Welding in the World最新文献

{"title":"Data-driven modelling of the fume emission rate for gas metal arc welding","authors":"Dominik Scheurenberg,&nbsp;Samuel Mann,&nbsp;Benjamin Ebert,&nbsp;Mark P. Sanders,&nbsp;Mohamed Behery,&nbsp;Gerhard Lakemeyer,&nbsp;Robert H. Schmitt,&nbsp;Rahul Sharma,&nbsp;Sebastian Stemmler","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02403-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02403-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used across various industries due to its versatility. However, it carries significant health risks, particularly from the inhalation of fumes. While noise and radiation are also concerns, the focus on fume emission rates (FER) has been increasing in importance. Despite extensive research, the effects of various welding process variables on FER are not yet fully understood. Traditional methods for measuring these emissions are time-intensive and expensive, especially when considering the plethora of available materials and welding techniques. To address this topic, several FER models are being discussed in this paper, based on transient electrical and optical process data. For this task, an extensive database of FER measurements has been acquired with the respective electrical and optical time series, with 240 welds for model training and an additional 28 welds for validation. This database has been used to train different machine learning (ML) algorithms with varying transparency regarding the correlation between the transient process data and the FER. The investigation revealed that basic statistical modeling, using multiple linear regression, can achieve an average FER prediction accuracy of <span>({pm 25}{%})</span> across the FER operating range, measured by the average deviation of the predicted FER value from the measured value over the entire test data set. This applies to a broad range of wire feed rates, from <span>({5}{text {m} , text {min}^{-1}})</span> up to <span>({12}{text {m} , text {min}^{-1}})</span>. Deep learning algorithms can improve the average FER prediction accuracy even further, reaching up to <span>({pm 12}{%})</span> using neural networks. However, they may lack the correlation insights provided by other ML approaches. A correlation analysis of the data revealed that further investigations of different filler materials, etc., can be reduced to a few significant FER measurements. The implications of these findings are far-reaching. By incorporating these predictive models into modern welding equipment, we can create virtual FER sensors or observers on-site. This not only improves process efficiency but also reduces welders’ exposure to harmful fumes while enabling a more comprehensive analysis of FER within the broader manufacturing context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5471 - 5493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02403-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of mean stress on the fatigue of welded tubular structures under uniaxial fatigue loading","authors":"Maximilian Kling,&nbsp;Matthias Winkler,&nbsp;Sascha Knefelkamp,&nbsp;Andre Dürr,&nbsp;Klemens Rother","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02390-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02390-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Welded hollow section joints are essential for weight reduction in load-bearing structures of agricultural machinery and cranes while maintaining high load capacity. In mobile and gantry cranes, their favorable structural properties enhance durability and significantly reduce overall weight, thereby improving maneuverability and energy efficiency. In these applications, primary loads induce cyclic stresses with either tensile or compressive mean components, which interact with residual stresses from the welding process. In the nominal stress approach of existing codes and guidelines, mean stress effects are typically disregarded due to the assumption of high residual tensile stresses. The structural stress method outlined in the CIDECT Design Guide also does not account for residual or mean stresses, nor does it differentiate between material grades. In contrast, the effective notch stress concept considers mean stress effects via enhancement factors but assumes stress ratio independence for non-stress-relieved and complex welded structures. To address these limitations, fatigue tests with wall thicknesses below 10 mm were conducted within the FOSTA P 1603 research project at Munich University of Applied Sciences. The tests focused on X-joints made of rectangular and circular hollow section tubes using S355J2H and high-strength S620QH steels. The joints were tested under up to four different load ratios. The results are evaluated using the nominal stress and local stress fatigue approaches to identify discrepancies in current guidelines and to develop more accurate, less conservative recommendations. This paper presents the experimental findings and highlights the need for improved fatigue assessment methods for welded hollow section joints.