Tribology Letters最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and Tribological Properties of MXene/CoAl-LDH Heterostructure Nano-additives","authors":"Ting Li,&nbsp;Yangjie Kong,&nbsp;Chengjin Zhang,&nbsp;Fuhua Jing,&nbsp;Zhenyu Yin,&nbsp;Lixiu Zhang,&nbsp;Xinran Li","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02196-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02196-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two-dimensional MXene (Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>) demonstrates significant potential for applications in tribology due to its exceptional interlayer shear behavior and high load-bearing capacity. However, its practical use is considerably limited by issues such as poor dispersibility, susceptibility to agglomeration in non-polar lubricating oils, and inadequate high-temperature oxidation resistance. To overcome these challenges, this study utilized a hydrothermal method to in-situ grow CoAl-LDH on the surface of Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>, successfully creating a Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/CoAl-LDH composite. The steric hindrance effect of the heterostructure effectively addressed the dispersion stability problem of the additive in PAO6 base oil, while simultaneously enhancing the material’s oxidation resistance. Tribological tests indicate that, under conditions of 25 °C and 40 N, the incorporation of 0.2 wt% of this composite results in significant reductions in the average friction coefficient and wear volume of PAO6 base oil by 52.9 and 51.3%, respectively. At 200 °C and 40 N, the corresponding reductions are 39.1 and 39.4%. The remarkable friction-reducing and anti-wear performance can be attributed to the in-situ formation of a dense composite tribo-chemical film at the sliding interface during friction. This protective film, composed of Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>, CoAl-LDH, metal oxides, and complex carbides, substantially enhances the load-bearing and lubricating properties of the contact interface.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Lead-Free Bonded MoS2-Based Solid Lubricants: Influence of Ag2O Additive on the Tribological Performance","authors":"Parastoo Fallah,&nbsp;Cara Hensley,&nbsp;Charles J. Beall,&nbsp;Rolf Wuthrich,&nbsp;Pantcho Stoyanov","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02195-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02195-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead-containing additives have long been incorporated into molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) solid lubricants to improve tribological performance; however, increasing environmental and health concerns have created a need for sustainable alternatives. In this study, silver oxide (Ag₂O) was investigated as an environmentally friendly replacement for lead phosphite in the commercial bonded MoS₂–Sb₂O₃-lead phosphite solid lubricant (Kal-Gard FA). A newly developed lead-free coating (MoS₂–Sb₂O₃–Ag₂O) was compared tribologically with the baseline (Kal-Gard FA) using reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding tests against an alumina ball under ambient conditions. The developed MoS₂–Sb₂O₃–Ag₂O coating was further examined under normal loads ranging from 1 to 10 N to assess its load-bearing capacity. Both coatings exhibited comparable steady-state friction coefficients (~ 0.18–0.19) at 1 N despite differences in running-in behavior, with the MoS₂–Sb₂O₃–Ag₂O coating requiring a longer running-in period. FESEM/EDS, FIB, and Raman analyses revealed that both formulations developed MoS₂-rich tribofilm and transfer film layers that likely governed the friction behavior. However, the wear rate of the MoS₂–Sb₂O₃–Ag₂O coating was approximately twice that of the baseline, indicating that wear performance was more sensitive to additive substitution than friction. FIB analyses revealed that the Ag₂O-containing coating developed a thinner tribofilm than the baseline coating, which likely contributed to its higher wear rate. Increasing the normal load from 1 to 8 N reduced both the running-in duration and the steady-state friction coefficient of MoS₂–Sb₂O₃–Ag₂O coating owing to improved shear accommodation within the MoS₂-rich tribological interface. However, at 10 N, tribofilm breakdown, substrate exposure, and unstable friction behavior were observed. Overall, the results demonstrate that Ag₂O can successfully replace lead phosphite while maintaining comparable friction performance, although further optimization is required to achieve wear resistance comparable to that of the lead-containing baseline.