Welding in the World最新文献_第6页

Physical simulation-based analysis of multipass welding in S500 shipbuilding steel

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01908-0

M. Gáspár, J. Kovács, J. Sainio, H. Tervo, V. Javaheri, A. Kaijalainen

{"title":"Physical simulation-based analysis of multipass welding in S500 shipbuilding steel","authors":"M. Gáspár, J. Kovács, J. Sainio, H. Tervo, V. Javaheri, A. Kaijalainen","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01908-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01908-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Novel generations of shipbuilding steels have outstanding toughness due to the improved steel producing processes. Their microstructure mainly consists of ferrite and bainite, while the presence of acicular ferrite has a role in high impact energy of the welded joint. This research aims to analyze the effect of multipass welding on weld characteristics of S500 shipbuilding steel. A Gleeble 3500 simulator machine is used to produce the welding thermal cycles by the Rykalin-3D model on 70 <span>(times)</span> 10 <span>(times)</span> 10 mm samples manufactured in transversal direction from a submerged arc welded joint of 16 mm plate. Temperatures for the simulations were set at 1350 °C for the coarse-grained zone forming in the weld metal (CGHAZ-W), 815 °C for the intercritical zone (ICHAZ-W), and a combination of these peak temperatures for the intercritically reheated coarse-grained zone (ICCGHAZ-W). The examined t<sub>8/5</sub> interval was 5–30 s. The weld properties were examined by microstructural examination, hardness test, and instrumented Charpy V-notch impact toughness test. The impact energy values of subzones were below the unaffected weld metal. Longer cooling time resulted in lower impact energy in ICHAZ-W. However, this tendency was not observed in CGHAZ-W. ICHAZ-W and ICCGHAZ-W resulted in the lowest impact toughness, which was indicated by the large unstable crack propagation. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 3","pages":"825 - 836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-024-01908-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a carbon equivalent formula for underwater wet welding

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01899-y

Leandro Vaccari, Jan Klett, Thomas Scheithauer, Thomas Hassel, Hans Jürgen Maier

{"title":"Development of a carbon equivalent formula for underwater wet welding","authors":"Leandro Vaccari, Jan Klett, Thomas Scheithauer, Thomas Hassel, Hans Jürgen Maier","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01899-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01899-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Steel structures play a vital role in the marine industry for application in ships, platforms, wind turbines, bridges, or pipelines. This leads to challenges if parts made from higher strength steels have to be repaired underwater. Underwater wet welding is the most common underwater repair method and highly prone to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking, especially in higher strength steels. A common method to access this risk in dry welding is based on the calculation of the carbon equivalent (e.g., CE or CET) representing the behavior of the parent metal based on its composition. However, these formulas were not specifically developed for wet welding conditions, and the applicability of these formulas on the special requirements of wet weldments has not been validated. In the present study, the effectiveness of existing CE formulas for underwater wet welding was evaluated. It is demonstrated that the conventional approaches designed for conventional welding under dry atmospheric conditions are hardly applicable to underwater wet welding. Based on comprehensive experimental data, a mathematical model leading to improved hardness and CE formulas dedicated to underwater wet welding was developed. The new formulas demonstrated greater efficiency in predicting hardness and carbon equivalent within the analyzed data, when compared to the existing formulas used for welding under dry atmospheric conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 3","pages":"751 - 760"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-024-01899-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Applicability of fatigue design recommendations for thin plate welded joints by assessment of fatigue crack initiation and propagation life

