Tribology LettersPub Date : 2025-05-03DOI: 10.1007/s11249-025-01990-5
Dongze Wang, Ali Ghanbarzadeh, Nan Xu, Qingyang Liu, Gregory de Boer
{"title":"Time-Dependent Contact Behaviour of ZDDP-Derived Tribofilms: A Viscoelastic Layered Model Approach","authors":"Dongze Wang, Ali Ghanbarzadeh, Nan Xu, Qingyang Liu, Gregory de Boer","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-01990-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-01990-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ZDDP-derived tribofilm was recently reported to be viscoelastic based on a creep experiment, where a Burgers material model mathematically represents its creep compliance. This study develops a contact model for layered materials by extending a previously established viscoelastic half-space contact model. The approach involves converting analytical frequency response functions into influence coefficients, enabling the investigation of the viscoelastic behaviour of ZDDP-derived tribofilms. The results reveal that the tribofilm exhibits a highly fluid-like response when modelled as a half-space body being in contact with a carbon steel ball during indentation or sliding. When bonded to an elastic substrate in its typical thin-film form (on the nanometre scale), the contact behaviour can still exhibit time-dependent characteristics, depending on the operating conditions. Creep and stress relaxation are observed during indentation, particularly under low loads, while high loads result in a more pronounced viscoelastic response in extremely slow-speed contacts. However, under moderate sliding speeds ranging from millimetres to meters per second, time-dependent effects become negligible, regardless of the applied load. These findings indicate that although ZDDP-derived tribofilms exhibit significant viscoelasticity, their behaviour in practical applications generally resembles that of a soft elastic layer, as typical sliding speeds fall outside the range where pronounced time-dependent effects occur.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-025-01990-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribology LettersPub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1007/s11249-025-02002-2
David Rebenda, Lukáš Odehnal, Simona Uhrová, David Nečas, Martin Vrbka
{"title":"On the Friction and Lubrication of 3D Printed Ti6Al4V Hip Joint Replacement","authors":"David Rebenda, Lukáš Odehnal, Simona Uhrová, David Nečas, Martin Vrbka","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-02002-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-02002-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigates the tribological performance of 3D printed Ti6Al4V total hip replacements (THR) compared to conventionally produced THRs from CoCrMo and FeNiCr alloys. The objective was to evaluate the suitability of 3D printed titanium alloy, with and without DLC coating, for THR rubbing surfaces and to investigate the potential benefits of 3D printing technology for friction and lubrication. A pendulum hip joint simulator was employed to replicate the swinging motion of a hip joint, thereby enabling the measurements of coefficient of friction (COF) and the observation of lubricant film formation under realistic conditions between the metal femoral head and acetabular cup. The experiments demonstrated that additive manufacturing enables the creation of specific surface topographies that can enhance protein adsorption, but also introduce surface imperfections negatively affecting tribological properties. The elevated surface roughness of additively manufactured femoral heads did not inevitably result in an increase in COF and was comparable to that of conventionally manufactured femoral heads. The additively manufactured Ti6Al4V head without DLC coating also exhibited a more rapid increase in lubricant film thickness during dynamic motion. In conclusion, the findings indicate that while 3D printing offers promising advancements in implant customization and material properties, its application requires careful consideration of surface finishing and coating methods to achieve optimal tribological performance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-025-02002-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comprehensive Study on the Tribological Behavior of Extruded and 3D-Printed PEEK for Low-Cost Dental Implant Solutions Under Simulated Oral Conditions","authors":"Kandula Uday Kumar Reddy, Suresh Kumar Reddy Narala, Piyush Chandra Verma, Polavarapu Jayakrishna Babu, Prabakaran Saravanan","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-02001-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-02001-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is being investigated as a promising alternative to conventional dental implant materials such as Titanium and Zirconia, which have certain limitations. The friction and wear caused by mastication can result in significant damage to both teeth and implants due to the tribological interactions involved. In this study, both extruded and 3D-printed PEEK specimens were fabricated, and their tribological behavior was evaluated against Vita enamel-coated Cobalt–Chromium (Co–Cr) plates under both dry and artificial saliva conditions to simulate the oral environment. The analysis focused on friction coefficients, specific wear rates, and wear mechanisms using linear reciprocating sliding tests. Extruded and 3D-printed PEEK exhibited comparable tribological performance. Under dry conditions, their friction coefficients were 0.306 and 0.318, respectively. In saliva, the coefficients decreased to 0.109 for extruded PEEK and 0.114 for 3D-printed PEEK. Specific wear rates were also closely matched, with extruded and 3D-printed PEEK showing rates of 5.989 × 10<sup>–5</sup> and 6.151 × 10<sup>–5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm under dry conditions, and 1.745 × 10<sup>–5</sup> and 1.878 × 10<sup>–5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm under saliva conditions. Notably, the specific wear rates of PEEK under saliva conditions were comparable to those of natural human tooth enamel when tested against the enamel-coated Co–Cr plates. This suggests that PEEK, with its proven tribological properties, is suitable for use in dental crown implant applications. These findings highlight PEEK’s potential as a strong and suitable alternative material than conventional for dental implants, demonstrating consistent performance in conditions that closely mimic the oral environment.