Applied Radiation and Isotopes最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of alpha emitters and health risk assessment in powdered milk samples consumed in Iraq using SSNTDs","authors":"Hiwa Mohammad Qadr,&nbsp;Anas Bestun Omer,&nbsp;Shahang Najmadin Qadr","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, alpha emitter concentrations of natural radionuclides (²²²Rn, ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁸U, ²¹⁴Po, and ²¹⁸Po) were measured in twenty brands of powdered milk consumed in Iraq to ensure food safety. CR-39 solid-state track detector was used to monitor radon levels and their daughters. The results show that alpha emitter concentrations from radon-222, radium-226, uranium-238, polonium-214, and polonium-218 in powdered milk ranged from 28.4 to 112.5 Bq/m³, 0.09–0.35 Bq/kg, 0.012–0.983 ppm, 8.8–34.8 Bq/m³ on the chamber wall, and 4.8–18.9 Bq/m³ on the detector surface, with the mean concentrations of 59.7 Bq/m³, 0.19 Bq/kg, 0.107 ppm 18.5 Bq/m³, and 10.0 Bq/m³ respectively. As a result of these studies, the mean values of alpha emitter concentrations were below the world standard. Some parameters related to health risk assessment have also been calculated for samples, including annual effective dose, excess lifetime cancer risk, and effective dose rate to different body organs or tissues for three groups. The mean annual effective dose for adults, children, and infants in the powdered milk samples have been found to be 0.008, 0.014, and 0.060 μSv/y, respectively. The mean excess lifetime cancer risk for adults, children, and infants in the powdered milk samples 0.031 × 10⁻⁶, 0.056 × 10⁻⁶, and 0.232 × 10⁻⁶ respectively. Results indicate that the consumption of these samples is safe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111794"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-site activity determination of 211At using absolute 4pi-alpha liquid scintillation counting and HPGe","authors":"Leidermark E ,&nbsp;Aneheim E ,&nbsp;Bäck T ,&nbsp;Lindegren S ,&nbsp;Jensen H ,&nbsp;Dulieu C ,&nbsp;Mougeot X ,&nbsp;Persson L ,&nbsp;Sabot B ,&nbsp;Palm S","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For accurate activity measurements and to comply with EU regulations traceability is required. For alpha emitters of interest for emerging targeted alpha therapies (TAT), like ²¹¹At, standardised samples are not readily available. The use of gamma spectrometry can come with high uncertainties due to its reliance on decay data for gamma emissions. A new method for determining the activity of ²¹¹At in a clinical setting is proposed, i.e. on-site measurement, using absolute 4pi-alpha liquid scintillation counting (LSC) with thresholding on a portable TDCR counter. The method focuses on measuring only the alpha particles and not the electrons, which emission intensities come with a higher uncertainty. Using the absolute LSC method the relative expanded measurement uncertainty was 2.2 % (<em>k</em> = 2). A comparison using gamma spectrometry and the more readily available high purity germanium (HPGe) detector, the relative expanded uncertainty was 12 % (<em>k</em> = 2). The largest contribution to the much higher uncertainty of the gamma spectrometry comes from the uncertainties in the decay data. Using a portable TDCR-detector is a viable approach to establishing traceability for ²¹¹At, where transportation to a national metrology lab is not feasible. With better decay data the uncertainty of the gamma spectrometry can be reduced by at least one third, which would make it a better alternative when absolute measurements are not available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 111781"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of the dosimetric properties of N-vinyl caprolactam polymer gel dosimeter for clinical practice","authors":"Khalid A. Rabaeh ,&nbsp;Molham M. Eyadeh ,&nbsp;Ahmad J.A. Alrub","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the impact of Lithium Chloride inorganic salt sensitizer on the performance of N-vinyl caprolactam polymer-gel dosimeter was evaluated in terms of dose-response combined with spin-spin relaxation rate (R₂) obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry technique. The irradiation experiments were conducted using a medical linear accelerator, and the improved polymer gel dosimeters were exposed to various doses, photon beam energies, and dose rates. The signal development of the dosimeters was analyzed using a 0.5 T nuclear magnetic resonance instrument. The dose response of the improved gel at different concentration of co-monomers and at different types of gelatins was investigated. Results showed that the R₂ sensitivity of the dosimeter was improved with an increase in Lithium Chloride concentration. With 6 % Lithium Chloride, the sensitivity was improved by more than one and half to two times in the linear dose response rang of (0–10 Gy). Furthermore, no significant impact was seen from varying dose rates and photon energy with the improved dosimeter, and R₂ was not affected by changing the irradiation temperature from 10 to 30 °C. Additionally, the dose-response and hence R₂ data decreased with increasing scanning temperature and the response was stable for up to five days after irradiation. The polymer gel dosimetry accuracy was estimated by calculating the overall uncertainty and found to be 4.06 % (2σ, 95 % confidence level).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111796"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New mini neutron tubes for oil well logging applications","authors":"Ka-Ngo Leung","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent experimental investigations have demonstrated that a substantial amount of H⁻or D⁻ ions can be produced by thermal desorption processes. Based on these new findings, new mini neutron sources can now be developed to produce high-energy neutrons via the d-¹⁰B nuclear reaction. By operating these mini neutron tubes with a high frequency AC high-voltage supply, short pulses of high intensity neutron beams can be generated. The d-¹⁰B neutrons should be suitable for compensated porosity and carbon/oxygen ratio measurements in oil well logging. It is shown that the performance of these new mini neutron tubes can exceed those of the commonly used Am-Be or d-t neutron sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 