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01891-6

Sohei Kanna, Masahiro Takanashi

{"title":"Applicability of fatigue design recommendations for thin plate welded joints by assessment of fatigue crack initiation and propagation life","authors":"Sohei Kanna, Masahiro Takanashi","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01891-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01891-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fatigue design guidelines for welded joints are mainly derived from tests on joints with a thickness of approximately 10 mm. As thickness increases, fatigue strength typically declines, likely due to greater stress concentration or changes in stress distribution. Consequently, these guidelines adjust fatigue strength downward for thicker joints. However, for thinner plates, such as those frequently used in railway cars, test data is limited, making it uncertain whether the guidelines are applicable. This study performed a 4-point bending fatigue test on a 3 mm thick fillet-welded joint to evaluate fatigue strength. Contrary to expectations, reducing the thickness from 9 to 3 mm resulted in a decrease in fatigue strength. Nevertheless, the test results indicated a higher fatigue strength than the recommended value, supporting the applicability of the guidelines to joints with a 3 mm thickness. The study also examined the factors contributing to reduced fatigue strength in thin plates, focusing on the relationship between the number of cycles to crack initiation, local stress range, and crack growth analysis using Paris' law. It was observed that as the thickness decreases, the stress concentration at the weld toe reduces, and the number of cycles to crack initiation increases. However, the decrease in ligament length leads to a shorter crack propagation life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 3","pages":"589 - 604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and validation of a generalized, AI-based inline void defect detection solution for FSW based on force feedback

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01895-2

P. Rabe, A. Schiebahn, U. Reisgen

{"title":"Development and validation of a generalized, AI-based inline void defect detection solution for FSW based on force feedback","authors":"P. Rabe, A. Schiebahn, U. Reisgen","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01895-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01895-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process that operates below the material’s melting point commonly used to join aluminum parts, avoiding the drawbacks of fusion-based methods. These resulting advantages have accelerated growth and are increasing the number of applications across a range of industrial sectors, many of which are safety–critical. Along with the increase in applications and rise in productivity the need for reliable and cost-effective, non-destructive inline quality monitoring is rapidly growing. This publication is based on the research group’s ongoing efforts to develop a capable generalized inline-monitoring solution. To detect and classify FSW defects, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based on the DenseNet architecture are used to evaluate recorded process data. The CNNs are modified to include weld and workpiece-specific metadata in the classification. These networks are then trained to classify transient weld data over a wide range of welding parameters, three different Al alloys, and two sheet thicknesses. The hyperparameters are incrementally tuned to increase weld defect detection. The defect detection threshold is tuned to prevent false negative classifications by adjusting the cost function to fit the needs of a force-based detection system. Classification accuracies > 99% are achieved with multiple neural network configurations. System validation is provided utilizing a newly recorded weld dataset from a different welding machine with previously used parameter/workpiece combinations as well as parameter combinations and alloys as well as sheet thicknesses outside the training parameter range. The generalization capabilities are demonstrated by the detection of > 99.9% of weld defects in the validation data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 2","pages":"499 - 514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-024-01895-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of surface integrity on short crack growth behavior in HFMI-treated welded joints 表面完整性对hfmi处理焊接接头短裂纹扩展行为的影响

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01874-7

Y. Ono, H. Remes

{"title":"Influence of surface integrity on short crack growth behavior in HFMI-treated welded joints","authors":"Y. Ono, H. Remes","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01874-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01874-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the influence of surface integrity and the localized fatigue phenomena on the initiation and propagation of short fatigue cracks in high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)-treated welded joints. The treated surface region, characterized by a compressive residual stress field, smooth notch geometry, and work hardening layer, improves welded joints’ fatigue strength. However, how these surface conditions influence the fatigue damage process zone during short crack initiation and growth is not yet well known. Therefore, this study systematically investigates the influence of different surface characteristics on fatigue life modeling of HFMI-treated welded joints made of high-strength steel. This is achieved using a non-local continuum damage mechanics-based approach of crack growth and elastic–plastic finite element simulation, explicitly modeling treated surface conditions. The simulated fatigue life is first verified with experiments and then applied to various surface conditions. The simulation results show that most of the fatigue life is spent until a crack size of 0.2 mm. The compressive residual stress field greatly extends both short crack initiation and propagation life, with its degree of contribution highly dependent on loading history and residual stress change. The role of the work hardening layer is mainly concentrated on improving fatigue life during short crack initiation and the very beginning of short crack growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 1","pages":"227 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-024-01874-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Laser scanning–based robot welding path planning for complex saddle–shaped weld seams