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 5","pages":"2005 - 2024"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02390-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and challenges in resistance brazing for starter motors: a comprehensive review with an industrial case study","authors":"Maricruz Hernández-Hernández,&nbsp;Víctor Hugo Mercado-Lemus,&nbsp;Jan Mayén-Chaires,&nbsp;José A. Contreras-Palomo,&nbsp;Luis Dante Melendez-Morales,&nbsp;Raúl Pérez-Bustamante","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02388-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02388-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>R esistance brazing is commonly employed for high-throughput joining of copper-based electrical assemblies. However, the reliability of these joints is significantly influenced by a narrow process window and by microstructural features that can lead to brittle fracture and electrical degradation. This work integrates (i) a targeted review of brazing fundamentals and resistance brazing practice for starter-motor manufacturing with (ii) an industrial case study on SIL-FOS 15 (Cu-15Ag-5P) brazing joints used to connect armature conductors to commutator segments. The review consolidates the roles of heat input as a current–time waveform, electrode force, and the resulting contact resistance, joint clearance-driven capillary flow, and surface oxidation and cleanliness in controlling wetting, defect formation (e.g., porosity and incomplete fill), and interfacial reactions. The case study combines optical microscopy with SEM-BSE/EDS to resolve phase distribution and diffusion features and pull tests (<i>n</i> = 20) to assess repeatability. The brazed zone exhibited an α-Cu matrix with Ag-rich eutectic regions and P-containing phases, including Cu₃P and a ternary Cu-Cu₃P-Ag eutectic. While phosphorus enhances deoxidation and wetting, excessive Cu₃P can reduce toughness; therefore, microstructure-aware parameter control is required. Pull loads ranged from 2439 to 3118 N (mean 2744 N and CV 6.8%), demonstrating robust and repeatable joining under industrially relevant conditions. The paper concludes with a process-microstructure-failure robustness perspective and actionable recommendations for manufacturing optimization.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 6","pages":"2505 - 2525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147985268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of single-pass and multi-pass TIG welding on the microstructure of CA6NM steel","authors":"Willian Ricardo dos Santos,&nbsp;Henrique Ajuz Holzmann,&nbsp;Anderson Geraldo Marenda Pukasiewicz,&nbsp;Selauco Vurobi Junior,&nbsp;Marcio Ferreira Hupalo","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02404-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02404-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work aims to evaluate the effect of the number of welding passes and the thickness of ASTM A743 CA6NM martensitic stainless-steel plates on joints welded by the TIG process. Plates with 5 mm and 15 mm thickness were welded in a single pass and in eight passes, respectively. The filling material used was the ER410NiMo alloy, in the form of rods with a 2.4 mm diameter. Before the welding passes, the samples were preheated up to 150 °C. The characterization of the welded samples was performed with the aid of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and Vickers hardness. The experiments revealed that the sample welded in a single pass presented a higher amount of delta ferrite, with a network morphology, preferably located inside the weld bead and in the high-temperature (HT) heat-affected zone (HAZ). In the sample welded in eight passes, the delta ferrite presented different morphologies, preferably observed in the inter-pass regions, inside the weld beads, and in the high-temperature HAZ. Overheating in the inter-pass region resulted in HAZ width variation, which increased towards the bottom of the welded joint.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5429 - 5442"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02404-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of functionally graded AZ31B–Y₂O₃ composites via novel friction stir processing: comparison with conventional FSP","authors":"Subi Babu,&nbsp;Padmanaban Ramaswamy,&nbsp;Vaira Vignesh Ramalingam","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02407-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02407-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Friction stir processing (FSP) with yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) as the reinforcement was employed to fabricate a functionally graded material (FGM) of AZ31B magnesium alloy. To fabricate FGM, three different routes were used: (1) single-pass FSP with reinforcement, (2) double-pass FSP with reinforcement introduced during the first pass only, and (3) double-pass FSP with reinforcement added during both passes. All the FSP samples had much higher microhardness and corrosion resistance than the untreated alloy. The third route produced a uniform dispersion of Y₂O₃ particles that refined grains, disrupted β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ networks, and significantly increased surface nobility. