Water, Air, & Soil Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Mapping Pollution Risks: Geo-Information and Multi-Criteria Analysis in Olive Mill Wastewater Management","authors":"Mohamed Elhag,&nbsp;Lifu Zhang,&nbsp;Silvena Boteva,&nbsp;Nese Yilmaz,&nbsp;Anis Chaabani","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08648-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08648-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study develops a quantitative risk assessment framework to evaluate the environmental impact of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) pollution on surface water resources in the Keritis watershed, Western Crete. Utilizing a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) approach integrated with hydrological modeling, the research assesses risk through magnitude (spatial and temporal dimensions) and probability (hazard occurrence, receptor exposure, and harm likelihood) components. Eleven criteria, including population vulnerability, precipitation, pollutant dilution potential, and lagoon conditions, were normalized and weighted via the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The methodology classified sub-catchments into five risk tiers using natural breaks, revealing significant spatial variability. Key findings identified sub-catchments 4, 5, and 9 as high-to-moderate risk zones for human health due to proximity to low-order streams, high phenol concentrations, and precipitation patterns. For NATURA sites, sub-catchments 5 and 6 faced elevated risks, driven by extensive pollutant pathways and habitat sensitivity. The analysis underscores the critical role of flow path length and dilution capacity in mitigating risks, particularly in areas with 4th- and 5th-order streams. Policy implications advocate for restricting olive mill permits in high-risk zones and adopting inorganic flocculation for cost-effective pollution control. The study highlights the framework’s adaptability to diverse pollution scenarios but calls for expanded criteria to address groundwater and soil impacts. By providing a replicable, data-driven tool, this work aids policymakers in prioritizing mitigation efforts and aligning with EU Water Framework Directive goals, balancing ecological preservation with socio-economic needs in olive oil-dependent regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emission of CO and CO2 from Straw Burning Activities in Hanoi City, Vietnam: A Major Rice Cultivation Area in the Red River Delta","authors":"The Van Pham,&nbsp;Bui Thi Phuong Thuy,&nbsp;Quyen Vu Thi,&nbsp;Anh Ngoc Thi Do","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08628-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08628-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globally, biomass burning significantly contributes to air pollution and climate change. In Vietnam, agricultural waste burning, particularly rice straw, is a common practice that exacerbates these issues. Hanoi, a major rice cultivation area in the Red River Delta, faces severe air pollution due to straw burning. The research quantified the above-ground biomass (AGB) for the Winter-Spring crop of 2023 in Hanoi by integrating Sentinel-1A imagery with an artificial neural network (ANN) model to develop a biomass inventory and assess the residual straw remaining in the fields. Following this, it estimated emissions and modeled dispersion utilizing the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS) alongside meteorological data. Findings revealed that the AGB predominantly ranged from 3.1–4.0 kg/m² (approximately 49,000 ha), with a total projected residual straw of around 109,000 tons, primarily contributed by Ung Hoa district, exceeding 12,000 tons. The overall emissions from straw combustion during this crop were approximated at 42,831.92 tons of CO and 542,076.93 tons of CO₂, with CO₂ levels being approximately 12.66 times higher than those of CO; emission hotspots were primarily located in the southern and southwestern suburban districts, including Ung Hoa, My Duc, and Phu Xuyen. The ADMS dispersion simulation indicated that the area impacted by CO₂ was larger than that affected by CO, with urban districts, despite the absence of straw burning, still experiencing minimal diffusion effects (recorded emission levels in core districts were roughly 0–3 tons of CO and 0–50 tons of CO₂). These outcomes provided comprehensive insights into the magnitude and spatial distribution of emissions arising from straw burning in Hanoi, highlighting that the burning of agricultural residues is a concern not only for rural areas but also for urban air quality. Our findings highlight the significant impact of straw burning on local air quality, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies. The integration of remote sensing, biomass inventory, and dispersion modeling, as illustrated in this research, could serve as a robust scientific framework for the development of strategies addressing agricultural residue management and air pollution control policies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salinity and Nutrient Uptake Potential of Two Plant Species in Constructed Floating Wetlands","authors":"Andrea C. Landaverde,&nbsp;Sarah A. White,&nbsp;William H. J. Strosnider","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08657-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08657-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Constructed