Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)最新文献

{"title":"Peter M. Maitlis. 15 January 1933—18 May 2022","authors":"R. Crabtree","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Starting life with a dramatic escape from Nazi Germany, Peter Maitlis rose to make important contributions to a variety of areas of organometallic chemistry, many of which have had a continuing influence in both academic and industrial practice. Perhaps his most significant work was his early discovery of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complexes of rhodium and iridium, compounds that have been eagerly taken up elsewhere for a very wide variety of purposes. His mechanistic work related to the Fischer–Tropsch and Cativa processes had important industrial implications.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43691105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"M. Longair","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to volume 74 of Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, the first of two volumes to appear in 2023. This edition contains further outstanding memoirs spanning a wide range of the disciplines pursued by Fellows of the Society. Major prize winners include Ian MacDiarmid (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000) and Alan Baker (Fields Medal 1970). There are memoirs of two female Fellows, Dame Anne McLaren and Naomi Datta. Notably, Anne McLaren was also the first woman Foreign Secretary of the Society. Knighthoods were also bestowed upon Sir Ian McGregor, Sir Alastair Pilkington and Sir Dai Rees. There is one Foreign Member of the Society, John Casida. There is also a memoir of Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, the first woman British prime minister and the first scientist to hold the post.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":"74 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41427770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"John William Scott (‘Ian’) Cassels. 11 July 1922 — 27 July 2015","authors":"R. Dietmann, T. Fisher, C. Smyth, S. Velani","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0035","url":null,"abstract":"J. W. S. Cassels was a distinguished number theorist, who was Sadleirian Professor in Cambridge from 1967 to 1984. He worked in many areas of the subject. Perhaps his greatest contribution was concerning Elliptic Curves, much of which is described in a series of eight ground-breaking papers. He also made significant contributions to Diophantine Approximation, Geometry of Numbers and Quadratic Forms, as well as writing influential textbooks on all of these areas. Furthermore, he was an early exponent of the use of computers as an experimental tool in number theory.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":"74 1","pages":"87 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48660082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sir Martin Francis Wood. 19 April 1927—23 November 2021","authors":"Peter Williams","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Martin Wood was much more than an engineer or entrepreneur. In co-founding with his wife, Audrey Wood, the very first spin-out company in the history of the then 900-year-old University of Oxford, he initiated a climate of innovation that, decades later, still influences the university and the city of Oxford. His hand can be traced in literally dozens of local technology enterprises, and Oxford Instruments’ central role in the development of superconducting magnets for MRI represents an historical achievement of international significance.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46882527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ronald Ernest Grigg. 1 September 1935—10 January 2021","authors":"V. Sridharan, P. Stevenson, H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne, A. Prasanna de Silva","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0052","url":null,"abstract":"Ron Grigg left an indelible mark on heterocyclic chemistry, especially through his pioneering 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and palladium-catalysed cyclizations. Although he worked with a broad range of organic and organometallic compounds, he was most closely associated with innovations in the synthesis and properties of pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives throughout his career. His products and methodologies not only inspired numerous academic laboratories, they also enabled many developments in the pharmaceutical, forensic, environmental and sensing sectors. He established the Queen's University Environmental Science and Technology (QUESTOR) Centre and the Molecular Innovation, Diversity and Automated Synthesis (MIDAS) Centre at the University of Leeds. His spin-out company, Lumichem Ltd, commercialized his chemistry for visualizing latent fingerprints.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48907175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thaddeus Robert Rudolph Mann. 4 December 1908—27 November 1993","authors":"Roy Jones","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Thaddeus Mann was a Polish biochemist who spent most of his scientific life in Cambridge, where he made important discoveries in male reproductive biology and semen analysis. Funded principally by the Agricultural Research Council, he provided much of the basic knowledge on the composition and origin of semen components in farm animals, relevant to storage of spermatozoa for artificial insemination and assessment of fertility. He made numerous landmark contributions. Contrary to established dogma at the time, he showed that the seminal sugar in all species was fructose, not glucose as had been assumed, and that it was secreted by the prostate and seminal vesicles under androgen control. He identified a copper-binding protein (designated haemocuprein) that was later shown to be superoxide dismutase, which helps to protect cells from the damaging effects of oxygen free radicals. Mammalian spermatozoa are especially sensitive to free radical damage as they are rich in unsaturated lipids and have a limited capacity for repair, being transcriptionally inactive. Two textbooks, published in 1954 and 1964 and outstanding for their scholarship, collated all the information on the biochemistry of mammalian spermatozoa and became the authoritative reference sources worldwide. These books were revised in 1982 with greater emphasis on diagnosis and treatment of infertility in human patients. The science of andrology and use of semen analysis in infertility clinics still depend heavily on this information. Thaddeus was awarded many honours for his research, both nationally and internationally, and leaves an important legacy in the field. Modest and generous to his staff, he is remembered with great respect and affection by colleagues around the world.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45866400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rex Malcolm Chaplin Dawson. 