Applied Radiation and Isotopes最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of exposure characteristics and radiological risks for cyclotron-based 18F radiopharmaceutical production workers in China","authors":"Peng Dang ,&nbsp;Ziya Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Yang ,&nbsp;Xingjiang Cao ,&nbsp;Lanlan Tian ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Shi ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Shen ,&nbsp;Jie Qi ,&nbsp;Ende Zhong ,&nbsp;Jin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The handling of non-sealed radiopharmaceuticals poses significant risks of occupational exposure and radioactive contamination. With rapid growth in demand, an increasing number of workers are long-term exposed to various radiation hazards. However, the exposure characteristics and dosimetry basics remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study reconstructed 1189 personal dose equivalent data for 311 radiation workers from 2021 to 2023 in China to analyze exposure characteristics. Through on-site inspections of the radiation levels in 15 representative facilities, 1889 measurement points were assessed for radiation hazard distributions and dose contributions. Based on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation-VII (BEIR-VII) risk models, 120 exposure scenarios were considered to estimate excess lifetime risks of stochastic effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The maximum annual effective dose reaches 5.29 mSv and presents a decreasing trend annually. Some occupational personnel, such as production technicians, should be given more attention regarding radiation exposure. Monitoring of nuclide operational quantities is conducive to avoiding overexposure. Gamma-rays are the largest dose source, contributing more than 75 % of the personal dose, with a maximum dose rate of 50 μSv/h. The dose contribution of neutrons cannot be ignored, particularly for cyclotron operators. The highest lifetime risks of thyroid cancer and leukemia caused by annual doses are 1.8 × 10⁻⁵ and 1.03 × 10⁻⁵, respectively. The radiological risk also increases with longer working years and higher doses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It is necessary to strengthen radiation protection for some workers, especially production technicians and cyclotron operators, and conduct radiation monitoring in high-risk workplaces, including hot cells. The radiological risks caused by accumulated dose should not be ignored, particularly during the early career.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112474"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146103339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and quality control studies of radiolabelled nanostructured lipid formulations with Ga-68","authors":"Emine Selin Demi̇r,&nbsp;Evren Atlıhan Gündoğdu,&nbsp;Emre Özgenç","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to radiolabel a nanoparticle formulation containing donepezil with Ga-68 radionuclide with high efficiency for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. In order to develop lipid carrier systems with biocompatible contents in nanoparticle structures, extensive formulation studies were conducted. These systems were subsequently radiolabeled with Ga-68 radionuclide to evaluate their radiolabeling efficiencies. The results are highly encouraging, suggesting that effective radiolabeling is indeed possible. These findings are particularly significant as they open up a range of applications for targeted drug delivery, medical imaging, and diagnostics. Overall, this study represents a valuable contribution to the expanding body of knowledge on lipid carrier systems in healthcare.</div></div><div><h3>Material and method</h3><div>Nanocarrier formulations were prepared. The radiolabeling parameters of the prepared formulations were studied comparatively. A Ga-68 radionuclide with a half-life of 68 min was used for this. Incubation time, amount of radioactivity, and pH parameters were studied.