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Oil Affinity and Tribological Performance of 20CrMnTi Gear Steel via Laser-Induced Hybrid Groove–Dimple Textures","authors":"Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Kun He,&nbsp;Feipeng Wang,&nbsp;Qing Zhao,&nbsp;Xiubo Liu,&nbsp;Kai Wu,&nbsp;Guoqi He","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02197-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02197-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser surface texturing offers an effective route for tailoring interfacial lubrication and enhancing the tribological performance of mechanical components. Herein, laser-induced hybrid groove–dimple textures with different spacings were fabricated on 20CrMnTi gear steel to regulate oil affinity and friction–wear behavior. The lipophilic performance was systematically characterized by static contact angle, oil spreading area, vertical climbing height, wetting hysteresis coefficient, and lubricating-oil adhesion force, and its correlation with tribological response was clarified. Compared with the untextured surface, the hybrid textures markedly improved oil wettability, spreading, capillary transport, and lubricant retention. Among the textured samples, the 450 μm spacing texture (#450) exhibited the most balanced oil-affinity performance, enabling stable oil sliding and effective lubricant retention. Consequently, #450 achieved the lowest average friction coefficient and wear rate, corresponding to reductions of 59.49% and 78.05%, respectively, relative to the untextured sample. The superior tribological performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of lubricant spreading and storage, capillary-driven oil supply, local hydrodynamic lubrication, and wear-debris trapping induced by the grid-groove–dimple architecture. These results demonstrate the potential of laser-induced hybrid texturing for improving lubrication efficiency and durability of gear components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148807414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Insights Into MoN-Ag/WN Multilayers to Achieve Low Friction and Wear at High Temperature","authors":"Yanbin Shi,&nbsp;Jiangtao Li,&nbsp;Jun Fan,&nbsp;Qianye Zhu,&nbsp;Haixin Wang,&nbsp;Jibin Pu","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02182-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02182-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ag exhibits excellent lubricating properties owing to its low shear modulus and is therefore widely employed as a solid lubricant in high-temperature wear-resistant coatings. However, rapid Ag diffusion at elevated temperatures can severely compromise coating integrity through microstructural degradation—a critical limitation that must be addressed. In this work, MoN-Ag/WN multilayer coatings were fabricated via magnetron sputtering. Results demonstrate that the WN interlayer suppresses columnar grain growth in the MoN-Ag layer, yielding a fine-grained strengthening effect that enhances both nanohardness and wear resistance. Crucially, at 500 °C and 650 °C, the WN interlayer can effectively prevent the diffusion of silver, thereby reducing the formation of internal voids and the generation of microcracks due to the depletion of silver. Furthermore, this WN interlayer did not exhibit significant adverse effect on the friction and wear properties of the coating. Consequently, the MoN-Ag/WN multilayer coating exhibits outstanding high-temperature wear resistance. These findings provide both a mechanistic foundation and a rational structural design strategy for next-generation high-temperature wear-resistant coatings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Real Contact Area at the Tire–Asphalt Interface Revealed by Synchrotron X-Ray CT","authors":"Masami Matsubara,&nbsp;Shinnosuke Takeuchi,&nbsp;Kentaro Uesugi,&nbsp;Masakazu Kobayashi","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02191-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02191-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tire and road wear particles are considered a major source of microplastic pollution globally, necessitating a deeper understanding of friction and wear mechanisms at the tire–road interface. A key parameter governing these phenomena is the real contact area; however, to the best of our knowledge, the direct three-dimensional evaluation of the actual contact state at the tire rubber–asphalt interface remains lacking. Therefore, in this study, synchrotron-based micro-X-ray computed tomography (CT) is utilized to visualize the tire rubber–asphalt pavement interface under vertical loading conditions and evaluate the real contact area in three dimensions at the tread block scale. To this end, semi-manual image segmentation is applied to the CT data to distinguish between the aggregates, asphalt binder, tire rubber, and voids and extract the contact interface through three-dimensional reconstruction. Results reveal that real contact does not occur uniformly over the nominal contact area but is localized and governed by surface roughness. In addition, the real contact area showed an overall increase with increasing vertical load, demonstrating qualitative agreement with contact behavior predicted using the Greenwood–Williamson statistical contact model. Furthermore, X-ray transmission images show that an apparent displacement was observed on the asphalt side under vertical loading, suggesting caution when assuming a rigid pavement in the discussions on tire–road contact behavior. The proposed approach provides fundamental insight into contact mechanics at the tire–road