Spatial and Temporal Variations in Ganga River Water Quality: Insights from GIS Analysis (2017–2021)

IF 3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-08677-6

Bhupendra P. Singh, Priyanka Khichi, Preeti Sai, Sandeep Kumar Gautam, Seema Chahal, Jyotsana Gupta

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Abstract

The Ganga River serves as a vital source of fresh water and holds significant cultural and religious value in India, however, pollution has severely degraded the water quality, posing threats to human health and ecological integrity. This study analyzes water quality trends in the Ganga River from 2017 to 2021, focusing on Uttar Pradesh, India, and evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water quality parameters. Results indicated maximum fluctuations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and nitrate levels were reported 29.5-34ºc, 11–12.5 mg/L, 8.6–9, 560–2200 (µmho/cm), 5.3–9.8 mg/L, 1.83–9.4 (mg/L) influenced by anthropogenic activities and natural environmental dynamics. The correlation analysis highlights significant relationships among water quality parameters. Strong significant positive correlations were observed between pH with fecal coliform (0.73) and total coliform (0.80), whereas a strong negative correlation was calculated between DO with fecal coliform (-.83) and total coliform (0.90). In addition, spatial analysis using GIS underscores the heterogeneous distribution of water quality parameters across the Ganga River basin, emphasizing more pollutant loads downstream which needs targeted interventions to mitigate pollution sources and ensure sustainable water management practices. This study contributes to bridging the existing knowledge gap regarding the dynamic evolution of water quality in the Ganga River, facilitating informed decision-making for policy formulation and implementation to safeguard water resources for future generations.

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恒河水质时空变化：GIS分析的启示（2017-2021）

恒河是重要的淡水来源，在印度具有重要的文化和宗教价值，但污染使水质严重恶化，对人类健康和生态完整性构成威胁。本研究分析了2017年至2021年恒河水质趋势，以印度北方邦为重点，评估了2019冠状病毒病大流行对水质参数的影响。结果表明，温度、溶解氧、pH、生化需氧量（BOD）和硝酸盐水平的最大波动分别为29.5 ~ 34℃、11 ~ 12.5 mg/L、8.6 ~ 9、560 ~ 2200（µmho/cm）、5.3 ~ 9.8 mg/L、1.83 ~ 9.4 （mg/L）。相关性分析突出了水质参数之间的显著关系。pH与粪大肠菌群（0.73）、总大肠菌群（0.80）呈显著正相关，DO与粪大肠菌群（- 0.83）、总大肠菌群（0.90）呈显著负相关。此外，利用GIS的空间分析强调了整个恒河流域水质参数的异质性分布，强调了下游更多的污染物负荷，需要有针对性的干预措施来减轻污染源并确保可持续的水管理实践。本研究有助于弥合关于恒河水质动态演变的现有知识差距，促进政策制定和实施的明智决策，为子孙后代保护水资源。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.