Water, Air, & Soil Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Advanced TiO2 and Al2O3 Modularized Adsorbents and Practical Application Strategies for Enhanced Arsenic Removal from Water","authors":"Younghee Jang,&nbsp;Sung Su Kim,&nbsp;D. Duc Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08094-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08094-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing concentration of heavy metal contamination, especially arsenic, in water resources presents significant risks to both human health and overall water quality. This study examines the adsorption efficiency of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ powders for arsenic removal from drinking water. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and zeta potential were used to investigate the correlation between adsorbent properties and performance. Modularized adsorbents, specifically hollow-fiber and carbon block formats, were introduced and demonstrated outstanding arsenic removal efficiency. In particular, the TiO₂-based adsorbents achieved over 99.9% arsenic removal in simulated and actual drinking water. In a pilot test, the hollow-fiber module maintained complete removal for over 16 days using real groundwater. The study emphasizes the crucial role of surface charge and hydroxyl groups in arsenic adsorption, demonstrating the practical effectiveness of these innovative adsorbents in large-scale water purification systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing Industrial Wastewater for Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris NIES-227: A Study on Biodiesel Yield Optimization with Alkali Catalysts","authors":"Sonika Kumari,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar,&nbsp;Richa Kothari,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08093-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08093-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microalgae, ubiquitous in diverse aquatic ecosystems, present a promising avenue for energy generation through cultivation. This study focused on the cultivation of indigenous <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> using both dairy wastewater (DWW) and pharmaceutical industry wastewater (PIWW) to ascertain its viability for biodiesel production. The results showed that biodiesel yields of 78% and 76% were attained from <i>C. vulgaris</i> biomass cultivated using DWW utilizing potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalysts, respectively. The results demonstrated its efficacy in wastewater treatment, with removal efficiencies of 63–60% for total dissolved solids (TDS), 82–93% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 73–85% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 80% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and 82–88% for total phosphorus (TP), complementing biodiesel production. This dual-purpose approach emphasizes the potential of microalgae for realizing sustainable solutions at the intersection of environmental management and bioenergy production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution, Characteristics, and Potential Health Risks of Microplastics in National Coastal Highway Road Dust, Northern Mindanao, Philippines","authors":"Jeron Bet B. Tejano,&nbsp;Chih-Feng Chen,&nbsp;Yee Cheng Lim,&nbsp;Frank Paolo Jay B. Albarico,&nbsp;Ming-Huang Wang,&nbsp;Rodolfo A. Romarate II,&nbsp;Chiu-Wen Chen,&nbsp;Cheng-Di Dong,&nbsp;Hernando P. Bacosa","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08097-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08097-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microplastics (MPs) are a growing environmental problem, especially in urban areas with high human activity. Urban roads are important transport routes for MPs into aquatic and atmospheric systems, making understanding their occurrence, characteristics, and deposition in road dust is crucial. This study investigated the abundance, morphology, and polymer type of MPs in coastal road dust from three major cities in the southern Philippines: Cagayan de Oro, Iligan, and Ozamiz City. Results showed that MP abundance in road dust ranged from 180 – 780 n/kg. The MP abundance at the downtown site of each city was significantly higher than at other sites. The morphology of MP was mainly characterized by fragments (77.7%), blue color (32.5%), and small size (&lt; 1000 μm; 68%). Polyolefin polymers were the main polymers (60.9%) identified. Microplastic abundance was positively correlated with population density, but not significantly correlated with traffic volume. This reflects that MP in road dust in the study area may mainly come from the degradation of daily consumption-related products. In contrast, the contribution from road and automobile-related sources is low. Notably, road- and traffic-related MPs were found to be often extremely hazardous, leading them to be key to the high hazard risk of MPs despite their lower prevalence (&lt; 6.2%). Road dust MPs in the three cities showed moderate diversity and high hazard, among which Iligan City (industrial city) had a relatively high diversity and hazard index. Overall, this study confirms MP accumulation and hazard risks in Philippine road dust—highlighting the importance of