Applied Health Economics and Health Policy最新文献

{"title":"The Cost-Effectiveness of Initiating Patients on Home Dialysis Compared with In-Centre Haemodialysis.","authors":"Harry Hill, James Fotheringham, Jessica Potts, Ivonne Solis-Trapala, Mark Lambie, Sarah Damery, Kerry Allen, Allan Wailoo, Iestyn Williams, Simon Davies","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00976-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00976-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Kidney failure can be treated at home with peritoneal dialysis or home haemodialysis. The combination of reduced staffing, transport and overhead costs and improved quality of life through treatment at home could make initiating dialysis at home highly cost-effective. The primary objective is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of initiating patients on home dialysis therapy (HDT) compared with in-centre haemodialysis (ICHD). The secondary objective is to determine the upper limit of net benefit from removing potential service barriers within dialysis centres that hinder the adoption of HDT.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A multistate model using UK Renal Registry data combined with national survey data was developed to estimate patient and dialysis centre influences on dialysis treatment modality changes and the duration in each modality. These are used as inputs to a microsimulation estimating the lifetime quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and UK National Health Service (NHS) costs incurred for patients, the cost-effectiveness of HDT compared with ICHD and the differences in costs and health outcomes associated with removing specific barriers to HDT uptake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Commencing HDT compared with ICHD resulted in 0.30 additional QALYs and saved Great British (GB) £15,272. HDT has an 82% probability of being cost-effective. Implementing quality-improvement initiatives and alleviating stresses on staff capacity are identified as influential in the multistate model. Addressing these led to QALY gains of 0.22 and 0.08 and cost increases of GB £10,059 and GB £5127 from an increase of life years lived of 0.54 and 0.22, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Initiating patients on HDT is cost-effective compared with ICHD. Alleviating stresses on staff capacity and implementing quality improvement initiatives in dialysis centres leads to health improvements, although these changes are not cost-effective owing to the associated increase in healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a Markov Model and Real-World Evidence to Identify the Most Cost-Effective Cholesterol Treatment Escalation Threshold for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Alfredo Mariani, Syed Mohiuddin, Patrick Muller, Eleanor Samarasekera, Sharon A Swain, Joseph Mills, Riyaz Patel, David Preiss, Eduard Shantsila, Beatrice C Downing, Michael Lonergan, Shaun Rowark, Nicky J Welton, Rachael Williams, David Wonderling","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00977-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00977-6","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite the decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with statins, there remains an unfulfilled clinical need to prevent CVD events and premature mortality through further cholesterol-modifying interventions. In people with established CVD taking a statin, lipid therapy escalation to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels may lower the risk of CVD hospital admissions and improve survival. However, the cost-effectiveness of different cholesterol treatment escalation thresholds is uncertain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to identify the most cost-effective cholesterol threshold for escalating lipid therapy in people with established CVD who are taking a statin, to support the 2023 update of the NICE guideline on CVD in England.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A cohort Markov model with a yearly cycle length was developed to compare the lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of various LDL-C treatment escalation thresholds (0-4.0 mmol/L), using a combination of treatment effects from an original network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), real-world data for estimating baseline cholesterol levels and CVD event rates from a published meta-analysis of statin RCTs. The model used the following CVD events: ischaemic stroke; transient ischaemic attack; peripheral artery disease; myocardial infarction; unstable angina; coronary revascularisation; and mortality. The model also used evidence-based estimates of resource use and costs, and published quality of life data. Baseline LDL-C levels and CVD hospital admission rates were estimated through a bespoke analysis of the English primary care data from Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), linked to Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS) death registrations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Data from 590,917 adult individuals (61.7% men) with CVD on a statin in primary care between 1 January 2013 and 28 February 2020 were included in the CPRD-HES-ONS analysis. The most cost-effective threshold for lipid therapy escalation was an LDL-C of 2.2 mmol/L (or equivalent non-HDL-C of 2.9 mmol/L) at NICE's lower cost per QALY of £20,000. An LDL-C of 2.0 mmol/L (or equivalent non-HDL-C of 2.6 mmol/L) was the most cost-effective treatment escalation threshold in a significant proportion (38%) of probabilistic simulations and produced more health. At this threshold, the model predicted that 42% of people with CVD would require combination therapy with ezetimibe while 19% would require an injectable drug such as inclisiran. At NICE's upper cost per QALY of £30,000, the most cost-effective LDL-C treatment escalation threshold was 1.7 mmol/L (or equivalent non-HDL-C of 2.2 mmol/L).