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Alternating Magnetic Fields on the Tribological Behaviors of Steel/Steel Contact Under Dry Sliding Conditions","authors":"Xiaojian Yu, Qiangqiang Zhang, Chuan Li, Xueyan Xu, Zhiquan Yang, Xianguo Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-02003-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-02003-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasing modernization of machinery, more and more friction parts are exposed to alternating electromagnetic fields. To investigate the impact of alternating electromagnetic fields on the tribological behavior of key components, a Helmholtz coil was incorporated into the ball/disc reciprocating friction tester as the source of the alternating electromagnetic fields. Then, the effect of alternating electromagnetic fields on the tribological behavior of the self-mating pair of GCr15 bearing steel was investigated in detail. The results showed both the coefficient of friction and wear volume increased significantly in the presence of an alternating electromagnetic fields. The underlying mechanism was explored by analyzing the changes in surface temperature, the morphology and chemical composition of the wear surface and wear debris, combined with electromagnetic fields simulations of wear debris.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thin Film-Formation Mechanisms of Aqueous Lubricant in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication","authors":"Ashley Mungroo, Denis Mazuyer, Juliette Cayer-Barrioz","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-01998-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-01998-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aqueous lubricants are increasingly used in industry due to their excellent cooling capability and to environmental considerations. However, the film forming mechanisms in high-pressure contacts, such as in EHL regime, differ from those, well-known, of classical piezoviscous oil lubricants. This work investigated the role of the molecular architecture of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) molecules dispersed in water, with co-solvent monopropylene glycol, on the film forming capability in elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime by means of <i>in situ in-operando</i> chemical distribution mapping of the contact. These mappings were based on infrared hyperspectral images. A specific focus was made on the analysis of the area absorbance ratio of the ether stretching band, characteristic of PAG polymer, and the O–H stretching band of continuous water media, in order to identify the relative contribution of the solvent and of the polymer additives. Linear and branched PAG molecules were used as well as mixtures of different molecular weight PAGs. The penetration capability of the polymers in the high-pressure zone of the contact under pure rolling conditions, was discussed in terms of molar mass, architecture and polarity.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-025-01998-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribology LettersPub Date : 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1007/s11249-025-02000-4
Chaoyang Zhang, Xingwei Wang, Yuchen Sun, Shuang Sun, Chen Zhao, Yu Liu, Shuangshuang Yang, Qiangliang Yu, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali
{"title":"Synthesis of a Novel Multifunctional Ionic Liquid Based on Benzotriazole for Enhanced Tribological Performance of Steel Interfaces","authors":"Chaoyang Zhang, Xingwei Wang, Yuchen Sun, Shuang Sun, Chen Zhao, Yu Liu, Shuangshuang Yang, Qiangliang Yu, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-02000-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-02000-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel oil-soluble ionic liquid (ILs), benzotriazole-functionalized quaternary phosphonium salt (BTAP<sub>888</sub>DOSS), has been synthesized. This proposed oil formulation incorporates the BTAP<sub>888</sub>DOSS additive into poly-α-olefin (PAO10) oil. The tribological, corrosion, and thermal properties were investigated. The wear patterns and tribofilm formation mechanisms for the formulated lubricant are discussed using advanced technologies (SEM, XPS, and TOF–SIMS). Moreover, the molecular models of cations and anions were generated and optimized using density functional theory (DFT). Notably, the oil prepared with 0.5 wt% BTAP<sub>888</sub>DOSS additive exhibited superior lubrication performance, minimizing the friction coefficient by 34–36% and disc wear volume by 80–85% compared with the baseline lubricant. This reinforcement is attributed to the additive’s ability to form a lubricating layer with low shear forces, as demonstrated by the simulation results. Ultimately, our results will support the advancement of eco-friendly ILs as multifunctional oil additives to reduce power losses caused by friction in various mechanical systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribology LettersPub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1007/s11249-025-01976-3
Francesc Pérez-Ràfols, Michele Ciavarella
