Wood Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Wood modification by in situ polymerization of non-isocyanate polyurethane using biobased erythritol bis(carbonate) and polyamines","authors":"Pierre Vinchelin,&nbsp;Philippe Gérardin,&nbsp;Laura Figel,&nbsp;Emmanuel Fredon","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01766-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01766-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood modification is proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional preservative treatments, with the aim of improving biological durability and dimensional stability without the use of biocidal compounds. In this study, a new approach by in situ polymerization of non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) was investigated for beech (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.) and Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.). Erythritol bis(carbonate) (ECC) synthesized from erythritol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was used as a biobased precursor. Impregnation of both species with ECC and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) or tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) solubilized in dimethylformamide (DMF), followed by heating, resulted in the formation of NIPUs in the wood structure. Spectroscopic analyses (Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) confirmed polymer formation, while Scanning Electron Microscopy observations revealed the presence of NIPU in the wood cell wall and lumens. Despite partial leaching, significant mass gains (18–32%) and bulking effects indicated polymer retention and interaction with the wood. At a high temperature of 120 °C, the use of TBD catalyst was responsible for secondary reactions so ECC + HMDA (1:1) without catalyst at 80 °C was identified as the best route to form NIPU. For modified Scots pine, dimensional stability tests showed anti-swelling efficiency up to 37% and preliminary degradation resistance assessments showed a mass loss &lt; 1.5% with the brown rot fungus <i>Coniophora puteana</i>. These results constitute a feasibility study for wood modification with biobased NIPUs, highlighting the potential of cyclic carbonates derived from natural sugars as a sustainable alternative to conventional treatments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound activation of PS/H2O2 dual oxidants synergistically enhances porosity and wettability of poplar wood","authors":"Yulin Shen,&nbsp;Junzhu Xiao,&nbsp;Xiaolei Shi,&nbsp;Minhua Huang,&nbsp;Yubo Cheng,&nbsp;Lili Li,&nbsp;Qian Yan,&nbsp;Lihong Yao","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01776-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01776-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inherent extractive occlusion and underdeveloped pore networks severely restrict the permeability and high-value utilization of fast-growing poplar wood. This study aimed to achieve precise pore structure regulation by constructing an ultrasound-activated persulfate-hydrogen peroxide (PS/H₂O₂) dual oxidant system. The effects of PS/H₂O₂ molar ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5) and ultrasonic power levels (100–400 W) on the porosity, specific surface area, wettability, and microstructure of poplar wood were systematically investigated. Characterization was performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that the synergistic effect of ultrasonic cavitation and dual radicals (SO₄·^–and ·OH) achieved optimal pore modification under the conditions of PS: H₂O₂ molar ratio 7:3 and ultrasonic power 400 W. The cumulative pore volume of poplar wood reached 2.82 mL/g, representing a 102% increase compared with the untreated sample, accompanied by a specific surface area of 1.2784 m²/g and a median pore diameter of 0.8262 nm. Meanwhile, the contact angle decreased from 96° to 74.9°, indicating significantly enhanced surface wettability. FT-IR and XRD analyses confirmed that the treatment only caused slight degradation of the main wood components, effectively maintaining the structural integrity of the cell wall. This study demonstrates that the ultrasound-activated PS/H₂O₂ dual oxidant system provides a mild and efficient technical approach for improving the pore structure of fast-growing wood, which is expected to promote its application in functional modification and bio-based material fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS) analysis to support illicit timber trafficking investigations","authors":"Georgia Kate Moloney,&nbsp;Anne-Lise Chaber,&nbsp;Tony Hall","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01777-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01777-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large quantities of timber are covertly trafficked through legitimate maritime routes, however the complexity of global trade networks, combined with inadequate detection tools, enables trafficking to persist and hinders prosecution efforts. This study investigates the feasibility of volatilome profiling using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and identification of <i>Pterocarpus indicus</i>, a commercially and ecologically significant species, via air samples. Headspace (HS) analysis was performed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with samples subjected to different treatments (untreated, oven drying or freeze drying), or mixed in different ratios with pine (<i>Pinus radiata</i>), a common legally exported wood. Sixteen compounds were tentatively