111798"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and evaluation of a 68Ga-labeled iodinated benzamide derivative as a PET imaging agent for malignant melanoma","authors":"Eunsu Kim ,&nbsp;Chaewon Lee ,&nbsp;Yejin Seo ,&nbsp;Dagyeong Hong ,&nbsp;Boreum Song ,&nbsp;Jiyu Kim ,&nbsp;Wookyeong Jeong ,&nbsp;Seong-Young Kwon ,&nbsp;Dong-Yeon Kim ,&nbsp;Ayoung Pyo","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with increasing prevalence worldwide. The 5-year survival rate for localized malignant melanoma is 90%, but this drops to 6% if metastasis has occurred at diagnosis. Current positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes, such as 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG), show low sensitivity for metastatic melanoma, underscoring the need for new probes. This study explores the potential of ⁶⁸Ga-labeled 2,2′,2″,2‴-(2-(4-(3-(2-((2-(5-iodopicolinamido)ethyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)thioureido)benzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (⁶⁸Ga-MI-0202F1) as a novel PET imaging probe designed for enhanced specificity and sensitivity towards melanin.</div><div>The precursor MI-0202F1 was synthesized from 5-iodopicolinic acid, 2,2′-diamino-<em>N</em>-methyldiethylamine, and 2,2′,2″,2‴-(2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid ((<em>p</em>-SCN-Bn)-DOTA). The precursor was labeled with ⁶⁸Ga in a reaction vial at 95°C and pH 5.0 for 10 min. The radiochemical purity of the ⁶⁸Ga-labeled compound was determined using radio-thin-layer chromatography. Cellular uptake of the iodinated benzamide derivative was evaluated in the B16F10 cell line (mouse melanoma) following <em>L</em>-tyrosine treatment. MicroPET studies were conducted at 30 and 60 min post-intravenous injection of the labeled complex into B16F10 tumor-bearing mice.</div><div>The non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 95.96 ± 3.73% (n = 3), and the radiochemical purity exceeded 98%. <em>In vitro</em> studies demonstrated significantly higher uptake of ⁶⁸Ga-MI-0202F1 in <em>L</em>-tyrosine-treated B16F10 cells compared with untreated cells. <em>In vivo</em> PET imaging showed rapid accumulation and sustained retention of ⁶⁸Ga-MI-0202F1 in melanoma tumors, with high tumor-to-background ratios.</div><div>Overall, ⁶⁸Ga-MI-0202F1 demonstrates potential as an innovative molecular imaging probe for malignant melanoma. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential of MI-0202F1 as a theranostic agent incorporating the radioisotope pairs ⁶⁸Ga and ¹⁷⁷Lu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111791"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and migration characteristics of 137Cs, 239+240Pu, and natural radioactive nuclides in the soil of Leye Tiankeng, China","authors":"Yongjing Guan ,&nbsp;Xianghao Luo ,&nbsp;Qiaoyan Jing ,&nbsp;Chunping Huang ,&nbsp;Huijuan Wang ,&nbsp;Deyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Wei ,&nbsp;Yukun Li ,&nbsp;Jianhui Lai ,&nbsp;Shuyi Wang ,&nbsp;Lingyi Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the distribution characteristics of radioactive nuclides in the soil of typical karst Tiankeng areas, two soil core samples and thirty surface soil samples were collected from the Leye Tiankeng Group, northwest Guangxi province in China. The soil's vertical distribution of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K is uniform. Furthermore, the distribution trends of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ²²⁶Ra in the surface soil are similar. The activity range of ^239+240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs in surface samples was 0.037 ± 0.008 to 1.680 ± 0.037 Bq/kg and 0.86 ± 0.09 to 17.25 ± 0.38 Bq/kg, respectively. The specific activity ranges of ¹³⁷Cs in two core samples were 0.12–4.36 Bq/kg and 0.29−4.76 Bq/kg, respectively, while those of ^239+240Pu in core samples were 0.001–0.321 Bq/kg and 0.004−0.390 Bq/kg, respectively. The atomic ratios of ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu and the activity ratios of ¹³⁷Cs/^239+240Pu both indicate that the artificial radioactive nuclides in this region originated from atmospheric fallout. The sedimentation rates derived from the distribution curve of ²¹⁰Pb_ex and distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and ^239+240Pu in soil exhibit considerable parallel. The distribution of ^239+240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs in soil exhibits a high degree of similarity, and the deviations are mainly attributed to the influence of the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Finally, the distribution of two nuclides, ^239+240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs, in the research region after 100 years was predicted using the CDE model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111793"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and thermoluminescent characterization of synthetic hydroxyapatite as a detector for retrospective TL dosimetry","authors":"Teodoro Rivera-Montalvo ,&nbsp;Rosalba Alvarez Romero ,&nbsp;Silvia J. Vicencio Hernandez ,&nbsp;Virgilio Correcher Delgado","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present work thermally stimulated luminescence from synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) under gamma, high energy electron beam (HEEB) and neutron (n) source were reported. The synthesis of SHA was carried out using the sol-gel method. Thermoluminescent (TL) glow curves of SHA powders were obtained by irradiation with Co-60 gamma radiation sources, high-energy electron beam and neutron-emitting source. The TL curve of HAS under the effect of gamma irradiation exhibited a TL glow curve with two well-defined peaks. The first one is located around 150 °C and the second one is located at 240 °C respectively. When irradiated with a high-energy electron beam, a peak centered at around 250 °C was observed. Meanwhile, when the samples were exposed to a neutron-emitting source, a prominent peak centered at 195 °C and two shoulders located at 245° and 290 °C respectively were observed. Other TL characteristics of SHA under gamma radiation effect were analyzed. Experimental results of SHA under three different ionizing radiation shows three different TL glow curves as well as other TL characteristics show also that SHA can be considered as potential candidate as radiation dosimeter in a retrospective dosimetry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111790"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic study of cross section for α-induced reaction on natCd up to 70 MeV using TALYS (version 1.96) code","authors":"A. Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Systematic study of statistical model calculations for production cross section of medically and technologically important radioisotopes like <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>108</mn><mi>g</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>110</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>111</mn><mi>g</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>114</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>115</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>116</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>117</mn><mi>g</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>In, ¹¹⁰Sn, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>113</mn><mi>g</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>Sn, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>117</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>Sn and <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>111</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>Cd nuclei were performed via <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-induced reaction on natural cadmium target using the TALYS code (version 1.96) for beam energies up to 70 MeV. The theoretically estimated results based on TALYS were also compared with the experimental data reported in literature by the different groups and with the latest evaluations of the TENDL-2023 libraries. The influence of various nuclear level density models, alpha optical model potentials and pre-equilibrium models on the production cross section of reaction channels opened up via alpha on <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>Cd were investigated. Most consistent results in comparison with the experimental data have been found out utilizing the mean weighted deviation analysis in addition to an eye estimation. Such systematic studies of theoretically measured cross sections are extremely important for understanding the theoretical models of nuclear reaction, validating the nuclear model codes and improving the evaluated nuclear data compilations required for fundamental nuclear applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111777"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and miniaturization of a thermal neutron radiography system using neutron tube technology and machine learning algorithms","authors":"YanBang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the miniaturization technology of thermal neutron imaging systems based on D-T neutron tube sources. Through a controlled variable approach, the selection of moderating materials and the optimization design of moderating structures were systematically investigated, successfully achieving neutron beam performance metrics that meet the requirements for thermal neutron radiography. Building on this, an innovative imaging strategy was proposed, effectively integrating the high penetration characteristics of fast neutrons for thick samples with the high sensitivity of thermal neutrons for defect detection, thereby realizing the synergistic utilization of both neutron properties. Furthermore, this study introduces machine learning algorithms into the field, offering novel solutions for the intelligent development of non-destructive testing technologies. The research findings hold significant theoretical and practical value for the miniaturization and intelligent application of thermal neutron imaging technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111792"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the gamma radiation fields of irradiators in a calibration laboratory using Monte Carlo codes","authors":"Júlio Dinis Ramalho Prado,&nbsp;Sibele Reis Reynaldo,&nbsp;Marco Aurélio de Sousa Lacerda","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Laboratório de Calibração de Dosímetros (LCD), a dosimeter calibration laboratory of the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), acquired a new gamma irradiator, the Hopewell Designs model G10, with a source with a nominal activity of 1.85 TBq. To employ the new irradiator in the LCD, it is necessary to characterize its gamma radiation field. This work aims to study the gamma radiation field around the new LCD/CDTN irradiator, using Monte Carlo computational codes MCNP and PHITS. The laboratory and the new (Hopewell G10) and old (STS OB85) irradiators were modeled. The air kerma and ambient dose equivalent rates were determined for various irradiation scenarios, from a simple free point-like source in air, to a more complex model, considering both irradiators in the irradiation rooms of the laboratory. Radiation levels in areas adjacent to those rooms were also assessed, for radioprotection purposes. Air kerma rate, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>Γ</mi><mi>δ</mi><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, and ambient dose equivalent rate, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>Γ</mi><mi>δ</mi><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>∗</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, constants were also calculated and compared with values available in the literature. Experimental measurements were made with calibrated ionization chambers to validate the results obtained through the simulations. The less complex simulations were useful to validate the methodology and to assess the influence of scattered radiation. Comparisons were made between the results obtained using the PHITS and MCNP codes. Simulation results obtained in various points inside the irradiation rooms agreed well with the experimental measurements (within 1.84 % when using the MCNP code). Simulations carried out in areas adjacent to the irradiation rooms presented higher discrepancies compared to measured values. In those cases, variance reduction techniques must be used to improve the agreement with the experimental measurements. However, the simulated models can be used in dosimetric studies performed inside the irradiation rooms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111784"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}