Applied Health Economics and Health Policy最新文献

{"title":"Methods and Practical Considerations for Conducting Budget Impact Analysis for Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions","authors":"Xuanqian Xie,&nbsp;Jennifer Guo,&nbsp;Alexis K. Schaink,&nbsp;Kamilla Guliyeva,&nbsp;Chunmei Li,&nbsp;Wendy J. Ungar","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00943-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00943-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Health technology assessment (HTA) can be conducted at the national, provincial, or hospital level. Although provincial and hospital-based HTAs often focus on non-pharmaceutical interventions, budget impact analysis (BIA) methods for non-pharmaceutical interventions have received less attention in the literature.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We reviewed HTAs of non-pharmaceutical interventions published since 2015 by a Canadian provincial HTA agency, evaluating the characteristics and challenges of conducting a BIA.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We summarized the unique characteristics of BIAs for different categories of interventions, including surgery and other procedures, diagnostic or screening tests, therapeutic programs, and digital health technologies. We then discussed specific methodological and practical considerations for conducting a BIA of a surgical or other hospital-based procedure. Critical points for BIA methods include the following: (1) when estimating the size of a target population, healthcare system capacity must be accounted for, and historical volumes may offer more realistic figures than prevalence and incidence rates; (2) factors that affect the uptake of a new intervention include guideline recommendations, labor and infrastructure requirements for implementation, and the target population size; (3) when interpreting a budget impact that shows cost savings, analysts must address where the savings are generated from and whether they can be reallocated. Some of the considerations discussed may also apply to HTAs of pharmaceuticals.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>When conducting a BIA of a non-pharmaceutical intervention, addressing these methodological considerations may help in better predicting the financial impact of the new intervention for the public payer and guide appropriate budget allocation for healthcare system planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"197 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Test Utilization and Cost among Families of Children Evaluated for Genetic Conditions: An Analysis of USA Commercial Claims Data.","authors":"Hadley Stevens Smith, Matthew Lakoma, Madison R Hickingbotham, Dawn Cardeiro, Katharine P Callahan, Monica H Wojcik, Ann Chen Wu, Christine Y Lu","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00942-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-024-00942-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Healthcare payers in the USA increasingly cover genetic testing, including exome sequencing (ES), for pediatric indications. Analysis of claims data enables understanding of utilization and costs in real-world settings. The objective of this study was to describe genetic test utilization, diagnostic outcomes, and costs for children who received ES as well as for those who received less comprehensive forms of genetic testing, along with their families.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We analyzed linked family claims data for commercially insured members of a large regional health plan. The sample included children younger than 18 years of age who had at least 1 year of continuous plan enrollment and at least one claim for genetic testing from 2016 to 2022, as well as their family members. We compared outcomes for children who ever had a claim for ES (ES cohort) with those for children who had claims for only less comprehensive genetic testing (other genetic testing (OGT) cohort). We evaluated the frequency of ICD-10 codes indicating genetic diagnoses, health care utilization, and out-of-pocket costs in relation to the timing of the index genetic test using t-tests and inverse-probability-of-treatment weighted regression models to control for observable clinical and demographic characteristics associated with type of testing received.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our sample included 182 children (mean comorbidity index 4.78) in the ES cohort and 1789 children in the OGT cohort (3.63; p < 0.001). ES led to an average of 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-2.20) more new genetic diagnostic codes after testing than OGT. A larger proportion of the proband's family members had subsequent genetic testing in the ES cohort (mean 33.3%) than in the OGT cohort (0.5%; p < 0.001), but no differences in the number of new genetic diagnoses in family members were observed. Out-of-pocket costs for genetic testing did not differ between the two cohorts stratified by clinical severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In our sample of commercially insured pediatric patients, claims for ES were less frequent and occurred among children with more clinical complexity than those for less comprehensive genetic testing. Children in the ES cohort had a higher number of new genetic diagnoses post-testing than those in the OGT cohort with no significant differences in out-of-pocket cost of testing to families. Our findings suggest that ES is being reimbursed for children who may be difficult to diagnose.