Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)最新文献_第10页

Amyand David Buckingham. 28 January 1930—4 February 2021 Amyand David Buckingham。1930年1月28日至2021年2月4日

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0026

D. Clary, B. Orr

{"title":"Amyand David Buckingham. 28 January 1930—4 February 2021","authors":"D. Clary, B. Orr","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0026","url":null,"abstract":"David Buckingham was a chemical physicist and theoretical chemist who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of optical, electric and magnetic properties of molecules. Born in Australia, he was an undergraduate at the University of Sydney and the first PhD research student of John Pople (FRS 1961) at Cambridge, and there he made significant advances in the theory of intermolecular forces and nonlinear optics. He then moved to Oxford, where he and his group performed the first direct measurement of a molecular electric quadrupole moment. He was elected to the first chair of theoretical chemistry at the University of Bristol, where he wrote a particularly influential article on molecular moments, higher-order polarizabilities and intermolecular forces. His next appointment was at the University of Cambridge as the first holder of the 1968 Chair of Chemistry, and he was head of a distinguished department of theoretical chemistry for 28 years. With colleagues he pioneered experiment and theory on vibrational optical activity and developed a powerful model to predict the structures of weakly-bound molecules. A man of broad interests and achievements, he played first class cricket in the 1950s.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44716311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trevor Evans. 26 April 1927 — 10 October 2010 特雷弗·埃文斯。1927年4月26日至2010年10月10日

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0033

L. M. Brown, I. M. Mills

{"title":"Trevor Evans. 26 April 1927 — 10 October 2010","authors":"L. M. Brown, I. M. Mills","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Trevor Evans was responsible for revealing the main physical processes which take place in natural diamond both in the upper mantle of the earth, where it is stabilized by high pressure and temperature, and as it is ejected by volcanic action to the surface. By measuring the activation energies required for graphitization, he clarified the reason for its very long life as a metastable crystal, valuable both as a gemstone and as an industrial abrasive. He learned how to make diamond specimens for examination in the transmission electron microscope, which enabled his discovery of dislocation loops and platelet precipitates in nitrogen-containing (type 1) stones. In a series of exacting laboratory experiments under geologically relevant conditions he pioneered the study of the emergence of nitrogen from solution to precipitation during the ejection process. In synthetic diamonds, using high-energy electron irradiation, he was able to reproduce the sequence of all the various types of nitrogen aggregation found in natural diamond. His work played a major role underpinning the characterization of gemstones, explaining many features of their colour. For many years he led diamond research in the UK, supported by De Beers. His work stimulated and has been confirmed by research in many other laboratories around the world.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49341025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Patrick David Wall. 5 April 1925—8 August 2001 帕特里克·大卫·沃尔，1925年4月5日- 2001年8月8日

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0014

M. Fitzgerald

{"title":"Patrick David Wall. 5 April 1925—8 August 2001","authors":"M. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Patrick (Pat) Wall was a neurophysiologist and true pioneer in the science of pain. He discovered that the sensory information arising from receptors in our body, such as those for touch and heat, could be modified, or ‘gated’, in the spinal cord by other sensory inputs and also by information descending from the brain; this meant, as is now well recognized, that the final sensory experience is not necessarily predictable from the original pain-eliciting sensory input. He used this to explain the poor relationship between injury and pain, and to illustrate the fallacy of judging what someone ‘should’ be feeling from the sensory input alone. In 1969, together with his colleague, Ron Melzack, Pat proposed the ‘gate control theory of pain’ and the circuit diagram that summarized how central spinal cord circuits can modulate sensory inputs. Later on, he began to regret that ‘goddamned diagram’, which had come to dominate his life and work, but, like all great models, it paved the way for the future. Now, over 50 years after it was first published, molecular genetic dissection of dorsal horn neuronal circuitry has indisputably confirmed that sensory inputs are indeed ‘gated’ in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Through a career that started with a medical degree in Oxford, followed by almost 20 years at Yale and MIT in the USA, and continued at University College London, Pat Wall was a highly influential, critical, creative and original thinker who revolutionized our understanding of the relationship between injury and pain, and who also became a champion for all who suffered from chronic pain.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47444601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thomas Arthur Steitz. 23 August 1940—9 October 2018 托马斯·亚瑟·斯泰兹。1949年8月23日至2018年10月