</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>The radiolabeling incubation time, pH of the experimental medium, and amount of radioactivity were tested, and the optimal parameters were identified. According to the results of the radiolabeling studies, optimal radiolabeling with Ga-68 radionuclide was obtained in an acid medium (pH: 5), with a 60 min incubation time, and using 5 mCi of activity in the DOTA-functionalized nanolipid formulations, achieving 89.17 % efficiency. Furthermore, quantitative in vivo PET/CT imaging in nude mice (n = 3/group) demonstrated that the optimized Ga-68-DNP-NLC formulation achieved statistically significant and higher brain uptake compared to the free Ga-68 control, confirming its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of lateral cervical radiographic imaging quality with and without anti-scatter grid application","authors":"Daša Lučić ,&nbsp;Laura Jurša ,&nbsp;Erna Alukić ,&nbsp;Nejc Mekiš","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study investigated the effects of anti-scatter grid removal on radiation dose, image quality, and anatomical visibility in lateral (LAT) cervical spine imaging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A two-part prospective study was conducted. In the phantom study, an anthropomorphic head-torso phantom with lard simulating extra fatty tissue of 2–10 cm in 2 cm increments was imaged using protocols with and without an anti-scatter grid. In the clinical study, 80 patients were randomly divided into two groups: half were imaged with an anti-scatter grid, and half without. Data collected included gender, body mass index (BMI), Dose Area Product (DAP), tube voltage (kV), current-time product (mAs), filtration, neck width, and use of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC). Effective dose (ED) and dose to selected organs were calculated using PCXMC 2.0 software. Two traumatologists and one radiologist evaluated all phantom and patient images according to European guidelines using a four-point scale (1 = diagnostically inadequate image; 4 = excellent image quality).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the phantom study, removal of the anti-scatter grid reduced mean DAP by 52.1 % (p &lt; 0.001) without affecting diagnostic adequacy; soft tissue-bone contrast improved (p = 0.009). In the patient study, removal of the anti-scatter grid reduced mean DAP and ED by 63.1 % and 61.7 %, respectively (both p &lt; 0.001). All organ doses were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001). Soft tissue visibility improved by 12.5 % (p = 0.011), and soft tissue-bone contrast improved by 9.1 % (p = 0.007) without the anti-scatter grid. No other quality criteria differed significantly.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In both phantom and patient studies, removal of the anti-scatter grid resulted in significant dose reduction while maintaining or improving image quality. These results are consistent with previous findings and support the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle. Omitting the anti-scatter grid in LAT cervical spine imaging reduces dose by about 60 % without compromising diagnostic quality. Routine use in clinical practice is recommended to increase patient safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation toward the production of 236gNp via the 232Th + 7Li reaction: Synthesis of 236mNp and 234Np","authors":"Akihisa Nakajima ,&nbsp;Yuta Hayakawa ,&nbsp;Ayumu Nagai ,&nbsp;Akihiko Yokoyama ,&nbsp;Hiromitsu Haba ,&nbsp;Yukiko Komori ,&nbsp;Takuya Yokokita ,&nbsp;Yuma Sakakieda ,&nbsp;Keisuke Sueki ,&nbsp;Shinya Yamasaki ,&nbsp;Aya Sakaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neptunium-236g (^236gNp) has been focused as a candidate spike for the mass spectrometry of ²³⁷Np which is a long-lived anthropogenic radionuclide present in the environment. In order to evaluate the feasibility of synthesising ²³⁶Np, experiments were conducted to detect and quantify the by-product ²³⁴Np and the nuclear isomer ^236mNp produced in the nuclear reaction by irradiating ²³²Th with ⁷Li. First, the chemical separation method was developed for the ultra-trace amounts of Np produced from the main matrix of Th and from the fission-derived nuclides and Pa isotopes produced by side reactions, based on using two solid-phase extraction resins. As a result of applying the constructed separation scheme to irradiated Th foils and Th electrodeposited samples at the AVF Cyclotron of the RIKEN RI Beam Factory (Japan), ^236mNp was successfully detected in the ²³²Th+⁷Li system for the first time. Based on experiments with ²³²Th irradiated at ⁷Li beam energies of ca.29 MeV–42 MeV, the nuclear reaction cross sections for the production of ^236mNp were found to be in the range 0.12–0.39 mb. This finding indicated that the spike candidate ^236gNp was also produced by the proposed nuclear reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112397"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-specific assessment of annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk from radon in tap water of Mueang Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand","authors":"Ing-orn Sittitanadol ,&nbsp;Khanuengnij Prakhammin ,&nbsp;Junthara Somtua ,&nbsp;Vitsanusat Atyotha","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of radon in tap water and its associated health impacts in Mueang District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. The