identified from <i>P. indicus</i>, predominantly consisting of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, the emission of which was adversely influenced by drying methods. The volatilomes profiled from each wood type could also be visually differentiated in mixed samples and form the basis of a preliminary screening approach for identifying high-risk timber species in heterogenous timber shipments. Our preliminary findings suggest that HS-SPME GC-MS could be adapted as a non-invasive screening approach for cargo container inspections, facilitating initial assessment of potential trafficking activity without compromising cargo integrity or necessitating intrusive inspection procedures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00226-026-01777-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial bonding and axial failure mechanisms between cement hydrates and wood cellulose: a molecular dynamics study","authors":"Haoran Guo,&nbsp;Bin Li,&nbsp;Xiangfei Meng,&nbsp;Yuxin Pan,&nbsp;Pan Wang,&nbsp;Yongmei Xin,&nbsp;Ming Sun,&nbsp;Dongshuai Hou","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01773-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01773-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Clarifying the bonding configurations and failure mechanisms at the interface between cement hydration phases and cellulose is of significant importance for guiding the optimized preparation of concrete-wood and wood-derived material composites. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the atomic-level bonding interactions between the primary cement hydration products, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), calcium hydroxide (CH), and ettringite (AFt), and Iβ cellulose, the principal structural component responsible for the mechanical strength of wood. The axial failure evolution at these interfaces was further examined. Results indicate that hydroxyl groups, water molecules, and ions on the surfaces of the hydration phases form a complex interaction network dominated by hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of Iβ cellulose, maintaining relative structural stability and providing the energetic basis for interfacial adhesion. Interaction energy analysis demonstrates that the interfacial adhesion strength follows the order C-S-H/Iβ cellulose &gt; AFt/Iβ cellulose &gt; CH/Iβ cellulose. Simulations of axial failure processes show that the C-S-H/Iβ cellulose and AFt/Iβ cellulose systems predominantly exhibit cohesive failure within the cellulose phase, whereas the CH/Iβ cellulose system, characterized by comparatively weaker adhesion, undergoes interfacial failure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full component utilization of lignocellulose : enzymatic hydrolysis after alkali-coupled binary DES pretreatment and valorization of the pretreatment liquor for sensing hydrogels","authors":"Li Song,&nbsp;Dayong Ding,&nbsp;Jing Ding","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01758-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01758-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The utilization of poplar wood as raw material to prepare high-value-added materials through green economic processes is of great significance for promoting the high-value utilization and sustainable development of biomass resources. In this study, pre-treatment of lignocellulose with a binary deep eutectic solvent (DES) of sodium hydroxide coupled with choline chloride and ethanolamine was conducted. The research shows that this pretreatment can efficiently remove lignin (with a maximum lignin removal rate of 68.12%), significantly enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose and increase from less than 20% to over 90%. The pretreatment liquid is rich in lignin-derived active functional groups (such as hydroxyl and methoxy groups), which can form hydrogen bonds with acrylic acid monomers during hydrogel synthesis—this interaction serves as the core cross-linking mechanism to construct a stable hydrogel network, laying a solid foundation for the high-value utilization of pretreatment liquid. The hydrogel prepared from the pretreatment liquid at 120 °C exhibits the best mechanical properties with a tensile stress of up to 260 KPa. Moreover, the pretreatment liquid contains ions (such as Ch⁺ and Cl⁻), endowing it with inherent ionic conductivity of up to 0.53 S/m without the need for additional conductive media. The application of the hydrogel prepared from the 120 °C pretreatment liquid in the field of flexible sensors, especially for human motion signals (such as joint bending) is a very promising direction for the high-value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass resources.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KnotSegNet3D: high precision knot segmentation in Norway spruce CT logs via mixed training and fine-tuned transfer learning","authors":"Mohammad Jaber Hossain,&nbsp;Geir Isak Vestøl,&nbsp;Olof Broman,&nbsp;Thomas Reichert,&nbsp;Oliver Tomic,&nbsp;Linus Olofsson","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01771-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01771-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CT scans offer a valuable way to automatically segment knots, however wet logs pose a crucial challenge for sawmills, due to the similar intensity between water saturated sapwood and the knot. Most existing approaches rely on traditional segmentation techniques or 2D surface level imaging limiting their effectiveness for internal knot characterisation. To