{"title":"Towards a Universal Scaling for the Elastic Contact Between Anisotropic and Non-gaussian Surfaces","authors":"Francesc Pérez-Ràfols, Michele Ciavarella","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-01976-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-01976-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Contact between elastic rough surfaces is one of the fundamental problems in tribology. We study with a Boundary Element Method the influence of anisotropy of roughness on the real contact area and on load-separation for both a classical gaussian height distribution and a weibull one, in the common case of power law PSD. We find that anisotropy affects contact area and load-separation similarly for gaussian or non-gaussian surfaces, and therefore the effect can be captured by a single parameter which we extract from Persson’s theory. We further use the results to extend BAM theory of long-range adhesion to gaussian and non-gaussian (weibull) surfaces both isotropic or anisotropic. For the real contact area, results for weibull surfaces are known in the literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-025-01976-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Friction and Tactile Sensation of Index Finger Skin on Textured Glass Surfaces During Swipe Motion","authors":"Yoshitaka Nakanishi, Naoki Fujita, Kazushi Miyamoto, Daiki Morimoto, Ryo Suzuki","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-01997-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-01997-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sensory evaluation techniques have been used to investigate rich tactile sensations experienced by humans. Sensory evaluations typically incorporate quantitative measurement methods that rely on the subjective judgment of participants to assess tactile sensations. Although the relation between friction coefficient, skin surface and fingertip, contact surface, and the effect on tactile perception for various materials and textures is a critical topic of research, such underlying mechanisms are yet to be understood comprehensively. In this study, the frictional properties and tactile sensations of the human index finger on textured glass surfaces were investigated during swipe motions. Friction tests were conducted using a six-axis force sensor to measure the coefficient of friction (CoF) across textured and flat glass surfaces. Surface texturing reduced the CoF by decreasing the real contact area. Furthermore, the sliding direction of the finger influenced the CoF. Using the semantic differential method, sensory evaluations revealed higher tactile scores for the textured glass surfaces regarding smoothness, lightness, and silkiness than those for flat surfaces. The findings demonstrated a strong correlation between frictional behaviour and tactile sensations, providing insights for designing textured glass in touch-based applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-025-01997-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tribological Characteristics of Laser Multi-scale Composite Textures for YT-15 Cemented Carbide Surface","authors":"Xinru Zhu, Xuefeng Yang, Antao Zhao, Xinming Cheng, Qilin Zhang, Deyu Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-01996-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-01996-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the turning operation with cemented carbide tools, plastic deformation of the workpiece, along with intense friction between the tool and the chip, inevitably induces tool wear. The rational implementation of surface texture technology on the tool surface can enhance the machining quality of the workpiece surface and significantly extend the tool’s service life. In this study, laser processing technology was employed to fabricate single textures and multi-scale composite textures featuring circular, elliptical, and V-shaped patterns on the surface of YT-15 cemented carbide. Friction and wear experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of various shapes, arrangements, and combinations on the friction properties of textured surfaces under dry friction and oil lubrication conditions. The results indicate that compared to the non-textured surface, the textured surface exhibits a lower and more stable friction coefficient. Additionally, surface texturing mitigates wear by trapping materials such as wear debris. The circular texture with a staggered arrangement among single textures demonstrates the most effective friction-reducing performance. Furthermore, multi-scale composite textures, through the reasonable combination of different texture shapes, enhance the synergistic effect, leading to improved friction reduction and lubrication performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribology LettersPub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1007/s11249-025-01991-4
K. Ademi, W. Wijanarko, N. Espallargas
{"title":"Toward Cost-Effective Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants: Influence of Synthetic Ester and Low-Viscosity Polyalphaolefin Blend Type on Additive Performance","authors":"K. Ademi, W. Wijanarko, N. Espallargas","doi":"10.1007/s11249-025-01991-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-025-01991-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pressing need to develop reliable and cost-effective Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants (EALs) is a challenge to the entire lubrication field in academia and industry. In this work, we propose blending low-viscosity polyalpholefins (PAOs) and synthetic esters as base fluids, as a strategy to formulate cost-effective EALs. Pentaerythritol polyol ester (PEPE) and 2-ethylhexyl palmitate (2-EHP) are the synthetic esters chosen. Tributyl(ethyl)phosphonium diethyl phosphate (PEP) ionic liquid, dialkyl dithiophosphate (DDP), and alkoxylated long chain ether phosphate (AEP) have been chosen as lubricant additives. Two reference lubricant additives were also tested for comparison, i.e., hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, C16) as friction modifier, and primary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) as anti-wear additive. Stainless steel AISI 316L disks were tested against alumina balls using a ball-on-disk tribometer to evaluate the performance of the formulated lubricants. All additives improved the performance of plain PAO, while in the case of esters competition with the additives was observed due to their high polarity. The blends performed better than the lubricants with a single base fluid. ToF–SIMS studies showed richer sulfur and phosphorus-based tribofilms for those samples lubricated with blends than with single base fluids. The blends also helped improving the solubility of the ionic additives with respect to plain PAO. Overall, the results confirmed the better performance of blends as a strategy for formulating cost-effective EALs and for improving the solubility of ionic liquids in non-polar base fluids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-025-01991-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}