MP studies in growing and urban cities for MP pollution management and mitigations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Soil Components on Microplastics Transport and Retention in Natural Soils: Various Microplastics Types and Sizes","authors":"Weiya Fan,&nbsp;Shunan Dong,&nbsp;Xiyu Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoting Su,&nbsp;Qianhui Yu,&nbsp;Liting Sheng","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08106-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08106-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a global concern, yet the interactions between MPs and natural soils remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the transport and retention behaviors of different microplastics polymers in diverse soil environments, elucidating the critical role of soil physicochemical properties in MPs mobility. We conducted column experiments examining the transport and retention of three microplastics types (polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, and polypropylene) across three distinct soil types (desert, red, and black soils). Particle sizes ranging from 1–2 μm, 2–5 μm, and 10–15 μm were selected, with a focus on the impacts of soil components such as metal oxides and natural organic matter. MPs mobility generally decreased with increasing particle size, following the order PVC &gt; PMMA &gt; PP in desert soil (maximum transport mass recovery: 29.7%). The microplastics transport mass recovery approached 0% in red soil, primarily due to the high specific surface area and abundant metal oxides, which synergistically enhanced electrostatic attraction and physical retention. A non-monotonic trend observed in black soil was attributed to the interplay between natural organic matter (NOM) adsorption. Soil physicochemical properties significantly influenced MPs mobility, correlating with the soil texture, metal oxide, and organic carbon. Metal oxide typically enhanced MPs retention through decreased electrostatic repulsion and surface roughness, with the maximum observed increase in transport mass recovery being 53.2%. NOM removal exhibited biphasic effects on MPs transport, characterized by an initial promotional phase in low-NOM desert soil and an inhibitory phase in high-NOM black soil. The extended FDLVO theory and numerical modeling matched the experimental results well. The results showed that, soil physicochemical properties, particularly metal oxides and natural organic matter, significantly influenced microplastics transport and retention, with particle size, polymer type, and soil composition playing critical roles in determining microplastics mobility in natural environments.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Membrane Technologies for Heavy Metal Removal from Polluted Water: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Mohamed Dawam,&nbsp;Mohamed Gobara,&nbsp;Hussein Oraby,&nbsp;Mahmoud Y. Zorainy,&nbsp;Islam M. Nabil","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08035-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08035-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heavy metals and other hazardous substances contaminating water have harmful effects on plants, animals, and potentially human health. Therefore, it is essential to explore ways to extract toxic materials from polluted water. Removing mineral contaminants from water is crucial for promoting a healthy environment and protecting human health. Among the existing methods, membrane-based techniques are particularly effective in reducing pollutants, especially heavy metals, in water systems. Membrane filtration is extensively researched and known for its high efficiency, although cost factors limit its broader application. Reverse osmosis technology achieves the highest heavy metal removal efficiency, ranging from 98.0% to 99.9%. While reverse osmosis boasts high operational efficiency, it demands a significant amount of energy. To maintain the sustainability of reverse osmosis efficiency, suitable and intermediate conditions must be established. Polymeric membranes provide an energy-efficient water purification solution, although they face fouling issues during filtration. Membrane fouling, a prevalent challenge for all membrane-based water and wastewater treatment technologies, refers to the accumulation of dissolved or suspended solids on or within the membrane pores, which deteriorates membrane performance. Surface modification of membranes is one strategy to alleviate fouling and sustain high water productivity levels. Two main methods have been extensively explored: grafting polymer chains onto the membrane surface and applying a thin film to the membrane surface. The objectives of these membrane modifications include increased fouling resistance, improved selectivity, and extended membrane lifespan. This study thoroughly analyzes results from various experiments conducted over the past two decades to identify the most relevant membrane filtration processes for different contaminant profiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-025-08035-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air Quality Forecasting Using Machine Learning: Comparative Analysis and Ensemble Strategies for Enhanced Prediction","authors":"Yıldırım