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142942871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Economic Evaluations of Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Methods, Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Tzu-Jung Lai,&nbsp;Robert Heggie,&nbsp;Hanin-Farhana Kamaruzaman,&nbsp;Janet Bouttell,&nbsp;Kathleen Boyd","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00941-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00941-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"329 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exome Sequencing in the Diagnostic Pathway for Suspected Rare Genetic Diseases: Does the Order of Testing Affect its Cost-Effectiveness?","authors":"Koen Degeling, Toni Tagimacruz, Karen V MacDonald, Trevor A Seeger, Katharine Fooks, Viji Venkataramanan, Kym M Boycott, Francois P Bernier, Roberto Mendoza-Londono, Taila Hartley, Robin Z Hayeems, Deborah A Marshall","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00936-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-024-00936-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with suspected rare diseases often experience lengthy and uncertain diagnostic pathways. This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of exome sequencing (ES) in different positions in the diagnostic pathway for patients suspected of having a rare genetic disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data collected retrospectively from 305 patients suspected of having a rare genetic disease (RGD), who received clinical-grade ES and participated in the Canadian multicentre Care4Rare-SOLVE study, informed a discrete event simulation of the diagnostic pathway. We distinguished between tests that can lead to the diagnosis of a specific RGD ('indicator tests') and more routine non-RGD diagnostic tests ('non-indicator tests'). Five strategies were considered: no-ES, and ES as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th test (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, and Tier 4, respectively), where ES was the final test in the diagnostic pathway if included. Outcomes included the diagnostic yield, time-to-diagnosis, time on the diagnostic pathway, and test costs for each strategy. The cost-effectiveness analysis from a Canadian healthcare system perspective was conducted with diagnostic yield as the primary outcome of interest. Probabilistic analyses and expert-defined scenario analyses quantified uncertainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Implementing ES increases the diagnostic yield by 16 percentage points from 20% with no-ES to 36%. Exome sequencing, as the first test (Tier 1), resulted in the shortest time to a diagnosis and the lowest testing cost. Mean testing costs per patient were CAD4347 (95% CI 3925, 4788) for no-ES, CAD2458 (95% CI 2406, 2512) for Tier 1, CAD3851 (95% CI 3684, 4021) for Tier 2, CAD5246 (95% CI 4956, 5551) for Tier 3 and CAD6422 (95% CI 5954, 6909) for Tier 4, with Tier 1 having the highest diagnostic yield at the lowest cost. The scenario analyses yielded results consistent with those of the base case.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Implementing ES to diagnose patients suspected of having a RGD can result in a higher diagnostic yield. Although a limitation of our study was that the yield for the non-ES indicator tests was estimated using expert opinion due to a lack of available data, the results underscore the value of ES as a first-line diagnostic test, offering reduced time to diagnosis and lower overall testing costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost of Carbon in the Total Cost of a Healthcare Procedure: Example of Micro-Costing Study in a French Setting","authors":"Paul-Simon Pugliesi,&nbsp;Hervé Frick,&nbsp;Stéphanie Guillot,&nbsp;Karine Ferrare,&nbsp;Catherine Renzullo,&nbsp;Alexandre Benoist,&nbsp;Serge Ribes,&nbsp;Guillaume Beltramo,&nbsp;Thomas Maldiney,&nbsp;Romain Ter Schiphorst,&nbsp;Caroline Abdul Malak,&nbsp;Adrien Bevand,&nbsp;Laurie Marrauld,&nbsp;Catherine Lejeune","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00933-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00933-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Economic evaluation aims to compare the costs and results of health strategies to inform public decision making. Although sometimes suggested, until now no national evaluation agency has recommended formally incorporating the cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by health interventions into the estimation of healthcare costs.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to test and discuss the feasibility of estimating and including the contribution of GHG emissions cost to the total cost of a surgical intervention, with the example of robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RTA), using a micro-costing approach.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study was conducted in June 2022 at the William Morey Hospital (France). Data regarding all of the resources (labor, medical equipment, consumables), as well as energy consumption, staff commuting and waste treatment were collected and valued from the hospital point of view. Greenhouse gas emissions were valued using a cost-effectiveness approach. Several sensitivity analyses were performed.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean cost per patient of an RTA was estimated to be €4755.65, of which €152.64 (3.21 %) would be attributable to GHG emissions. The contribution of GHG emissions in the overall cost of a health intervention was highly dependent on the convention used for the price of carbon.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Despite persistent theoretical and practical challenges, adding the estimation of GHG emission costs in the economic evaluation of health interventions may provide institutional decision makers with information that allows them to allocate the public healthcare resources more efficiently.