interface, offering a valuable experimental basis for advancing the understanding of friction and wear phenomena beyond conventional two-dimensional contact assumptions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-026-02191-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Influence of Microstructure on the Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cast Steels with Microadditions of Boron and Vanadium Using Principal Component and Cluster Analysis","authors":"Martyna Zemlik,&nbsp;Beata Białobrzeska,&nbsp;Wiktoria Wyligała,&nbsp;Łukasz Konat","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02192-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02192-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study presents the results of investigations concerning the influence of microstructure, in particular the fraction of martensite and bainite, on the abrasive wear resistance of alloy cast steels with microadditions of boron and vanadium. Two cast steels were subjected to various heat treatment routes to obtain distinct martensitic and bainitic microstructures. Microstructural characterisation was performed using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Abrasive wear resistance was assessed by means of a T-07 tribotester operating under three-body abrasion conditions. The test arrangement was based on the principles of the ASTM G65-16 dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion test. Loose electrocorundum was used as the abrasive material, and all experiments were conducted under a constant load of 44 N. The results showed that martensitic microstructures exhibited significantly higher abrasive wear resistance than bainitic microstructures. The formation of upper bainite reduced hardness and intensified micro-cutting and micro-ploughing mechanisms. However, lower bainite obtained by austempering at temperatures corresponding to those used for martensite tempering exhibited comparable or even superior tribological performance despite its lower hardness, indicating that abrasive wear resistance is governed not only by hardness but also by microstructural characteristics. Vanadium content had no significant effect on wear resistance under the applied test conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed that abrasive wear resistance depends not only on hardness but also on microstructural features.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-026-02192-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Self-Assembled Polyimide/Ti3C2TX-MoS2 Coatings on Titanium Alloys and Their Tribological Properties Under Dry Friction Condition","authors":"Youbing Wen,&nbsp;Xiangyuan Ye,&nbsp;Fanfan Wang,&nbsp;Zhichao Yuan,&nbsp;Yuan Si","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02189-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02189-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to its specially layered structure and excellent chemical properties, Ti₃C₂T_X is widely used in the field of tribology. Ti₃C₂T_X is prepared by etching Ti₃AlC₂ with NH₄HF₂, and MoS₂ is prepared by hydrothermal method. Then Ti₃C₂T_X and MoS₂ are sprayed onto the surface of PI precursor, and PI/Ti₃C₂T_X, PI/MoS₂, PI/Ti₃C₂T_X-MoS₂ gradient nanocomposite coatings are prepared under the action of gravity, hydrogen bond, and van der Waals force. The morphologies of Ti₃C₂T_X, MoS₂, and coatings are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermal stability, mechanical properties, adhesion, and excellent tribological properties of the PI, PI/Ti₃C₂T_X, PI/MoS₂, PI/Ti₃C₂T_X-MoS₂ coatings are fully evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, tensile test, adhesion test, and tribological performance test. Compared to the pure PI coating, gradient self-assembled coatings gradually shift the wear mechanism from fatigue wear of pure PI coatings to a mixed wear of abrasive wear and fatigue wear, resulting in better tribological properties of the PI/Ti₃C₂T_X, PI/MoS₂, and PI/Ti₃C₂T_X-MoS₂ nanocomposite coatings. The friction coefficient (0.04) and wear rate (5.2 × 10^–6 mm³/N·m) of the PI/Ti₃C₂T_X-MoS₂ coating are 89.2% and 60.0% lower than those of pure PI coating (0.37) and wear rate (1.3 × 10^–5 mm³/N·m), respectively. It shows that PI/Ti₃C₂T_X-MoS₂ coating has potential application value in the field of tribology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakloose Suppression in Minimal Friction Models","authors":"Shubham Agarwal","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02185-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02185-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Breakloose friction—the transient friction force peak at the onset of sliding—is often pronounced in nanoscale contacts but weak or absent in macroscopic systems. This behavior is commonly associated with rupture fronts and process-zone effects. However, the mechanisms by which system size, temperature, driving rate, and loading geometry influence the emergence or suppression of the stiction peak remain incompletely understood. Here we investigate this problem using three minimal friction models with distinct loading geometries: a multi-particle Prandtl–Tomlinson system with independently driven particles/contacts, an end-driven Frenkel–Kontorova chain with elastic stress transmission along the interface, and a uniformly driven FK chain in which each site is coupled locally to the driving stage. We show that similar macroscopic suppression of breakloose friction can arise from fundamentally different mechanisms. In multi-particle PT systems, increasing system size or temperature promotes statistical dephasing of local depinning events, smoothing the global response. In end-driven FK chains, internal elasticity redistributes stress along the interface, delaying sliding onset and, together with higher temperature or slower driving, enabling progressive relaxation during loading. In uniformly driven FK chains, distributed loading partitions the interface into multiple local loading–relaxation domains, reducing both the breakloose peak and the mean sliding force while preserving local stick–slip dynamics. These results demonstrate that the presence or absence of a breakloose peak does not uniquely identify a single physical mechanism, but instead reflects the interplay of local pinning, elastic coupling, and contact architecture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11249-026-02185-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Speed Ice Friction Testing of CrN-Coated Aluminum","authors":"Austin P. Lines,&nbsp;Emily Asenath-Smith,&nbsp;Forest C. Thompson,&nbsp;Nathan Madden,&nbsp;Grant Crawford","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02190-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02190-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A laboratory methodology was developed to measure ice friction under controlled conditions while ensuring sliding contact with fresh ice and avoiding hysteresis effects associated with repeated sliding over the same track. Metallic sleds were pulled at constant low speeds over fresh polycrystalline ice, enabling systematic comparison of frictional behavior across surfaces with varied roughness, texture, and coatings. Twelve 6061-T6 aluminum sled variants, including ground, milled, and polished surfaces with and without chromium nitride (CrN) coatings, were tested at sliding speeds of 0.003 and 0.01 m/s and compared against stainless steel. Surface roughness, texture anisotropy, wettability, and coating properties were characterized using profilometry, contact angle measurements, electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. Coefficient of friction measurements exhibited limited dependence on sliding speed, water contact angle, and the presence of CrN coatings. Instead, friction increased with surface roughness once asperity heights exceeded threshold values, consistent with plowing-dominated friction. Accounting for surface texture direction further revealed that friction was reduced with anisotropic textures aligned with the sliding direction. These results demonstrate that surface roughness magnitude and texture orientation dominate ice friction in this regime and provide guidance for minimizing friction through surface smoothing and controlled surface texturing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multiscale Contact Model for Rough Surfaces Incorporating the Contact Ratio","authors":"Chifeng Tian,&nbsp;Lihua Wang,&nbsp;Yang Xin,&nbsp;Yankun Chen,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Li","doi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02187-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11249-026-02187-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fractal theory is widely used in multiscale contact analysis of rough surfaces. However, it typically extends single-asperity contact behavior to the entire surface via the area distribution law, assuming that all asperities are fully deformed. This simplification fails to adequately describe the actual contact state. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces a contact ratio and develops a multiscale contact model that can appropriately capture the asperity contact condition. First, a single-asperity elastoplastic constitutive model is constructed with the mean absolute slope (MAS), and the contact ratio is introduced to characterize the contact state. Based on this single-asperity model, statistical extension to the whole surface is realized through the area distribution function. Subsequently, a method for calculating the contact ratio of rough surfaces and an MAS-based truncation contact model are presented. Using the proposed model, the variation of the contact ratio with fractal parameters is revealed, and the effective computational range of the truncation contact model is discussed. Finally, the accuracy and applicability of the model are validated through finite element simulations, comparisons with classical experimental data, and independent compression experiments on scraped surfaces. This study offers a new perspective for advancing rough surface contact theory.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":806,"journal":{"name":"Tribology Letters","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}