Lei Sun, Kailin Feng, Jiayuan Alex Zhang, Wei-Ting Shen, Weiwei Gao, Liangfang Zhang
{"title":"Pharmacological Mechanisms of Cellular Nanoparticles in Biological Neutralization.","authors":"Lei Sun, Kailin Feng, Jiayuan Alex Zhang, Wei-Ting Shen, Weiwei Gao, Liangfang Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-015449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-015449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological neutralization refers to the process by which a biological agent, such as an antibody, enzyme, or therapeutic nanoparticle, renders a target molecule or pathogen harmless or inactive. Traditional approaches, such as antibody-based therapies, rely on precise molecular recognition, requiring customized development for each target. Recently, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (cellular nanoparticles or CNPs), formulated by using natural cell membranes as drug substances, have emerged as a promising alternative. Acting as decoys, CNPs bind harmful agents based on membrane function rather than the molecular specificity, enabling broad-spectrum neutralization. This review examines how this fundamental pharmacological mechanism has guided CNP design to counteract pathological threats, including bacterial toxins, nerve agents, neurotoxins, inflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, secretory enzymes, and viruses. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to enhance CNP performance through modifying the nanoparticle core or the membrane shell. By highlighting recent advancements, we aim to inspire further research into CNP-based approaches for tackling complex biological threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RNA Splicing as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer.","authors":"Alexander M Lewis, Kenyon Weis, Omar Abdel-Wahab","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-035809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-035809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA splicing is a nuclear enzymatic process that catalyzes excision of segments of premature messenger RNA (mRNA) and ligation to give rise to mature coding mRNA. Genomic and transcriptomic studies of cancer have revealed that RNA splicing is often dysregulated in cancer due to mutations in genes affecting their splicing in <i>cis</i>, alterations in the components of the splicing machinery in <i>trans</i>, and transcriptional as well as epigenetic alterations that impact cotranscriptional splicing. These observations have motivated a number of efforts to pharmacologically modulate splicing using small molecules that bind, degrade, or modify the RNA splicing machinery as well as oligonucleotides and small molecules that bind mRNA transcripts to modulate their processing. These therapeutic modalities are reviewed here along with early findings from clinical trials evaluating these agents in patients. The vast number of opportunities to alter splicing continues to highlight splicing as an exciting therapeutic target in cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tessa Schillemans, Annick D van den Brand, Agneta Åkesson, Marcel J B Mengelers, Mirjam Luijten
{"title":"A Common Adverse Outcome Pathway for Metal(loid)s Inducing Nephrotoxicity to Advance Next-Generation Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.","authors":"Tessa Schillemans, Annick D van den Brand, Agneta Åkesson, Marcel J B Mengelers, Mirjam Luijten","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-011335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-011335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic exposure to the metal(loid)s arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury via contaminated food or drinking water may induce kidney toxicity, but there is little consensus on the biological processes involved. Health risk assessment of these substances is further complicated by coexposures and the sometimes unclear causal interpretation of population studies. To address these issues, we developed a common adverse outcome pathway (AOP) describing how these metal(loid)s can induce kidney toxicity. Upon identification of renal dysfunction resulting from proximal tubular damage as a common adverse outcome, we developed the AOP by collecting evidence from relevant (experimental) studies. Evaluation of the weight of evidence revealed a moderate to high confidence in this AOP. It enhances our mechanistic understanding of metal(loid)-induced kidney toxicity and provides scientific evidence for a causal relationship between the adverse effect and effect biomarkers. As such, this is an example of how AOPs can facilitate next-generation risk assessment of combined exposure to different contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lessons from Glucocorticoids, Metformin, and Dimethyl Fumarate: Could Targeting Immunometabolism Lead to Better Anti-Inflammatory Therapies?","authors":"Victoria A Evans, Luke A J O'Neill","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-013520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-013520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in immunometabolism contribute to pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, providing potential therapeutic targets. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids, metformin, and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) modulate key immunometabolic pathways. Glucocorticoids boost itaconate production, which exerts anti-inflammatory effects via multiple targets, including by modification of cysteines on inflammatory proteins. Metformin, known for inhibiting gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes, also blocks mitochondrial Complex I and increases GDF-15, a regulator of food intake with anti-inflammatory properties, which may explain effects of metformin on inflammation. DMF, like itaconate, modifies cysteines on target proteins, notably KEAP1, leading to Nrf2 activation, which induces antioxidant enzymes and suppresses inflammatory gene expression. These immunometabolic actions suggest that targeting immune cell metabolism could provide new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases. This review explores recent advances in itaconate, GDF-15, and Nrf2 signaling and how harnessing these pathways may lead to novel anti-inflammatory therapies for patients with inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben Katz, Rita Gutorov, Channa Maayan, Rachel Zaguri, Baruch Minke