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"265 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gift of Time, How Do I Want to Spend It? Exploring Preferences for Time Allocation Among Women with and without a Breast Cancer Diagnosis","authors":"Ni Gao,&nbsp;Mandy Ryan,&nbsp;Suzanne Robinson,&nbsp;Richard Norman","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00934-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00934-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Women’s preferences for time allocation reveal how they would like to prioritise market work, family life, and other competing activities. Whilst preferences may not always directly translate to behaviour, they are an important determinant of intention to act.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>We present the first study to apply a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to investigate time allocation preferences among women diagnosed with breast cancer and women without a cancer diagnosis.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Time attributes were paid work, household work, caregiving, passive leisure and physical leisure. An income attribute was included to estimate the monetary value of time. The study took place in the UK and the DCE was completed by 191 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 347 women without a cancer diagnosis. Responses were analysed using a mixed logit model.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Women diagnosed with breast cancer have stronger positive preferences for daily activities compared to women without a cancer diagnosis. They require less compensation (not significant) for an additional hour of paid work (£5.58), household work (£7.92), and caregiving (£8.53). They are willing to pay more for an additional hour of passive leisure (£1.70, not significant) and physical leisure (£13.66, significant).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The heterogeneous preferences for time allocation among women have policy implications and are significant for welfare analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"253 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Literature Review of Access Pathways to Drugs for Patients with Rare Diseases","authors":"Constanza Vargas,&nbsp;Richard De Abreu Lourenco,&nbsp;Manuel Espinoza,&nbsp;Stephen Goodall","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00939-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00939-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This article reviews the assessment pathways that have been implemented worldwide to facilitate access to drugs for patients with rare diseases.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to conduct a systematic literature review. The Ovid (Embase/MEDLINE), Cochrane, Web of Science, Econlit, National Institute of Health Research, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment databases were searched. Two independent reviewers screened all titles and abstracts; one reviewer did the full-text review and data extraction. Data were extracted on study general characteristics, general aspects of rare diseases, source of funding, allocation of public resources (e.g., use of health technology assessment), and pricing strategies. Assessment pathways were classified as: (1) separate processes; (2) exception to standard process; (3) standard process with no change; and (4) alternative process. Each assessment pathway was characterized based on its unique characteristics specific to rare diseases focusing on whether they targeted specific aspects of the process, utilized particular methodologies during the evaluation of the evidence, or considered specific attributes in the recommendation.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 5604 unique citations were screened and 158 were included for data extraction. Sixty-one assessment pathways were identified in 43 countries, categorized as separate processes (37%), exceptions to standard processes (32%), standard processes with no changes (26%), and alternative processes (5%). Some countries (10/43; 23%) have more than one assessment pathway available. Assessment pathways varied in their inclusion of a health technology assessment, source of funding, consideration of uncertainty, and pricing strategies.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The diversity of assessment pathways reflects the complexity of addressing access to treatments for rare diseases. Furthermore, most assessment pathways are from high-income countries; therefore, there is less clarity on what is happening in low- and middle-income countries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"209 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effective and Sustainable Drug Use in Hospitals: A Systematic and Practice-Based Approach","authors":"Michiel Zietse,&nbsp;Shannon L. van der Zeeuw,&nbsp;Anne-Sophie Klein Gebbink,&nbsp;Annemarie C. de Vries,&nbsp;Marie-Rose B. S. Crombag,&nbsp;Roelof W. F. van Leeuwen,&nbsp;Maaike J. Hoedemakers","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00937-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00937-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objective</h3><p>Rising healthcare costs challenge the financial sustainability of healthcare systems. Interventional pharmacoeconomics has emerged as a vital discipline to improve the cost-effective and sustainable use of drugs in clinical practice. However, current efforts are often fragmented, highlighting the need for an integrated hospital-wide approach. This study aimed to develop a scalable framework to systematically identify and implement cost-effective and sustainable drug use practices in hospitals.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study was conducted at the Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam between December 2022 and July 2023. A novel ‘8-Step Efficiency Model’ was designed to systematically identify and evaluate strategies for cost-effective and sustainable drug use. The process involved identifying high-expenditure drugs, systematically assessing these drugs using the Efficiency Model, and conducting a multi-disciplinary evaluation of the proposed cost-effectiveness strategies.