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0029

V. Ramakrishnan, R. Henderson

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Felix Jiri Weinberg. 2 April 1928 — 5 December 2012 Felix Jiri Weinberg 1928年4月2日- 2012年12月5日

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0012

D. Dunn-Rankin

{"title":"Felix Jiri Weinberg. 2 April 1928 — 5 December 2012","authors":"D. Dunn-Rankin","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Felix Weinberg's teenage years coincided with World War II. He spent much of the war in Nazi concentration camps, starting with Terezin in December 1942, followed by Auschwitz in December 1943, and finally Buchenwald, from which he was liberated on 11 April 1945. He joined Imperial College, London as a research assistant in 1951 and completed his PhD by 1954. He was appointed to a personal chair as professor of combustion physics in 1967, and he stayed at Imperial for his entire career. Weinberg was distinguished for his optical and electrical studies of flames and his pioneering development of innovative combustion methods. He invented a family of powerful optical tools in combustion, using both broad spectrum and laser light sources. His work on electrical diagnostics led to applications of electric fields to control combustion and to improved understanding of ionization and soot formation. He developed novel combustion devices that incorporated distinctive heat exchangers, thereby permitting the ignition and burning of very low calorific fuel–air mixtures. All of these works had a propelling influence on the global evolution of environmentally benign combustion furnaces. His wide-ranging service to academia, industry and scientific societies included visiting scholar appointments at universities around the world, consultancies for petroleum, chemical, aerospace and defence organizations, and active membership on committees and boards of governance for many scientific and professional bodies. He was author, co-author or editor of four books and well over 200 papers in the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49229491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Editorial 社论

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0031

M. Longair

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"M. Longair","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Volume 71 of Biographical Memoirs begins with an appreciation of the late Prince Philip, HRH the Duke of Edinburgh, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society. The prince’s dedication to science, and particularly engineering, and his support of the sustainability agenda, climate change initiatives, the need for biodiversity and an ecologically sustainable planet need little amplification. We have lost a distinguished British spokesman for science whose no-nonsense approach to these global issues has been greatly valued by all of us. Prince Philip would have been heartened by many of the memoirs in this volume. They include Bob May, former President of the Royal Society and the leading theoretical ecologist of his generation. Altogether there are six memoirs in the areas of ecology, palaeontology and zoology, including a wonderful appreciation of Colin Pennycuick on the understanding of the flight of birds. There are six in the areas of biomedicine, physiology and cellular biology and three in engineering. Perhaps closest to the prince’s immediate interests are the two remarkable memoirs of Coluthur Gopalan and Calestous Juma in health and sustainable development. And there are two memoirs of outstanding women, Margaret Burbidge and Jennifer Clack.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":"71 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44475812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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His royal highness Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh. 10 June 1921 — 9 April 2021 爱丁堡公爵菲利普亲王殿下，1921年6月10日至2021年4月9日

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0032

M. Longair

引用次数: 0

Ricardo Miledi. 15 September 1927—18 December 2017

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0020

I. Parker, C. Slater, S. Cull-Candy, A. Vincent

{"title":"Ricardo Miledi. 15 September 1927—18 December 2017","authors":"I. Parker, C. Slater, S. Cull-Candy, A. Vincent","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0020","url":null,"abstract":"For nearly five decades, Ricardo Miledi was among the foremost researchers in elucidating how nerves transmit signals across synapses. Born in Chihuahua, Mexico, he qualified as a medical doctor, obtained a PhD with Arturo Rosenblueth and then, while in Canberra with John Eccles FRS, was invited by Bernard Katz FRS to join the Biophysics department at University College London, where he stayed from 1958 to 1984. Both independently and with Katz, he demonstrated that influx of calcium into the presynaptic nerve terminal is the essential trigger for the release of the neurotransmitter that carries signals across to the postsynaptic cell. He found that cutting the nerve to a frog's muscle increased the number and distribution of its muscle acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, which he purified and established as membrane proteins. Together with Katz, he introduced the technique of membrane noise analysis to determine the properties of the individual ion channels opened by ACh, providing the first functional characterization of a single receptor with integral ion channel. With Eric Barnard (FRS 1981), he pioneered a new approach facilitating the study of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels by ‘transplanting’ them from brain and other tissues into large Xenopus oocyte cells by injection of messenger RNA. After moving to the University of California, Irvine, in 1984, he helped to establish the Mexican Institute for Neurobiology at Querétaro. Working in Irvine and Mexico he extended this oocyte expression technique to incorporate transplanted brain membranes, particularly from patients with epilepsy or other neurological disorders. He received many honours for his work, including the Royal Medal (1998), but was happiest working in his lab applying his extraordinary technical skills and imagination to study synaptic transmission and inspiring a generation of neuroscientists.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44376021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Colin James Pennycuick. 11 June 1933—9 December 2019 Colin James Pennycuick。1933年6月11日至2019年12月9日