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results demonstrate the importance of establishing evidence of cost-effectiv","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on: \"Comparison of Caregiver and General Population Preferences for Dependency‑Related Health States\".","authors":"Sadia Farhana","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00973-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00973-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' Reply to Sadia Farhana's Comment on: \"Comparison of Caregiver and General Population Preferences for Dependency-Related Health States\".","authors":"Eva Rodríguez-Míguez, Antonio Sampayo","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00974-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00974-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Development Map: A Conceptual Map and a Tool to Support Economic Evaluation of AMR Interventions.","authors":"Kristina Aluzaite, Marta O Soares, Catherine Hewitt, William Hope, Julie Robotham, Beth Woods","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00969-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00969-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex, inter-sectoral and international problem. Economic evaluation (EE) methods offer systematic, evidence-driven approaches to inform policy decisions about which AMR interventions to fund. EE of AMR interventions is complicated owing to diffuse effects, complex mechanics of the problem and high levels of uncertainty. Current AMR EE literature restricts the analytical scope, potentially resulting in omissions of effects that may limit the utility of EE to inform policy decisions. We aimed to systemise the key evolutionary and ecological processes of AMR to elucidate the paths through which AMR interventions impact population health and healthcare costs to support EE design and to support decision makers in understanding the limitations of EE evidence for decision-making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A conceptual map and a corresponding tool were developed on the basis of a literature review in consultation with experts across the relevant disciplines of molecular biology, infectious disease modelling, health economics and ecology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AMR development map: (1) distils the key AMR processes and process drivers behind AMR development and maps the available types of AMR interventions to AMR process drivers; (2) proposes a way to conceptualise the spatial scope of analysis through considering the connectivity of the wider ecosystem and (3) outlines the key dimensions that AMR burden and intervention effects could be measured across. An AMR development map tool was developed to support conceptual modelling, with the focus on the choice of scope in the EE of AMR interventions, and an illustrative case study was provided.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This work summarises the key underlying biological principles of AMR development to provide mechanistical grounding for considering the scope of effects of AMR interventions and the appropriate system of analysis to support conceptual modelling in EE of AMR interventions. In addition, this map can facilitate the identification of effects that cannot be considered or quantified, thus enabling transparency about these omissions within decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cost Effectiveness of Elective Surgical Procedures with Longer NHS Waiting Lists: A Targeted Review.","authors":"Laura A Trigg, Caroline Farmer, Madhusubramanian Muthukumar, Edward C F Wilson, Alan Lovell, Dawn Lee","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00975-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00975-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our aim was to review the evidence for the cost effectiveness of elective surgeries with long waiting lists within the NHS in England. This is to inform understanding of national spending priorities in the context of significant demand for elective surgeries and to inform the debate on appropriate cost-effectiveness thresholds across healthcare decision making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a targeted literature review to identify published cost-effectiveness analyses for nine elective procedures with long waiting lists in the NHS, selected based on previous reviews. These were percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), hysterectomy, cholecystectomy, knee replacement, groin hernia repair, hip replacement, prostatectomy, and cataract surgery. We made comparisons adjusted for currency and price year (2024).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 21 evaluations; in these, the cost effectiveness of surgeries was compared with no surgery (n = 9), medical management (n = 5), and between early and delayed surgery (n = 10). The evaluations reported that almost all procedures would be considered cost effective yielding incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) below £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Cholecystectomy, prostatectomy, hip and knee replacement surgeries were associated with ICERs of between £5,000 and £10,000.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings offer insights for policymakers on optimising finite healthcare resources, particularly post-COVID-19, with surgical waiting lists a priority for the NHS. Prioritising these elective procedures is likely to be a highly cost-effective use of NHS resources. Allocation of investment to areas that are more cost effective than others is likely to increase the efficiency of the NHS, resulting in a net health gain compared with the reimbursement of less cost-effective interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143961715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggregate Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Biologics for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis in Chile.","authors":"Magdalena Walbaum, Nicolas Jana-Valencia","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00972-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00972-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Ankylosing spondylitis is a complex rheumatic disease, characterised by chronic and progressive inflammation of the spine, causing an important health and economic burden for the person with the condition. Evidence shows the unequal impact of the disease in different groups of people, with a higher burden for lower socioeconomic groups. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the use of biologics for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis on health inequities in Chile.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an aggregate distributional cost-effectiveness analysis. Data on health outcomes and costs were derived from a cost-effectiveness model of secukinumab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab versus treatment as usual for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis from the Chilean healthcare system perspective. Health gains and health opportunity costs were distributed across socioeconomic subgroups. Health and equity impacts, measured using the Atkinson index, were assessed on an equity-efficiency impact plane.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All treatments had a positive impact on equity relative to treatment as usual. At an opportunity cost threshold of 1 Gross Domestic Product per capita/quality-adjusted life-year, secukinumab improved societal welfare irrespective of the Atkinson index value. When varying thresholds (2 and 3 Gross Domestic Product), all assessed technologies contributed to an increase in societal welfare, regardless of the Atkinson index.