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The study assessed 39 high-cost drugs, representing 57% of the Dutch national expensive drug expenditure in 2021. Initiatives for enhancing cost-effectiveness and sustainability were identified or developed for 27 out of the 39 assessed drugs (51% of the national drug expenditure in 2021). Case examples of infliximab (e.g., wastage prevention) and intravenous immunoglobulins (e.g., lean body weight dosing) illustrate practical applications of the framework, resulting in substantial cost savings and improved sustainability.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study presents a systematic scalable model for enhancing the cost-effectiveness of high-expenditure drugs in hospital settings. This approach not only addresses financial sustainability but also promotes the quality of patient care and sustainable drug use. This model could serve as a generic blueprint for other institutions to identify and implement cost-effective and sustainable drug use strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"183 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40258-024-00937-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality-Adjusted Life Expectancy Norms Based on the EQ-5D-5L and SF-6Dv2 for China","authors":"Shitong Xie,&nbsp;Xiaoning He,&nbsp;Weihua Guo,&nbsp;Jing Wu","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00925-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00925-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) norms reflect the normative profiles or reference data of QALE of the general population and provide a meaningful anchor for comparison to inform healthcare decision-making. This study aimed to develop the QALE norms for the Chinese population by using a representative dataset of health utility values collected using the EQ-5D-5L and short-form 6-dimension version 2 (SF-6Dv2) instruments.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Age-specific population norms of health utility values calculated using the EQ-5D-5L and SF-6Dv2 were used. Both utility norms were combined with the latest version of the National Life Tables of China published in 2021 to calculate QALE estimates on the basis of age, sex, and urban/rural residence area. QALE estimates were further discounted using 1.5%, 3.5%, 5.0%, and 8.0% discount rates.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>When using the health utility values evaluated by the SF-6Dv2, the QALE at age 0 years was 66.34 years at the discount rate of 0% and 16.65 years at the discount rate of 5%. For the EQ-5D-5L, the QALE at age 0 years was 76.50 years at the discount rate of 0% and 19.45 years at the discount rate of 5%. At birth, females exhibited a higher QALE, while the difference between females and males initially increased before subsequently declining overtime, ultimately resulting in females having a lower QALE. Rural population had a monotonically lower QALE than urban population.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study constructed age-stratified QALE norms for the Chinese population categorized by sex and residence area using mortality data alongside corresponding health utility values derived from the EQ-5D-5L and SF-6Dv2.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"291 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value is Gendered: The Need for Sex and Gender Considerations in Health Economic Evaluations","authors":"Martina Mchenga,&nbsp;Lavanya Vijayasingham,&nbsp;Rajalakshmi RamPrakash,&nbsp;Michelle Remme","doi":"10.1007/s40258-024-00930-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40258-024-00930-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Economic evaluations play a crucial role in health resource allocation by assessing the costs and effects of various interventions. However, existing methodologies often overlook significant differences related to sex and gender, leading to a ‘blind spot’ in understanding patient heterogeneity. This paper highlights how biological and social factors influence costs and health outcomes differently for women, emphasising the need for a more explicit consideration of these differences in economic evaluations to ensure efficient and equitable resource allocation. The paper is structured to first outline how sex and gender factors impact costs and outcomes. It then identifies biases in current economic evaluation methods and practices, using real-world examples to illustrate the implications of these biases on policymaking and health equity. Notably, we argue that neglecting gender considerations can lead to inefficiencies and inequities in healthcare resource distribution. Key areas of gender bias include the estimation of productivity losses, quality of life variations and the secondary household effects of interventions. The analysis reveals that women often face higher healthcare costs and experience different health outcomes due to systemic biases in treatment and care. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for analysts, decision makers and research funders, advocating for the integration of sex and gender-responsive methodologies in health economic evaluations. Ultimately, this work calls for a paradigm shift in health economics to better reflect the complexities of sex and gender and improve health outcomes for all.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8065,"journal":{"name":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","volume":"23 2","pages":"171 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40258-024-00930-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}