aerogels from liquefied wood for supercapacitor applications","authors":"Liangmu Qiu, Ranran Guo, Xiaojun Ma, Binqing Sun, Jie Li","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01515-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01515-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hierarchical porous carbon aerogels were synthesized from liquefied wood via physical and chemical activation processes. The morphology and structure of the KOH-treated carbon aerogel (K-LWCA) and the steam-treated carbon aerogel (H-LWCA) were systematically investigated via scanning electron microscopy, N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the electrochemical properties of K-LWCA and H-LWCA were evaluated via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge processes, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both H-LWCA and K-LWCA exhibited high specific surface areas (1996 and 1780 cm<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively) and well-developed hierarchical porous structures. Compared with H-LWCA, K-LWCA demonstrated higher specific capacitance, improved performance, and superior cyclic stability owing to its higher concentration of defects and hydrophilic functional groups. Moreover, K-LWCA exhibited an optimal mass-specific capacitance of 201.47 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup>, achieved an ideal capacitance retention of 70.15% at 20 A<sup>−1</sup>, and maintained excellent cycling stability with a retention rate of 94.11% after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the button symmetric supercapacitor device assembled using K-LWCA demonstrated a specific capacitance of 117.78 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup> and exhibited an energy density of 9.2 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 375 W kg<sup>−1</sup>. Therefore, this study provides a novel method for preparing biomass-derived carbon aerogel electrode materials suitable for practical supercapacitor applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138503709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahdi Karimi-Nazarabad, Elaheh K. Goharshadi, Faezeh Sadeghi, Atefe Ebrahimi
{"title":"Highly efficient and sustainable wood-based plasmonic photoabsorber for interfacial solar steam generation of seawater","authors":"Mahdi Karimi-Nazarabad, Elaheh K. Goharshadi, Faezeh Sadeghi, Atefe Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1007/s00226-023-01507-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-023-01507-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we present a highly efficient and sustainable photoabsorber designed specifically for interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) of seawater. To achieve this, we coated poplar wood with Ag-doped VO<sub>2</sub> (Ag@VO<sub>2</sub>) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as single or double layers of photothermal materials. The evaporation flux of Ag@VO<sub>2</sub> coated on poplar wood is 2.42 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, while RGO-coated poplar wood exhibited a slightly lower evaporation flux of 2.38 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. However, the evaporation flux significantly improved to 3.85 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> when poplar wood was coated with a combination of Ag@VO<sub>2</sub> and RGO, with Ag@VO<sub>2</sub> serving as the bottom layer and RGO as the top layer. The remarkable enhancement in ISSG performance observed in the double-layer photoabsorber (RGO/Ag@VO<sub>2</sub>/wood) is attributed to several synergistic effects. Firstly, the combination of Ag@VO<sub>2</sub> and RGO facilitates efficient harvesting of visible and near-infrared light, enabling effective energy conversion in the ISSG process. Additionally, the surface plasmonic resonance effect exhibited by Ag further enhances light absorption. Furthermore, the low thermal conductivity and porous structure of wood, acting as a substrate, contribute to improved photoabsorber performance. Another crucial finding from our study is the stable performance exhibited by the fabricated photoabsorber. Even after undergoing 10 cycles of operation, there was no decrease in efficiency. This stability is of significant importance for practical applications, as it ensures consistent and reliable performance over time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138503705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}