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) confirmed a higher Volta potential across the FGM surface, indicating a reduced micro-galvanic driving force compared to the base alloy. As a result, the FGM exhibited the highest microhardness (142.4 HV) and substantial reductions in corrosion rate under both electrochemical (1.44 mm/year) and cyclic atmospheric (1.799 mm/year) conditions. In contrast, double-pass FSP specimen was significantly affected by particle clustering, increased heat input, and β-phase coarsening. Localized corrosion resistance and increased surface nobility of the FGM demonstrate that the controlled embedding of particles and microstructural grading are the two major factors in enhancing durability and performance in AZ31B magnesium alloys simultaneously.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5407 - 5428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and corrosion responses of Al/Mg dissimilar submerged friction stir welded joints","authors":"Yining Zhang,&nbsp;Sihao Chen,&nbsp;Yuming Xie,&nbsp;Xiangchen Meng,&nbsp;Yongxian Huang","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02401-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02401-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The demand for Al/Mg composite structures in portable electronics has been increasingly urgent, yet Al/Mg composite structures face significant challenges of low strength and poor corrosion resistance. In this paper, friction stir welding (FSW) was utilized to address these issues with a focus on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. Submerged FSW successfully facilitated the formation of a dense, defect-free interface with superior mechanical interlocking, primarily attributed to the suppressed heat input during welding and the enhanced material flow within the joint region. Under the submerged conditions, the ultimate tensile strength of the welds showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease as rotational velocity increased. The ultimate tensile strength of 171 ± 4 MPa (71.3% of AZ31B base metal) was attained at 800 rpm. Electrochemical characterization revealed distinct corrosion resistance, with the 6061 Al alloy base metal showing the best performance, followed by the AZ31B Mg alloy base metal, with micro-galvanic effects accelerating degradation in the severe plastic deformation zone. The corrosion resistance of the joints was found to be inversely proportional to the rotational velocity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 7","pages":"3075 - 3087"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into gaseous hydrogen permeation behavior in welds of X65 pipeline steel","authors":"Mahdieh Safyari,&nbsp;Mansoob Ahmad,&nbsp;Masoud Moshtaghi","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02362-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02362-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study compares the gaseous hydrogen permeation behavior of API 5L X65 pipeline steel welds produced using hybrid laser–arc welding (HLAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and high-pressure hydrogen permeation tests were used to evaluate the grain boundary characteristics and hydrogen diffusion in the welds. The HLAW weld displayed a finer microstructure with a higher fraction of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) compared to the GMAW weld. This resulted in a lower effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient (3.13 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s) and a higher surface hydrogen concentration (6.63 × 10⁻¹² mol/cm³) in the HLAW specimen. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) further revealed higher hydrogen accumulation due to stronger hydrogen trapping associated with HAGBs in the HLAW welds, which are formed by the rapid cooling inherent to this welding technique. These results show that enrichment of HAGBs effectively hinders hydrogen diffusion. Therefore, optimizing weld design using HLAW can reduce hydrogen permeation in pipeline steels intended for hydrogen transport applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5399 - 5406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02362-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on the short circuit aluminum alloy MIG welding metal transfer behavior including the influence of wire feeding and melting","authors":"Lei Xiao,&nbsp;Tao Li,&nbsp;Haiyang Zhu,&nbsp;Tao He,&nbsp;Dang Khoi Le,&nbsp;Shinichi Tashiro,&nbsp;Manabu Tanaka,&nbsp;Anthony B. Murphy","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02397-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02397-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation into the short-circuit transfer behavior in aluminum alloy metal inert gas (MIG) welding, focusing on the coupled interactions among arc plasma dynamics, droplet transfer, and molten pool flow. A multi-physics model was developed to simulate the transient dynamics of droplet transfer, incorporating wire melting kinetics and continuous feeding mechanisms. The model integrates arc-droplet-pool interactions and metal vapor transport phenomena, providing a detailed analysis of the short-circuit transfer process. It reveals significant dynamic changes in arc temperature and current density fields during the short-circuit transfer, which influence the wire heating and melting. The flow fields of the