{"title":"Human Mutations in the TRPV1 Channel: Implications for Noxious Cold Sensation.","authors":"Ben Katz, Rita Gutorov, Channa Maayan, Rachel Zaguri, Baruch Minke","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-025423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-025423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sensing specific temperature ranges as noxious is crucial for protecting organisms from tissue damage. While the molecular detectors for noxious heat are well-characterized, those responsible for noxious cold detection remain elusive. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal channel activated by heat, acid, and various animal and plant toxins. Due to its association with inflammatory pain, TRPV1 has become a promising target for analgesic development. A recent study reported on an individual carrying a homozygous TRPV1 mutation (N331K) that led to pronounced functional loss. Examination of the affected individual revealed an expected decrease in sensitivity to noxious heat and an unexpected increase in sensitivity to noxious cold. Furthermore, extensive neurogenic inflammatory, flare, and pain responses were observed following the application of a TRPA1 channel activator. These findings suggest that the combined activity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 is essential for controlling noxious cold sensitivity and should be considered when assessing TRPV1 pharmacology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Change of Mind: Targeting Amyloid-β with Better Safety Profile.","authors":"Katelynn E Krick, Donna M Wilcock","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-113434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-113434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that leads to cognitive decline and dementia. Over the past two decades, many scientists have contributed to the discovery of therapeutics that target amyloid-beta (Aβ) to slow the progression of AD. These discoveries have led to the development of the first disease-modifying therapeutics in AD, though these come with the risk of side effects known as amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). There are currently many exciting studies and trials working to mitigate ARIA risk that range from modifying antibodies to potential combination therapeutics. This review addresses some of the ongoing research areas for improving safety in Aβ targeting as well as clinical considerations for current patient treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ariana M Chao, Simeon Taylor, Molly Moore, Anastassia Amaro, Thomas A Wadden
{"title":"Evolving Approaches for Pharmacological Therapy of Obesity.","authors":"Ariana M Chao, Simeon Taylor, Molly Moore, Anastassia Amaro, Thomas A Wadden","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031124-101146","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031124-101146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is a global health concern. Progress in understanding the physiology of obesity and weight reduction has provided new drug targets. Development and testing of new antiobesity medications (AOMs) has the potential to quickly expand options for treatment. In this review, we briefly summarize the physiology of obesity and weight reduction, as well as medications currently approved for weight management. We highlight the increasing use of incretin and nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapies. We conclude with an overview of AOMs progressing through the pipeline and discuss their implications for the rapidly evolving field of obesity management.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"169-189"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacogenetic Panel Testing: A Review of Current Practice and Potential for Clinical Implementation.","authors":"R Mosch, M van der Lee, H J Guchelaar, J J Swen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080935","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacogenetics (PGx) aims to optimize drug treatment outcomes by using a patient's genetic profile for individualized drug and dose selection. Currently, reactive and pretherapeutic single-gene PGx tests are increasingly applied in clinical practice in several countries and institutions. With over 95% of the population carrying at least one actionable PGx variant, and with drugs impacted by these genetic variants being in common use, pretherapeutic or preemptive PGx panel testing appears to be an attractive option for better-informed drug prescribing. Here, we discuss the current state of PGx panel testing and explore the potential for clinical implementation. We conclude that available evidence supports the implementation of pretherapeutic PGx panel testing for drugs covered in the PGx guidelines, yet identification of specific patient populations that benefit most and cost-effectiveness data are necessary to support large-scale implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"91-109"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Targeting Neuroplasticity in Substance Use Disorders: Implications for Therapeutics.","authors":"Marina E Wolf","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080548","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The last two decades have witnessed substantial advances in identifying synaptic plasticity responsible for behavioral changes in animal models of substance use disorder. We have learned the most about cocaine-induced plasticity in the nucleus accumbens and its relationship to cocaine seeking, so that is the focus in this review. Synaptic plasticity pointing to potential therapeutic targets has been identified mainly using two drug self-administration models: extinction-reinstatement and abstinence models. A relationship between cocaine seeking and potentiated AMPAR transmission in nucleus accumbens is indicated by both models. In particular, an atypical subpopulation-Ca2+-permeable or CP-AMPARs-mediates cue-induced seeking that persists even after long periods of abstinence, modeling the persistent vulnerability to relapse that represents a major challenge in treating substance use disorder. We review strategies to reverse CP-AMPAR plasticity; strategies targeting other components of excitatory synapses, including dysregulated glutamate uptake and release; and behavioral interventions that can be augmented by harnessing synaptic plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"259-280"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew A Shaw, Jeffery D Steketee, Anna N Bukiya, Alex M Dopico
{"title":"Toluene Toxicity in the Brain: From Cellular Targets to Molecular Mechanisms.","authors":"Andrew A Shaw, Jeffery D Steketee, Anna N Bukiya, Alex M Dopico","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-012924-010532","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-012924-010532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toluene intoxication constitutes a persistent public health problem worldwide. While most organs can be damaged, the brain is a primary target whether exposure is accidental, occupational, or recreational. Interventions to prevent/revert brain damage by toluene are curtailed by the scarce information on the molecular targets and mechanisms mediating toluene's brain toxicity and the common exposure to other neurotoxins and/or coexistence of neurological/psychiatric disorders. We examine (<i>a</i>) the physicochemical properties of toluene that allow this inhalant to primarily target the lipid-rich brain; (<i>b</i>) the cell types targeted by toluene (neurons, different types of glia), while considering a cerebrovascular component; and (<i>c</i>) putative molecular mechanisms by which toluene may modify receptor function while analyzing structural features that allow toluene to directly interact with membrane lipids or specific proteins. This information constitutes a stepping stone to design pharmacotherapies that counteract toluene brain intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"65 1","pages":"487-506"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}