floating wetlands (CFWs) are an emerging remediation technology that can remove myriad contaminants while providing uniquely valuable habitats. However, the nutrient removal efficacy of CFWs in brackish waters has not been well characterized, especially in coastal water bodies where salinity can fluctuate with tides and storms. To be effective in these settings, plants used in CFWs must be salt-tolerant and efficient at removing nutrients across a range of salinities. This study evaluated the effect of salinity (0.5, 5.0, and 18 g⋅L⁻¹) and nutrient concentration (low: 0.40 mg⋅L⁻¹ N and 0.06 mg⋅L⁻¹ P; high: 2.50 mg⋅L⁻¹ N and 0.38 mg⋅L⁻¹ P) on nutrient removal in CFWs using <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and <i>Juncus roemerianus</i> over a period of ten weeks<i>.</i> Plant shoot height, biomass, and tissue nutrient concentrations were measured. Daily removal rates facilitated by <i>J. roemerianus</i> ranged from 15.2 (low) to 20.4 (high) mg^.m^−2.day⁻¹ N and 1.72 (high) to 2.40 (low) mg^.m^−2.day⁻¹ P. Daily removal rates facilitated by <i>S. alterniflora</i> ranged from 11.3 (low) to 15.8 (high) mg^.m^−2.day⁻¹ N and 0.80 (high) to 1.56 (low) mg^.m^−2.day⁻¹ PO₄-P. Both <i>J. roemerianus</i> and <i>S. alterniflora</i> are suitable species to remove N and P in CFWs under a wide range of brackish salinities. The results of this study will help coastal managers implement CFWs to improve water quality and build habitat in impoundments with fluctuating salinity.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-025-08657-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Activated Charcoal to Enhance Constructed Wetland Performance in Wastewater Treatment","authors":"K. Belhadj,&nbsp;L. Mimeche,&nbsp;L. Hecini,&nbsp;A. Belhadj,&nbsp;B. E. Rahmani,&nbsp;S. Ziad","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08438-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08438-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Constructed wetlands offer a sustainable wastewater treatment solution with proven, effective technology. Activated charcoal, derived from organic material through pyrolysis, offers simple and low cost techniques to treat water and reduce carbon footprint. Combining both of these technologies can greatly augment the efficiency of the system. This study investigates the enhancement of constructed wetlands by combining sand with activated carbon to improve pollutant removal efficiency. Vertical wetland beds were prepared using sand mixed with activated charcoal and cultivated with Phragmites australis species. Synthetic wastewater was passed through these beds achieving a retention time of three days. Pollutant removal performance was compared between the controlled and experimental wetland beds. According to this study, the wetland with 10% activated charcoal was more effective than the wetland with sand alone, removing an average of total suspended solids (TSS) at 88.44%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) at 86.39%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) at 89.02%, ammonium (NH₄⁺) at 95.71%, nitrate (NO₃⁻) at 35.75%, and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) at 80.38%. The study shows that the integration of activated charcoal into the CW plant enhances the performances of the wastewater treatment system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mercury (Hg) Mobility and Methylation Based on Hg Origin in Some Forest Soils in Czech Republic","authors":"Luka Stefanović,&nbsp;Jiřina Száková,&nbsp;Lukáš Praus,&nbsp;Tereza Nováková,&nbsp;Marko Spasić,&nbsp;Pavel Tlustoš","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08530-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08530-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The most important soil Hg fractions and species (total Hg, potentially mobilizable Hg and methyl Hg) from two mercury polluted sites with a historic pollution in Czech Republic were compared based on the origin of Hg and their speciation trough interaction with some of the soil properties. The first study site Libčice used to be a gold mine in the 19th and the first half of twentieth century. An amalgamation process has taken place at this location, therefore, Libčice site contains predominantly anthropogenic Hg which was introduced in Hg²⁺ form. The second study site Horní Luby was a cinnabar mine that was closed and reopened on multiple occasions in the period between sixteenth and nineteenth century. It contains both geogenic and anthropogenic Hg which was introduced in HgS form. Based on the total concentration of Hg both sites exceeding legislation limits (Libčice 0.10 to 36.2 mg kg⁻¹ and Horní Luby 1.35 to 90.00 mg kg⁻¹), these sites resent a potential risk for environment and ecosystem functioning, including human health. Furthermore, results show the difference in mobility and methylation of Hg between the horizon type (organic or mineral), caused by the different origin of Hg. These conditions also revealed many different pathways of Hg methylation process occurring at each individual site.