droplet and molten pool are influenced by electromagnetic forces, surface tension, and gravity, leading to complex flow patterns and pressure variations within the droplet. Experimental validation using high-speed video imaging confirmed the accuracy of the simulated droplet shapes and transfer behavior. This research lays a foundational theoretical framework for further numerical simulations of short-circuit transfer in aluminum alloy MIG welding, offering insights into optimizing welding stability and quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3807 - 3821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The investigation on the influence of key process parameters on the fabrication properties of CMT thin-walled structure","authors":"Liyi Jiang,&nbsp;Chaoyi Shen,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhang,&nbsp;Changdong Zhang,&nbsp;Yixuan Xiao,&nbsp;Weiwei Xu,&nbsp;Changchun Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02387-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02387-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has demonstrated significant potential in fabricating metal structural components due to its high efficiency and low cost. However, applying this technology to thin-walled structures remains challenging owing to two key issues: pronounced heat accumulation and poor dimensional accuracy control. To investigate the influence of process parameters on the forming quality of thin-walled structures, this study focused on four critical parameters in the cold metal transfer (CMT) process, including Travel Angle (<i>α</i>), Work Angle (<i>β</i>), Wire Feed Speed (WFS), and Travel Speed (TS). An L25 (5⁴) orthogonal experiment was conducted to investigate the effects and correlations of these process parameters on the relative density and surface morphology of the fabricated structures. The results showed that relative density was most substantially affected by WFS. As WFS increases, the relative density of printed parts gradually decreases. At a WFS of 3 m/min, the optimal average relative density of the formed parts reached 98.69%. Under this condition, the best-performing parameter combination for achieving the highest relative density was A1B1C1D2. Meanwhile, TS exhibited the greatest influence on surface morphology, followed by Work Angle. When TS was 14 mm/s and Work Angle was 0°, both interlayer roughness and intralayer roughness reached their minimum values. The optimal process parameter combination for achieving the best surface morphology was A2B1C4D2. Analysis shows that parameter combinations should be selected based on component functional requirements, as mechanisms underlying optimal relative density and surface morphology differ.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5385 - 5397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 SAW joints: part 2 – predictive modeling of heat input and microstructure influence","authors":"Denis Czeskleba,&nbsp;Michael Rhode,&nbsp;Karsten Wandtke,&nbsp;Muhammad Dary Irfan,&nbsp;Thomas Kannengiesser","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02395-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02395-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels such as S690 are widely employed in thick-walled welded structures, where hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC) remains a persistent concern. While microstructure-specific hydrogen diffusion coefficients (D_H) for weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM) were experimentally established in Part 1 of this study, their quantitative influence on hydrogen accumulation and effusion has not yet been fully clarified. This work presents a transient, spatially resolved numerical model for simulating hydrogen transport in multi-pass submerged arc welds. The model integrates experimentally determined D_H values with realistic thermal cycles and temperature-dependent boundary conditions. Developed in Python, the simulation tool is purpose-built for hydrogen diffusion in welded joints. It offers a focused, transparent alternative. It offers a focused, transparent alternative to general-purpose finite element platforms. Parametric analyses demonstrate that, although the diffusion coefficients vary by up to 50%, their impact on overall hydrogen retention is minor. In contrast, plate thickness, bead geometry, cooling time (t₈/₅), and interpass temperature exert a dominant influence on hydrogen distribution. Despite clear microstructural differences between the thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q) variants, including opposite HAZ hardness responses (softening in S690MC, hardening in S690Q) in the (pen)ultimate weld bead, the simulations confirm that their diffusion behavior and hydrogen solubility are closely aligned. Consequently, differences in D_H and solubility exert only a minor influence on hydrogen retention compared to thermal exposure and joint geometry. These findings support the interchangeable use of both steel grades in terms of HACC risk due to hydrogen diffusion kinetics under comparable welding conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5369 - 5384"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02395-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}