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01881-8

Kai Liu, Zhongxi Sheng, Xiao Yang, Runquan Xiao, Huabin Chen

{"title":"Laser scanning–based robot welding path planning for complex saddle–shaped weld seams","authors":"Kai Liu, Zhongxi Sheng, Xiao Yang, Runquan Xiao, Huabin Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01881-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01881-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Saddle-shaped weld seams of the header-and-nozzle joints challenge both manual and robotic welding with their complex spatial characteristics, poor welding consistency, and the need for multi-layer and multi-pass welding. This paper proposes a multi-layer and multi-pass welding path planning method based on laser scanning and 3D reconstruction for complex saddle–shaped weld seams. A user coordinate system is established based on the workpiece benchmark determined by the continuous scanning of the scanner and the coordinate transformation. The 2D segmented weld seams feature is converted from the 3D feature obtained by a given scanning pose in the user coordinate system by a dimension reduction transformation. The path planning is completed by the equal-area method on the filled area determined by the contour of the welding layer obtained from the simplified curve with an accuracy within ± 1 mm. The robot’s 3D trajectory is formed by the 2D path points represented by the centroid of welding pass on each cross-section after inverse space transformation. Experimental results confirm the path planning’s efficacy in robotic welding automation, ensuring good welding formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 5","pages":"1385 - 1399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of experience level on determining weld diameter in resistance spot welding

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01893-4

Christian Mathiszik, Benedikt Nopper, Johannes Koal, Uwe Füssel, Hans Christian Schmale

{"title":"Influence of experience level on determining weld diameter in resistance spot welding","authors":"Christian Mathiszik, Benedikt Nopper, Johannes Koal, Uwe Füssel, Hans Christian Schmale","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01893-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01893-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The weld diameter is the most important quality criterion in resistant spot welding and is unsually determined after destructive testing. Several standardized destructive testing methods are available for this purpose. The determination of the spot weld diameter is influenced by numerous factors. These include the measurement conditions, such as the lighting conditions, the measurement equipment used, and the person performing the measurements. The human aspect is influenced by experience and is therefore subjective. To manually evaluate a resistance spot weld, the weld diameter can be measured according to ISO 17677-1, AWS D8.1M, or DVS 2916-1, among others. The challenge here is that the statistical variation in the destructive evaluation of the spot weld diameter due to human experience is still insufficiently researched. In addition, the results of destructive testing are not statistically validated or are questioned in many scientific publications. The suitability of the destructive test methods used is often not justified or compared with other test methods. The purpose of this contribution is to statistically evaluate the human experience on manual weld diameter measurements and give recommendations, that should be taken into account in the future of some kind of issues. For this purpose, more than 180 spot welds were destroyed by torsion testing and the weld diameters were measured by 20 different participants with different levels of experience. The results show that the measurements are influenced by a number of factors, including the level of experience of the participants, the size of the weld diameters measured, the failure mode, and the duration of the measurements on a sample.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 2","pages":"483 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-024-01893-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of residual stress relief in linear friction welded Ti17 during post weld heat treatment by Norton-Bailey creep model

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01896-1

Peng He, Yunxin Wu, Tao Zhang, Junlong Jin

{"title":"Analysis of residual stress relief in linear friction welded Ti17 during post weld heat treatment by Norton-Bailey creep model","authors":"Peng He, Yunxin Wu, Tao Zhang, Junlong Jin","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01896-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01896-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is frequently employed to relieve residual stress, which affects the service performance of linear friction–welded Ti17. In this work, a Norton-Bailey creep model was introduced into the finite element analysis to investigate the mechanism of residual stress relief in linear friction–welded Ti17 during PWHT. The results show that the Norton-Bailey model can accurately predict the residual stress after PWHT, as verified by experiments. The primary mechanism of residual stress relief is stress reduction induced by the development of creep strain. Most of the residual stress relief occurs during the heating stage and the initial holding stage due to the sufficient development of creep strain. The increase in PWHT temperature is beneficial for residual stress relief. However, as the PWHT temperature exceeds ~ 630 °C, the improvement of residual stress relief is no longer significant. The relationship regarding PWHT temperature and residual stress relief is developed, which can be applied to the rapid prediction of residual stress in linear friction–welded Ti17 after PWHT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 2","pages":"515 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of CMT-WAAM process parameters to minimize the porosity and surface roughness in bimetallic wall of aluminium alloys