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Biologic treatment for ankylosing spondylitis, such as secukinumab, may reduce health inequity in the Chilean population. An aggregate distributional cost-effectiveness analysis framework is feasible to implement alongside a cost-effectiveness analysis in the context of the Chilean healthcare system to provide additional information of equity impacts for health technology assessment recommendations and policy making.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Evolocumab or Inclisiran in Combination with Statins Versus Statin Monotherapy Among Patients with ASCVD in China.","authors":"Pengpeng Wang, Le Liang, Yamei Li","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00971-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00971-y","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Several innovative proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have been approved for combination lipid-lowering therapy in China. Compared with their high initial launch prices, some PCSK9 inhibitors have been subjected to the National Drug Price Negotiation (NDPN) policy with substantial price reductions, such as a 78.14% reduction for evolocumab (EVO). Others, such as inclisiran (INC), have not been included in this policy and maintain high prices. This study aimed to: (1) assess the cost-effectiveness of representative PCSK9 inhibitors (EVO and INC) in combination with statins versus statin monotherapy for Chinese patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and (2) evaluate the influence of the NDPN policy on cost-effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A Markov model was developed from the Chinese healthcare system perspective. Atorvastatin monotherapy was used as the standard of care (SOC), and the combinations of EVO or INC with SOC were employed as the intervention regimens. The transition probabilities and treatment effects were based on the Asian subgroup of the FOURIER trial and pooled analysis of the ORION-8, -9, and -10 trials, or calculated with results from a meta-analysis. Costs and utilities were derived from published literature or calculated with methods from literature and assumptions. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the model and the influence of the NDPN policy. Finally, the cost threshold analyses were conducted to estimate the annual costs required for EVO and INC to achieve a 75% probability of cost-effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of EVO + SOC and INC + SOC were 168,066 Chinese yuan (CNY) [23,652 US dollars (USD)] and 586,119 CNY (82,485 USD) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), respectively. At WTP thresholds of three and one times GDP per capita (268,200 CNY [37,744 USD] and 89,400 CNY [12,581 USD]) per QALY gained, the probabilities that the intervention regimens were cost-effective would be 89.86% and 0.30% for EVO + SOC and 0.54% and 0% for INC + SOC, respectively. To achieve a 75% probability of cost-effectiveness, the required annual costs would be 9851 CNY (1386 USD) and 3434 CNY (483 USD) for EVO and 6554 CNY (922 USD) and 2096 CNY (295 USD) for INC, respectively. When the price reduction caused by the NDPN policy was removed from EVO and added to INC (assuming that the price of INC also reduces by 78.14%), the ICERs were 782,954 CNY (110,185 USD) and 130,877 CNY (18,418 USD) per QALY, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;With the intervention of the NDPN policy, EVO + SOC has been a cost-effective option for Chinese patients with ASCVD at the WTP threshold of three times GDP per capita. However, INC + SOC is not a cost-effective regimen at the current price, and the NDPN policy may be an","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Access Improving Interventions: An Economic Evaluation of Surgical Task-Shifting for C-Sections in Sierra Leone.","authors":"Bryony Dawkins, Bethany Shinkins, Tim Ensor, David Jayne, Thomas Ashley, Alex J van Duinen, Håkon A Bolkan, David Meads","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00965-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-025-00965-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Access to safe, timely and affordable surgical care is lacking globally. Less than 6% of all surgical operations are carried out in low- and middle-income countries, where over a third of the world's population lives. CapaCare, an NGO operating in Sierra Leone, have developed a surgical training programme (STP) for Associate Clinicians based on principles of task-shifting to improve access. Interventions to increase healthcare access have the same value evidence requirements as new technologies but their evaluation presents methodological challenges as access is not routinely incorporated explicitly in economic evaluations.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of surgical task-shifting in Sierra Leone, implemented through the CapaCare STP, to increase provision of caesarean section (C-section).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated the impact of the STP on the provision of C-section and subsequent maternal and child outcomes, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), relative to the costs using a healthcare system perspective and decision-tree model parameterised using data from surgical logbooks, national data, and the literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicate that the surgical task-shifting programme in Sierra Leone would be considered cost-effective in increasing provision for C-section. It is cost saving (USD - 16.77) and results in 2.14 DALYs averted, per women with an indication for C-section, due to avoidance of maternal and child deaths as well as reduced complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Investment in surgical task-shifting initiatives should be considered by policymakers as a potentially cost-effective way to increase access to quality surgical services. Future evaluations of access-increasing interventions should seek to capture the distributional impact of this strategy and system benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Health Economics of Genomic Technologies: A Growing Evidence Base on Value","authors":"James Buchanan,&nbsp;Ilias Goranitis,&nbsp;Deirdre Weymann","doi":"10.1007/s40258-025-00970-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-025-00970-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 3","pages":"331 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40258-025-00970-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}