Özüpak,&nbsp;Feyyaz Alpsalaz,&nbsp;Emrah Aslan","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08122-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08122-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution poses a critical challenge to environmental sustainability, public health, and urban planning. Accurate air quality prediction is essential for devising effective management strategies and early warning systems. This study utilized a dataset comprising hourly measurements of pollutants such as PM2.5, NO_x, CO, and benzene, sourced from five metal oxide sensors and a certified analyzer in a polluted urban area, totaling 9,357 records collected over one year (March 2004–February 2005) from the Kaggle Air Quality Data Set. A comprehensive comparison of ten machine learning regression models XGBoost, LightGBM, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, CatBoost, Support Vector Regression (SVR) with Bayesian Optimization, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Elastic Net, and Bayesian Ridge was conducted. Model performance was enhanced through Bayesian optimization and randomized cross-validation, with stacking employed to leverage the strengths of base models. Experimental results showed that hyperparameter optimization and ensemble strategies significantly improved accuracy, with the SVR model optimized via Bayesian optimization achieving the highest performance: an R² score of 99.94%, MAE of 0.0120, and MSE of 0.0005. These findings underscore the methodology’s efficacy in precisely capturing the spatial and temporal dynamics of air pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-025-08122-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of Cr(III) on Areca Nut Fibers – An Environmentally Friendly Approach","authors":"Mishantha Kanishka,&nbsp;Hasanka Rathnayaka,&nbsp;Namal Priyantha","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08105-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08105-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Development of pollutant removal methodologies based on biosorption has become attractive due to many desirable characteristics. However, practical applications of biosorption have not been much attended to. On the other hand, the use of chromium and its compounds has been steadily increased in the ever-expanding industrial sector. Consequently, there is a necessity to remove chromium from the environment, especially from water bodies. The methodologies to be adopted for pollutant removal should not only be cost-effective and environmentally friendly but also be efficient. In this respect, the study reported herein is on the use of areca nut fibers (ARF), leading to an excellent Cr(III) removal of &gt; 90% from 10 ppm solution under optimized conditions of biosorbent dosage, shaking time, settling time, and solution pH. However, adsorption characteristics of ARF, which are not desirable at higher Cr(III) concentrations, can be significantly strengthened by surface modification, which is feasible due to the fibrous nature of the biosorbent. This is evidenced by obtaining &gt; 90% Cr(III) removal from 25 ppm solution with NaOH-treated ARF, which is approximately 130% increment as compared to the situation before any treatment. Adsorption of Cr(III) on ARF is a monolayer process, as determined by the validity of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic studies confirm the biosorption of Cr(III) on the fibers, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigation indicates the presence of carboxylic acid groups in the biosorbent, which could be deprotonated during NaOH treatment, leading to stronger affinity toward positively charged Cr(III) species. Results of static experiments performed could be extended toward dynamic experiments and proto-type studies to apply ARF for industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Biofilm in Distribution Water Systems on Water Characteristics and Attempts for Treatment","authors":"Mohamed A. Alhoshy,&nbsp;Farag A. Samhan,&nbsp;Ahmed S. El-Gendy,&nbsp;Taha M. A. Razek","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08077-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08077-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biofilms formed by ubiquitous polymeric compounds in drinking water systems host opportunistic bacterial infections. Contact between these microbial communities and drinking water has major effects on water quality and may endanger human health to the point of pollution. Access to safe drinking water remains a goal for developing countries, so factors that affect the development and growth of biofilms must be controlled. This study aims to estimate the effect of biofilms on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water inside drinking water pipes, study the bacterial content of the biofilm deposits and attempt to apply some chemical treatment for biofilms within water systems, Biofilm samples were collected from water distribution systems in a specific geographical area. The results of the hydraulic study on the sampling points indicated a decrease in the water flow rate to 0.05 m/s and 0.12 m/s, and an increase in the duration of water stagnation, which led to a loss of part of the residual chlorine percentage to 0.08, 