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01900-8

Soni Kesarwani, Narayana Yuvaraj

{"title":"Optimization of CMT-WAAM process parameters to minimize the porosity and surface roughness in bimetallic wall of aluminium alloys","authors":"Soni Kesarwani, Narayana Yuvaraj","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01900-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01900-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porosity and surface roughness are significant challenges that occur during the fabrication of aluminium alloy components via wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), as they directly affect the mechanical and structural properties of the final product and thereby make it essential to minimize these issues. In this study, the Taguchi technique is employed to optimize three key process parameters that significantly influence the reduction of porosity and surface roughness: current for ER5356 wire (<i>I</i><sub>ER5</sub>), current for ER4043 wire (<i>I</i><sub>ER4</sub>), and travel speed (TS). These parameters are further involved in the fabrication of bimetallic walls of aluminium alloys (ER5356/ER4043) using cold metal transfer-based WAAM. Results from the Taguchi method revealed the optimal parameters for fabricating the final wall as 115 A for <i>I</i><sub>ER5</sub>, 90 A for <i>I</i><sub>ER4</sub>, and 6 mm/s for TS. ANOVA further indicated that <i>I</i><sub>ER5</sub> had the most significant effect on porosity and surface roughness, followed by <i>I</i><sub>ER4</sub> and TS. Microstructural analysis of the wall at optimum parameters displayed a heterogeneous structure characterized by coarse equiaxed grains in the ER4043 layer, finer grains in the ER5356 layer, and a mix of fine equiaxed and columnar grains at the interface layer. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed significant differences in Si and Mg weight percentages at the interface. ER5356 layer exhibited the highest hardness (76.88 HV), which is 9.75% and 18.02% higher than the interface layer (70.05 HV) and ER4043 layer (65.14 HV). The interface layer displayed better strength with a value of 185.52 MPa and 16.64% elongation, having a ductile fracture mode marked by dimples and voids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 4","pages":"989 - 1002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative study on microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloy using single and double rotating shoulder tools 使用单肩和双肩旋转工具焊接异种摩擦搅拌铝合金的微观结构特征和机械性能对比研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01875-6

Jianhui Wu, Tao Sun, Zhenkui Liang, Guoqiang Huang, Wei Guan, Jicheng Gao, Lin Zhao, Yifu Shen

{"title":"Comparative study on microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloy using single and double rotating shoulder tools","authors":"Jianhui Wu, Tao Sun, Zhenkui Liang, Guoqiang Huang, Wei Guan, Jicheng Gao, Lin Zhao, Yifu Shen","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01875-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01875-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the friction stir butt of 2024 aluminum alloy with 6061-T6 aluminum alloy using both double rotating shoulder friction stir welding (double rotating shoulder friction stir welding, DRS-FSW) and conventional friction stir welding (FSW) techniques. The differences in joint structure and morphology and mechanical properties between DRS-FSW and FSW joints were investigated. Defect-free joints were obtained for both DRS-FSW and FSW at a rotational speed of 600 r/min and a welding speed of 30 mm/min. Compared to the cross-section morphology of the dissimilar aluminum alloy joints of FSW, the morphology of the shoulder-affected zone (SAZ) and weld nugget zone (WNZ) of the DRS-FSW joints is more complex. The longitudinal morphology of the DRS-FSW joints shows complex material flow variations. The microstructure of the weld nugget zone (WNZ) of DRS-FSW joints is dominated by recrystallization. The microhardness magnitude and distribution are approximately the same for both. The FSW tensile properties are higher than those of DRS-FSW. Both DRS-FSW and FSW tensile fracture locations are in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) on the retreating side (RS) of the joint, and both exhibit ductile behavior. This paper is a further exploratory study of the double stirring technique.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 1","pages":"15 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0