3 June 1924 — 29 March 2021","authors":"R. Irvine","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Rex Dawson was a biochemist whose research interests were wide and many, but almost all of them focused on phospholipids. He was fascinated by their metabolism; by the metabolism of their catabolites; by their structure and how this impacted on the phospholipases that degrade them; by the way in which cells synthesize and transport them; by how one group of phospholipids, the phosphoinositides, contribute to cell function; by how rumen bacteria saturate the fatty acids that are part of phospholipids and how these bacteria use remarkable tricks of lipid biochemistry to maintain their membrane integrity. To all these aspects, and others, he made fundamental contributions to our knowledge that, taken together, transformed the way we understand how phospholipids govern membrane biology. As publications secretary to the Biochemical Society he helped the society through a critical time of its existence. He never ran a large research group, preferring to work with his faithful technicians and one or two visitors or students at a time. Most who met him found his quiet and modest demeanour hid an insatiable curiosity and enthusiasm for science; those who really knew his work stood in awe of his achievements.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47798522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anne Laura Dorinthea Mclaren Dbe. 26 April 1927 — 7 July 2007","authors":"Annita Clarke, Martin H. Johnson","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0053","url":null,"abstract":"Anne McLaren DBE was born into a privileged family, which affected her future in two distinct ways. Her cut-glass accent and social confidence were advantageous reminders of this early privilege, but her unrelenting rejection of it was evident in her left-wing egalitarian political and social views and actions. Anne was among the pioneers of research into mammalian development—her experiments on embryonic and fetal development in mice led indirectly to ‘test tube’ babies and contributed to our understanding of the relative roles of soma and germ cells in generating the two sexes. However, it is not only her science for which she will be remembered; her social, educational, ethical and political activities in the cause of science were paramount. She was an articulate, logical and extraordinarily confident speaker, always unrelentingly focused and thoroughly prepared. These qualities made her a formidable member of the Warnock Committee of enquiry, which generated the internationally influential guidelines on how human-assisted reproduction should be regulated. She served for 10 years with distinction on the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, the UK regulatory body that resulted from the Warnock enquiry. She was a founder member, and president, of the Association of Women in Science and Engineering. Her interests extended beyond human welfare to that of animals, and she became involved with conservation and biodiversity preservation programmes internationally. She was elected Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society, the first woman to hold this office in its 330 years.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44419208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hugh John Forster Cairns. 21 November 1922 — 12 November 2018","authors":"L. Samson, W. Cairns","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0047","url":null,"abstract":"John Cairns was a magnet for scientists (and non-scientists) of all types, from undergraduates to Nobel laureates. For him science was fun, and discussing science with others even more fun. Soon after finishing medical school (Oxford) at the end of the Second World War he gravitated towards research, his first publication linking the incidence of penicillin-resistant bacteria with long hospital stays. He then studied virology with Macfarlane Burnet FRS in Melbourne, Australia, after which he repaid his two years of National Service from the Second World War at the Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda. He returned to Australia (Canberra), continuing influenza virus research. However, while visiting Caltech in the 1950s, he was exposed to the emerging field of molecular biology, of which he became a pioneer. After returning to Canberra from a sabbatical with Alfred Hershey at Cold Spring Harbor in 1961, he showed that the Escherichia coli genome is circular, and demonstrated the replication fork. In 1963 he was appointed director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). He successfully saved CSHL from bankruptcy before handing over directorship to Jim Watson (ForMemRS 1981). At CSHL he proved that the so-called Kornberg DNA polymerase was not required for replication of the E. coli genome. In the 1970s Cairns turned his attention to understanding cancer and moved to North London to direct a small research institute in Mill Hill, a satellite of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund based in central London. Cairns wrote two influential reviews on cancer plus the book Cancer: science and society, seamlessly weaving together information across disciplines, from human population levels to molecular levels, plus everything in between. He fostered multi-disciplinary basic research at the Mill Hill labs, recruiting scientists who used model organisms such as bacteria, fruit flies, slime moulds, amphibians and mice as models to explore the determinants of cell fate during development; such pathways seemed likely to be involved in the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Cairns created and fostered an exceptionally stimulating, interactive, nurturing and cutting-edge research environment that launched the careers of many scientists. In his own lab at Mill Hill, Cairns discovered new pathways for DNA alkylation repair in E. coli, and subsequently as professor of cancer biology at the Harvard School of Public Health he discovered what is now known as stress-induced mutagenesis, also in E. coli.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42559651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"John Graham Ramsay. 17 June 1931—12 January 2021","authors":"J. Dewey, R. Graham","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"John Ramsay was a scientific polymath, the finest structural geologist of his generation, with superb field mapping skills and a solid grasp of mathematics and engineering. He was also accomplished as a cellist, painter in oils, runner, cyclist, linguist, poet, cook, skier and rock climber. He was a gifted scientist and aesthete who saw beauty in the natural world and sought it in all his work. His fundamental contributions, in 94 papers and four books, modernized structural geology, enabling us to understand the deformation of rocks in completely new ways. He was ‘Father’ of modern structural geology, great scientist and renaissance man.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":"74 1","pages":"363 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44808331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}