0.1 ppm. The physical properties resulting from the dissolution of biofilm sediments within distilled water showed a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration from 9.2 ppm to 5.9 ppm, effect on turbidity, odor, as well as raising the pH. The biological properties of distilled water were also negatively affected due to the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria, which formed the main component of biofilm colonies, the bacterial plate count as a result of passing treated water through biofilm points within water systems increased to 170 CFU/cm³ for cast iron pipes and 110 CFU/cm³ for PVC pipes. The chemical properties changed in terms of ammonia, TOC, and iron parameters. The Scan Electron Microscopic (<b>SEM)</b> examination of the biofilm sample revealed the presence of exopolysaccharide aggregates, the main component of Extracellular polymeric substances <b>EPS</b>, within the biofilm during maturation stages, as well as <i>E. coli</i> Bactria in its cylindrical and rod-shaped forms, and <i>Streptococcus</i> species in clusters. The use of oxidizing agents such as 0.1% sodium hypochlorite mixed with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide as a strong disinfectant for a contact time of 4 hours resulted in 100% complete destruction of the bacterial content of <i>E. coli</i>, as well as make detachment for the biofilm layers formed inside the water pipe as a sticky deposit due to the degradation of a portion of the protein that forms the EPS material surrounding the bacterial colonies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-025-08077-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun PVA/g-C3N4/FeWO4 Nanofibers as a Multifunctional Platform for RB5 Dye Degradation, Antibacterial Activity and Zebrafish Embryo Biocompatibility","authors":"Elango Visithira,&nbsp;Rajendran Ranjith,&nbsp;Ramasamy Govarthini,&nbsp;Shaik Althaf Hussain,&nbsp;Mohammed Rafi Shaik,&nbsp;Karmegam Dhanabalan,&nbsp;Tae Hwan Oh,&nbsp;Arumugam Priyadharsan","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08128-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08128-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/g-C₃N₄/FeWO₄ nanofibres (PFG NFs) were synthesized via the electrospinning method, while bare materials were prepared using the hydrothermal method. These nanofibres were explored for their photocatalytic efficiency, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility. The PFG NFs was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with elemental mapping, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The photocatalytic performance was evaluated through the degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye under solar light irradiation, achieving approximately 90% degradation in 100 min. Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy was assessed against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E.coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S.aureus</i>), showing inhibition zones of 18 mm and 20 mm, respectively. Biocompatibility assessments using a zebrafish model revealed that the nanofibres exhibited good biocompatibility, with an applicable survival rate of 85%. These results indicate that the PFG NFs are promising candidates for environmental remediation, antibacterial applications, and biocompatibility-safe implementation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Solar Light with Sodium Percarbonate for Efficient 4-Chlorophenol Degradation: Mechanism, Toxicity Evaluation and Panel Experiment","authors":"Xiaobing Wang,&nbsp;Jingyi Li,&nbsp;Danyu Li,&nbsp;Xintong Shen,&nbsp;Wenguan Lu,&nbsp;Xiuzhen Qiu,&nbsp;Shaping Huang,&nbsp;Yue Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08084-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08084-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>4-chlorophenol (4-CP) is a prevalent organic contaminant, posed an insufferable threat to the environment, so it is significant to develop an efficient and operation convenient method for 4-CP treatment. In this study, as a solid hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate (SPC) was activated by solar light to degrade 4-CP. By the introduction of SPC, the degradation efficiency of 4-CP reached 100% within 1.0 h, and the fitted rate constant was 0.0847 min⁻¹, which was 6.7 times of the solar light alone system (0.0126 min⁻¹). Additionally, this study meticulously examined the effect of the initial concentration, pH value, and co-existed anions on 4-CP degradation. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) trapping experiments indicated that both ·OH and CO₃·⁻ contributed to the degradation of 4-CP, but CO₃·⁻ was the predominant ROSs. With the addition of SPC, the formation of ROSs was enhanced, therefore accelerating the degradation process. Moreover, the degradation pathway of 4-CP in the solar light/SPC system was elucidated using LC–MS, and the acute and chronic toxicity levels of the degradation products were assessed in fish, daphnia, and green algae. This research enhanced the understanding of organic contaminant removal in solar light/SPC system and offered an efficient approach for treating 4-CP contained organic pollution water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}