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Analysis and Geographic Distribution Mapping for Assessing Heavy Metal Content in Tigris River Sediments in Mosul City, Iraq – Post-War","authors":"Zena Altahaan,&nbsp;Daniel Dobslaw","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08622-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08622-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The armed conflict in Mosul has resulted in significant heavy metal contamination of sediments in the Tigris River, reflecting both direct impacts such as infrastructure destruction and indirect consequences including compromised waste management systems. During the monitoring period from 2022 to 2023, a total of 120 sediment samples were collected from ten sites spanning conflict-affected and surrounding areas along the river. Elevated levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), electrical conductivity, salinity, and total organic carbon (TOC) were particularly notable in the Old City of Mosul, a heavily impacted urban center. The highest contamination levels were recorded at Site S10, attributed to the unique hydrogeological conditions of the Tigris River. Contamination Factor (CF) analysis indicated severe pollution with Cd at all sites and moderate pollution with Pb, while zinc (Zn) concentrations remained within background levels. Chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) showed moderate to low contamination levels. Geo-accumulation Index (I_geo) values for Cd ranged from strongly to extremely polluted, whereas Pb ranged from low to moderate pollution. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) revealed spatial variation, with Zones 1 and 2 categorized as low pollution, Zone 3 as moderate pollution, and Zone 4, especially Site S10, as heavily polluted. Despite ongoing riverbank cleanup efforts, contamination levels remain elevated. These findings highlight Cd and Pb as priority pollutants posing significant ecological risks. The study recommends periodic sediment removal, phytoremediation, and chemical treatment, alongside strengthening waste management and sanitation infrastructure to mitigate further heavy metal infiltration into the river system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Rice Fields: A Review of Generation Mechanisms, Influencing Factors and their Environmental Impacts","authors":"Yingxue Yu,&nbsp;Wentao Yang,&nbsp;Yonglin Chen,&nbsp;Hongyan Liu,&nbsp;Tao Jiang,&nbsp;Jian Zhu,&nbsp;Liyu Yang,&nbsp;Pan Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08646-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08646-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ubiquitous in the Earth's surface environments, especially in paddy ecosystems. Despite that ROS are highly reactive and transient, they are continuously produced in rice fields through biotic and abiotic pathways. This may enhance the mobility and toxicity of certain pollutants, elevate greenhouse gas emissions and inhibit rice growth. Understanding ROS dynamics in rice paddies is crucial for mitigating these impacts. However, knowledge gaps persist regarding the species, mechanisms, and factors driving ROS generation, and how these affect biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and contaminants and rice growth in rice fields. This review establishes that ROS hotspots concentrate spatiotemporally at detritusphere-rhizosphere-redox interfaces, exhibiting distinct diurnal cycling with daytime maxima and distance-dependent attenuation due to constrained oxygen diffusion. It integrates dominant ROS production pathways alongside their regulatory mechanisms governed by the speciation and concentrations of photosensitizer/transition metal, O₂ content, straw return and fertilization, and microbial activity. We further highlighted the adverse impacts of these processes driven by ROS, including enhanced pollutant mobility/toxicity, greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂/N₂O), and oxidative damage to rice cells. Additionally, it also elucidates the role of ROS in nutrient cycling (C/N/P/S), pollutant transformation (i.e., heavy metals and organic pollutants) and iron plaque formation on rice roots. Finally, this review suggests future research directions and provides a theoretical basis and new insights into ROS generation and scientific management strategies in rice fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explorative Evaluation of the Adsorptive Potential of Quercus robur and Quercus rugosa for Lake Water Treatment","authors":"Yvan Anderson Tchangoue Ngandjui,&nbsp;Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati,&nbsp;Alex Tawanda Kuvarega","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08485-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08485-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study assessed and compared the effects of <i>Quercus robur</i> (QRO) and <i>Quercus rugosa</i> (QRU) seed extracts as natural coagulants on the physicochemical properties of lake water in Johannesburg. Jar test experiments were conducted using dosage concentrations of 15, 20, and 25 mL, with settling times of 30, 60, and 90 min. The treatments led to 100% turbidity removal across all tested dosages within 90 min. Dissolved oxygen significantly improved, increasing from 1.65 ± 0.02 mg/L in raw lake water to 2.39 ± 0.01 mg/L and 2.33 ± 0.01 mg/L after treatments with QRU and QRO, respectively. Conversely, pH levels decreased from 7.42 ± 0.03 to 7.06 ± 0.02 with QRO and 7.16 ± 0.04 with QRU. Total dissolved solids were reduced from 97.67 ± 1.53 mg/L to 70.33 ± 0.58 mg/L with QRO and 71.33 ± 0.58 mg/L using QRU. A corresponding decline in conductivity was observed, from 192.0 ± 1.0 µS/cm to 141.33 ± 0.58 µS/cm with QRO and 142.33 ± 0.58 µS/cm with QRU. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted clear distinctions between treated samples and raw lake water, with the treated samples clustering away from untreated water and aligning with improved physicochemical indicators. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of <i>Q. robur</i> and <i>Q. rugosa</i> seed extracts in enhancing water quality and their suitability as low-cost, natural alternatives to conventional coagulants. Post-treatment values for all key parameters met the World Health Organization's recommended limits for drinking water, underscoring the potential of these materials for sustainable water purification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-025-08485-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Removal of Arsenic (III) from Water Using a Biosorbent Containing Chlorella Sorokiniana Microalgae","authors":"Mahdiehsadat Tabatabaei Khodadadei,&nbsp;Hakimeh Mansouri,&nbsp;Hasan salari","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08620-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08620-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the ability of dry microalgae <i>Chlorella sorokiniana</i> biomass and its composite as biosorbents for removing arsenic (III) from water. The composite contains different proportions of microalgae, kaolin, and FeCl₃. The study was carried out to determine the optimum conditions for the biological removal of arsenic, including biomass, arsenic concentration, and pH. The highest adsorption capacity of dried biomass was obtained at pH 6. The greatest arsenic adsorption was achieved by 0.5 g L⁻¹ composite containing 60% microalgae + 12% kaolin + 28% FeCl₃ at an arsenic concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹, with an adsorption capacity (q_e) of 17.8 mgg⁻¹ (89%). Increasing the biosorbent amount to 1 g L⁻¹, and expanding the metal concentration to 50 mg L⁻¹, reduced arsenic removal efficiency. Kaolin adsorbent (1 g L⁻¹) alone showed only 34% adsorption, which was the lowest efficiency compared to other biosorbents at a concentration of 50 mg L⁻¹. The incorporation of iron into the clay and microalgae enhanced the efficiency of adsorption. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to examine the morphological characteristics and to characterize the functional groups present in the material. A novel biocomposite (60% Chlorella sorokiniana, 28% FeCl₃, 12% kaolin) achieved 89% arsenite removal at pH 6 (17.8 mg g⁻¹ capacity), outperforming individual components. FTIR/SEM revealed binding via hydroxyl/carboxyl groups. This low-cost, scalable composite is a promising candidate for sustainable water treatment applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavelet Transform-based Scaling Response of PM2.5 with Meteorological Factors and Other Air Pollutants","authors":"Yuyao Liu,&nbsp;Yongjun Ye,&nbsp;Zanchao Xu,&nbsp;Hanqing Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08546-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08546-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To quantify the spatiotemporal variations of PM_2.5 and its response relationship with the driving factors (including meteorological factors and other air pollutants) in the multi-scale time–frequency domain, the monitoring data of PM_2.5 and its driving factors in Hunan Province from 2017 to 2021 were researched via four wavelet transform methods including continuous wavelet transform (CWT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), wavelet transform coherence (WTC), and multiple wavelet coherence (MWC). Results revealed that: (1) The annual average PM_2.5 concentration exhibited a decreasing trend, with a cumulative decrease of 27.2%. The seasonal distribution pattern of PM_2.5 was winter &gt; fall &gt; spring &gt; summer. (2) The mutation of PM_2.5 mainly occurred in winter and was particularly concentrated in the Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. The periodicity of 250–280 days was the dominant cycle in the time series. In addition, 30–40- and 70–80-day cycles were observed in winter and from autumn to winter, respectively. (3) The response of PM_2.5 to its driving factors depended on the time–frequency scale and the combination of factors. For the meteorological factors, temperature (TEM) was the strongest single factor that affected PM_2.5 at all time–frequency scale. Meanwhile, the coherence increased with an increasing number of meteorological factors. The other air pollutants had higher abilities to explain PM_2.5 variations than the meteorological factors. Among them, PM₁₀ was the strongest single factor that affected the PM_2.5 at all time–frequency scale, with a significant positive coherence between the two. The tetravariate combination of PM₁₀-SO₂-O₃-CO at the large time–frequency scales showed the highest degree of explanation of PM_2.5 concentration variations among all combinations. (4) Combining meteorological and pollutant factors significantly improves PM_2.5 variation explanation, but more factors do not guarantee better results. The research results of this paper may provide a reference for more precise identification of the influencing factors of PM_2.5 and the formulation of related air pollution control policies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}