condition focuses on the annual effective dose (AED), excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), and lung cancer cases per year per million persons (LCC) in different age groups, including infants (0–1 year old), children (2–17 years old), and adults (above 17 years old). A total of 27 samples is collected from different areas of Ubon Ratchathani, and the measurement is done with the RAD7 radon detector and accessories of RAD H₂O. The average radon level in tap water in Ubon Ratchathani is at 0.40 ± 0.09 Bq/L, which is quite lower as compared to the guideline value suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). It should be noted that the measured values are close to the detection limit of the RAD7 &amp; H₂O system, and the uncertainty at such low concentrations is relatively high. The annual effective dose, excess lifetime cancer risks, and lung cancer cases per year per million persons vary among each age group. Infants have the highest average annual effective dose, followed by adults and children, of 2.13 ± 0.48 μSv/y, 0.78 ± 0.18 μSv/y, and 1.03 ± 0.23 μSv/y, respectively. A similar trend is also found in excess lifetime cancer risk and lung cancer cases per year per million persons. This finding shows that the radon level in the tap water in the area of study is lower than the level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO); however, continuous monitoring is required to prevent health risks for the population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design analysis of neutron source based on low energy cyclotron used for small-scale accelerator-driven system","authors":"Syarip Syarip ,&nbsp;Isdandy Rezki Febrianto ,&nbsp;Djoko Slamet Pudjorahardjo ,&nbsp;Taufik ,&nbsp;Wijono ,&nbsp;Aniti Payudan ,&nbsp;Andang Widi Harto","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An appropriate target system is crucial for converting the incident proton beam from a cyclotron into a neutron beam, which drives a subcritical reactor in a small-scale accelerator-driven system (SS-ADS). The methodology for designing the target system was a combination of the Particle and Heavy Ion code Transport System (PHITS) simulation and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) analysis. PHITS simulations applied the proton beam specifications from the DECY-13 cyclotron as the particle source model, and RSM incorporated the external neutron beam requirement of the SAMOP subcritical reactor into the optimization. Beryllium was chosen as the target material because it produces the highest neutron yield per incident proton, outperforming other candidates such as manganese, titanium, and vanadium. The heavy water moderated neutrons produced by the ⁹Be(p,n)⁹B reaction, while polyethylene functioned as a neutron reflector. The analysis result shows that the optimal target system consisted of the target material in a form of obstructed needle with radial thickness of 0.18 cm, cavity length of 2.56 cm, obstructed thickness and angle of 0.17 cm and 31.06 degree; the moderator in a shape of truncated cone with length of 3.26 cm, entrance and exit radius of 0.85 cm and 0.91 cm; and neutron reflector thickness 15.64 cm. Equipped with the target system, the DECY-13 cyclotron can deliver a thermal neutron flux of (2.7 ± 0.1)×10⁸ n/cm²s, sufficient to drive the SS-ADS subcritical reactor. An additional PHITS simulation with the optimal configuration validated the RSM prediction by producing a thermal neutron flux of (2.81 ± 0.02)×10⁸ n/cm²s. It indicates that RSM prediction is highly accurate in this case, with a deviation of 3.91 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112473"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical assessment of laser isotope separation for the production of high-specific-activity 169Yb from irradiated natural ytterbium","authors":"M. Sankari,&nbsp;M.V. Suryanarayana","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have theoretically studied the laser isotope separation of ¹⁶⁹Yb from irradiated natural Yb through three-step laser photoionization process. The optimal configuration of the laser isotope separation system for enriching ¹⁶⁹Yb has been determined by applying the density matrix formalism to the laser-atom interactions in a three-step photoionization process. It has been shown that it is possible to produce 63.1% enriched ¹⁶⁹Yb at a production rate of 4.2 μg/hour (or 100 μg/day) which corresponds to 2.4 Ci/day from the natural Yb irradiated in low flux reactors. Employing the derived configuration, it is possible to produce one to two orders higher activity of ¹⁶⁹Yb from natural Yb irradiated in medium or high flux reactors respectively. This is the first ever study on the laser isotope separation of ¹⁶⁹Yb.