Achieving Ultra-Low Friction in Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy: Hydration Lubrication Mechanisms of HEC-Glycerol Composite

Abstract

Reducing alloy friction to achieve ultra-low friction is a valuable approach to save energy and reduce pollution from oil use, which is a major challenge for researchers. This study introduces a successful method to achieve ultra-low friction in Ti-6Al-4 V using a hydrated lubricant composed of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). And the effects of speed and concentration on lubricating were investigated. It was found that excessive sliding speeds may lead to lubricant detachment and consequent friction increase, indicating that the adsorption ability of HEC needs to be enhanced in future studies. In addition, when the concentration exceeds 5 wt%, wear loss tends to stabilize across tests with different concentrations, while the friction force increases with rising concentrations. Based on these findings, microscopic studies were conducted to investigate the mechanism of friction reduction. Notably, distinct topographic features resembling ‘valleys’ and ‘plateaus’ were identified on the wear scars in a nanoscale scope. The movement of the surfaces induces the hydrated HEC lubricant to flow from the lower valleys to the higher plateaus, suggesting elastohydrodynamic lubrication mechanisms to form robust films. The valleys serve as lubricant reservoirs, while the plateau tops support the lubricant films to prevent contacts between Ti-6Al-4 V and Si₃N₄. The schematic illustrations depict the microscopic mechanisms for achieving of ultra-low friction on Ti-6Al-4 V alloy.