address this, we propose a 3D segmentation model tailored specifically for Norway spruce knots, using a comprehensive dataset of 24 trees from three different regions of Sweden (384 CT volumes). We systematically benchmarked popular state of the art 3D deep learning architectures used in medical image segmentation utilising the MONAI framework. Our new model KnotSegNet3D combines residual blocks in both encoder and decoder for improved boundary delineation. The models were evaluated using wet stem sections, reflecting sawmill conditions, while training involved a mixture of training on dry and wet data along with transfer learning from dry to wet. Mixed training achieved the highest accuracy (Dice: <span>({textbf {0.902}} pm {textbf {0.025}})</span>) and the closest boundaries (HD95: <span>({textbf {1.610}} pm {textbf {0.190}})</span> mm), higher than the strongest baseline Attention UNet model (Dice: <span>({textbf {0.786}} pm {textbf {0.115}})</span>; HD95: <span>({textbf {6.57}} pm {textbf {12.47}})</span> mm), despite having fewer parameters in KnotSegNet3D (15.26M vs 23.63M). Transfer learning also showed similar performance: Full fine-tuning reached Dice <span>({textbf {0.896}}pm {textbf {0.029}})</span> and HD95 <span>({textbf {1.620}}pm {textbf {0.180}},textrm{mm})</span>, close to mixed training (<span>({textbf {0.902}} pm {textbf {0.025}})</span>; <span>({textbf {1.610}}pm {textbf {0.190}},textrm{mm})</span>). In addition, partial fine-tuning reduced training time per epoch due to fewer trainable parameters, providing a practical option when computational resources or annotations are limited. Qualitatively, KnotSegNet3D handled complex knot geometries and consistently delivered better precision and stability in terms of performance index and visual results for trees selected from different regions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00226-026-01771-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic study of the influence of moisture content on the viscoelastic behavior of tropical wood","authors":"Rebecca Dijoux,&nbsp;Loïc Brancheriau,&nbsp;Marguerite Jossic,&nbsp;Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier,&nbsp;Andres Arciniegas","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01772-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01772-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wood is a viscoelastic material whose mechanical behavior depends on its moisture content. Several experimental studies using ultrasonic tests have reported an increase in the real part of Young’s modulus beyond the fiber saturation point (FSP). This finding contradicts results from other studies conducted at lower frequencies where Young’s modulus remains constant beyond the FSP. This apparent contradiction motivated the present work, which investigates the relationship between wood viscoelasticity and moisture content. First, an enriched experimental protocol was developed to measure the velocity and damping rate of ultrasonic waves in four tropical wood species, allowing to calculate the evolution of Young’s modulus (the real part of the complex viscoelastic modulus) as a function of moisture content. The results of the experimental measurements confirmed trends and values previously reported in the literature: wave velocity and apparent modulus increase above the FSP, highlighting the influence of water content on the dynamic mechanical response of wood. In a second part, a viscoelastic model was proposed to integrate both the evolution of density as a function of moisture content and the dependence of ultrasonic velocity on internal friction. The model reproduced the experimental increase observed in the real part of Young’s modulus above the FSP. This results highlight the importance of accounting for viscoelastic phenomena in wood beyond the FSP.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00226-026-01772-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon encapsulation of silicon via lignosulfonate/chitosan electrostatic assembly and glucose-coating for enhanced lithium-ion battery anodes","authors":"Ling Wu,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Tingwei Zhang,&nbsp;Yongcan Jin,&nbsp;Huining Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01775-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01775-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Silicon (Si) is regarded as one of the most promising lithium-ion storage materials owing to its large theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g) and low operating potential. However, during lithiation/delithiation processes, the tremendous volume change (~ 300%) and poor conductivity of Si materials restrict their large-scale application in the field of electrodes. Herein, a novel encapsulating strategy was proposed to prepare silicon/carbon composites (650-4-glu). The self-assembly process, driven by electrostatic interaction between lignosulfonate and chitosan, initially enwrapped silicon nanoparticles. Furthermore, glucose was introduced through simple grinding with the lignin-Si-chitosan assembly. After carbonization, physicochemical characterization revealed that the carbon framework derived from lignin-chitosan largely coated silicon, and glucose-derived carbon served as a supplementary phase to enhance the encapsulation effect. The formation of Si-O-C linkages between carbon and silicon tightly bound the silicon particles, which was crucial for improving cycling stability and rate performance. Sample 650-4-glu exhibited an excellent specific capacity, retaining 