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112463"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the uncertainty associated with computed values of the full-energy peak efficiency used in gamma spectrometry measurements","authors":"D. Gurau ,&nbsp;D. Stanga ,&nbsp;O. Sima ,&nbsp;L. Done","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work a simple approach for estimating the true value of the computed full-energy peak (FEP) efficiency and the associated uncertainty is described. This approach makes use of a multiplicative model where the bias is expressed as a correction factor. It is based on the least squares estimation that provides estimates for the correction factor and the associated uncertainty for a future computation. Once calculated, these estimates can subsequently be used for estimating the true value of the computed FEP efficiency and the associated uncertainty for a future computation. The estimation method was applied to two datasets and the results show that codes such as GEANT4 and GESPECOR may provide values of the FEP efficiency that are very close to their true values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of diagnostic reference level for digital mammography in northern Saudi Arabia","authors":"Abdulaziz S. Alshabibi ,&nbsp;Sultan F. Alhujaili ,&nbsp;Feras Alafer ,&nbsp;Basim S. Almutairi ,&nbsp;Ziyad Alrowaili ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman S. Alotaibi ,&nbsp;Maily J. Alrowily ,&nbsp;Muhannad K. AlHarbi ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abuzaid","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This retrospective multicenter study aimed to establish local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for digital mammography and assess radiation dose variability across five government hospitals in northern Saudi Arabia. A total of 1729 mammographic examinations performed between January and June 2024 were analyzed. Data included patient demographics, technical parameters (kVp, mAs, compression force, and compressed breast thickness), and dose metrics, average glandular dose (AGD) and entrance surface exposure (ESE), for standard craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views. Following the methodology outlined in ICRP Publication 135 (2017), LDRLs were derived as the 75th percentile of the median dose values from the participating facilities for examinations performed at a compressed breast thickness of 50 ± 5 mm. Statistical analysis employed the Kruskal–Wallis test for inter-center comparisons and Spearman correlations to examine relationships between dose and technical parameters across the dataset. Significant inter-center variability was observed (p &lt; 0.001), indicating notable differences in clinical technique and dose optimization practices. The combined 75th-percentile AGD was 1.27 mGy, with MLO projections requiring higher doses than CC views (AGD = 2.47 mGy vs. 1.22 mGy). AGD demonstrated strong positive correlations with mAs (r = 0.781) and compressed breast thickness (r = 0.609), while compression force showed a weak negative correlation (r = −0.185), confirming the impact of both patient-related and technical factors on radiation dose outcomes. The established LDRL falls within previously reported Saudi values and remains lower than many international benchmarks, indicating that mammography practices in northern Saudi Arabia are well optimized and aligned with global standards, while highlighting the need for continued protocol standardization across centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Activity reconstruction from Angular Gamma Scanning via variational Bayes: A proof of concept","authors":"Victor J. Casas-Molina ,&nbsp;Eric Laloy ,&nbsp;Bart Rogiers ,&nbsp;Tom Dhaene ,&nbsp;Ivo Couckuyt","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study serves as a proof of concept for a Bayesian variational framework enabling high-resolution 3D activity reconstruction in 220 liter waste drums using Angular Segmented Gamma Scanning (ASGS) data and transmission-derived attenuation maps. Our proposed inference and uncertainty quantification approach is demonstrated using virtual experiments that simulate typical waste characterization scenarios. Computations are made tractable by using stochastic variational inference (SVI) together with a multi-resolution spatial prior to infer the spatial activity distribution. Results show that the approach can recover the spatial activity distribution within the considered drum, while also providing more accurate total activity estimates than conventional methods, thereby enhancing the accuracy of radiological waste characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}