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0023

G. Spedding, A. Hedenström

{"title":"Colin James Pennycuick. 11 June 1933—9 December 2019","authors":"G. Spedding, A. Hedenström","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Colin Pennycuick was almost single-handedly responsible for the successful, and continuing, merger of the engineering and mathematical sciences of aerodynamics and flight mechanics with ornithology, ecology and bird flight behaviour. He developed a mathematical/ aerodynamical/ecological model of bird flight that could explain and predict bird body and wing shapes and sizes, and hence flight behaviour over a broad range of length- and time-scales, for real birds. He sought to bring rigorous quantitative methods to the people, and insisted that no matter how complex and sophisticated a theoretical model may be, unless it showed some improvement and advance in its practical utility, then it was of questionable value. He similarly insisted that model predictions be testable, and that results be openly and quantifiably given. His approach was marked by two distinct characteristics: first he pioneered the use of small aircraft and powered and unpowered gliders to follow soaring and migrating birds in their natural environment, exploiting his top-level pilot skills; second, he invented, designed and built novel instrumentation for making hitherto unheard-of laboratory and field measurements. The most well-known were his tilting wind tunnels, in which birds and bats could be trained to perform steady gliding flight. His intellectually and geographically-broad range of interests and contacts led to his being a giant influence in theoretical and practical bird flight mechanics and behaviour, one that is likely to stay with us for many decades.","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47666648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coluthur Gopalan. 28 November 1918 — 3 October 2019 Coluthur Gopalan。191年11月28日至2019年10月

Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0022

P. Ramachandran, Malini Seshadri, S. Gopalan

{"title":"Coluthur Gopalan. 28 November 1918 — 3 October 2019","authors":"P. Ramachandran, Malini Seshadri, S. Gopalan","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2021.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2021.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Gopalan was a brilliant medical student. The Bengal famine of 1942 made him decide to devote his career to ‘the investigation and mitigation of the nutrition-related problems of Indians, especially those of the disadvantaged sections’. He was the first Indian to win a Nuffield Foundation research scholarship to study in England in 1946. In less than three years he had earned a PhD as well as a DSc in nutrition. He returned to India and joined the Nutrition Research Laboratory in Coonoor. His studies over the next decade showed that, contrary to the global belief, both kwashiorkor and marasmus were manifestations of protein energy malnutrition. His research studies on improving the nutritional status of pregnant women and children with food supplementation led to the initiation of India's Integrated Child Development Scheme and Mid-day Meal programmes. India's National Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme and Massive Dose Vitamin A Supplementation Programme were also initiated on the basis of the studies he led. As Director General of the Indian Council of Medical Research he created institutions to undertake research in the areas of neglected tropical diseases and medical statistics. He initiated the National Talent Search Scheme to ensure adequate human resources for medical research. After he retired, he set up the Nutrition Foundation of India, to continue with policy and operational research studies on the triple burden of malnutrition. He initiated the setting up of the Nutrition Society of India and the Federation of Asian Nutrition Societies to improve networking among nutrition scientists. In reply to a query on his major contributions, he said: ‘I helped to get Nutrition Science in India the recognition it deserved, and I built institutions that will serve the people of India long after my lifetime.’","PeriodicalId":80666,"journal":{"name":"Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46861058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0