734.3 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.5 A/g and 584.1 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 1.0 A/g. This work demonstrated a sustainable and effective approach for utilizing lignosulfonate, a byproduct in the papermaking industry, in high-performance lithium-ion battery electrodes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impregnation and delignification during kraft pulping of hardwood chips: characterization using in-situ X-ray tomography","authors":"Carolina Marion de Godoy,&nbsp;Endri Laçaj,&nbsp;Klara Hackenstrass,&nbsp;Luigi Galluccio,&nbsp;Haiyang Yu,&nbsp;Sara Florisson,&nbsp;Malin Wohlert,&nbsp;Stephen A. Hall,&nbsp;Merima Hasani,&nbsp;Hans Theliander","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01767-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01767-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, <i>in-situ</i> X-ray microtomography was used to analyze liquor penetration/impregnation and delignification of wood chips during kraft pulping, allowing microstructural changes to be assessed over time. The study was conducted with sapwood of three hardwood species (alder, aspen and birch), using a reactor designed to provide liquor circulation and temperature control. Each wood sample was digested at 141 °C for four hours and, throughout this time, fifteen 3D images of the central portion of the samples were acquired. The images were segmented and used to measure lumen size, cell wall thickness and wood chip porosity. The results confirmed that vessels offered the preferred path for liquor penetration in the hardwoods. Moreover, liquor penetration from ray cells to adjacent fibers was shown to be a less efficient path for impregnation. Regarding delignification, fiber separation began first in aspen and last in alder, and the complete separation took between 1 and 1.5 h to occur in the center of the samples. The porosity of the chips increased continuously after liquor penetration, whereas cell wall thickness decreased more substantially during fiber separation, especially in aspen, but remained relatively stable afterwards. Furthermore, the position of the fibers in relation to vessels and rays did not impact the rate of delignification significantly. Overall, this work shows that <i>in-situ</i> tomography can be a valuable technique to move forward research on wood impregnation and on topochemistry of lignin removal during pulping.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00226-026-01767-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire spread characteristics of dry–wet aged fir under environmental pressure","authors":"Jingyu Zhao,&nbsp;Hanqi Ming,&nbsp;Jiajia Song,&nbsp;Xingyu Shuai,&nbsp;Yanni Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Deng,&nbsp;Yihe Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00226-026-01770-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00226-026-01770-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ancient buildings hold significant historical value. Over time, they are exposed to the natural environment, during which the wooden materials that constitute these structures can age, affecting their fire safety. To address this, this paper employs a research method combining experimental analysis and theoretical analysis, focusing on the commonly used fir wood in ancient building construction. By conducting dry‒wet ageing experiments to prepare samples of varying ageing degrees, various experimental methods, including industrial analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal property testing, are employed to investigate the fundamental physicochemical properties of fir wood at different ageing levels. An experimental system for measuring fire spread parameters is independently constructed to analyze the influence of environmental pressure on the fire spread process of aged wood. The more the process deepens, the deeper the amount of ageing, the more water and volatile matter in the fir wood, the decrease, content fixed ile. The carbon increases, ash content first rises and then falls, and the content of C, H, and O elements changes slightly. The surface color gradually darkens, and the density linearly decreases; the crystallinity of cellulose decreases, cell walls thin out, intercellular distances shorten, and cell structures deform and rupture, leading to surface warping, cracking, and deformation. The time it takes for local high temperatures to spread to low-temperature areas increases, with thermal conductivity becoming dominant, enhancing heat transfer capabilities. The reduction in pressure leads to an intensified phenomenon of flame body fragmentation and jumping, causing inconsistent flame spread across the wood boundary, elongation and widening of the flame body, a gradual decrease in the trend of flame height and width changes, relatively longer pyrolysis zone lengths, and a narrowing of the peak temperature width of gas–solid phase in aged fir. The fire spread rate of fir initially increases and then decreases as environmental pressure decreases, and first increases, then decreases, and finally increases again with increasing ageing degree. Under low pressure, the fire spread rate of aged fir continues to increase, while under high pressure, the oxygen concentration produced by fir combustion decreases, leading to incomplete combustion processes and a reduction in the fire spread rate of aged fir.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":810,"journal":{"name":"Wood Science and Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}