Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Targeting G Protein–Coupled Receptors in Immuno-Oncological Therapies 以免疫肿瘤疗法中的 G 蛋白偶联受体为靶点
IF 12.5 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080852
John Stagg, J. Silvio Gutkind
{"title":"Targeting G Protein–Coupled Receptors in Immuno-Oncological Therapies","authors":"John Stagg, J. Silvio Gutkind","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080852","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of cancer immunotherapy based on PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, many cancers do not respond to ICB, highlighting the urgent need for additional approaches to achieve durable cancer remission. The large family of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the target of more than 30% of all approved drugs, but GPCRs have been underexploited in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the central role of GPCRs in immune cell migration and function and describe how single-cell transcriptomic studies are illuminating the complexity of the human tumor immune GPCRome. These receptors include multiple GPCRs expressed in CD8 T cells that are activated by inflammatory mediators, protons, neurotransmitters, and metabolites that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting T cell dysfunction. We also discuss new opportunities to target GPCRs as a multimodal approach to enhance the response to ICB for a myriad of human malignancies.","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advancements in Assays for Micro- and Nanoplastic Detection: Paving the Way for Biomonitoring and Exposomics Studies 微塑料和纳米塑料检测试验的进展:为生物监测和暴露组学研究铺平道路
IF 12.5 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030424-112828
Kuanliang Shao, Runyu Zou, Zhuoyue Zhang, Laurens D.B. Mandemaker, Sarah Timbie, Ronald D. Smith, Amanda M. Durkin, Hanna M. Dusza, Florian Meirer, Bert M. Weckhuysen, Tanya L. Alderete, Roel Vermuelen, Douglas I. Walker
{"title":"Advancements in Assays for Micro- and Nanoplastic Detection: Paving the Way for Biomonitoring and Exposomics Studies","authors":"Kuanliang Shao, Runyu Zou, Zhuoyue Zhang, Laurens D.B. Mandemaker, Sarah Timbie, Ronald D. Smith, Amanda M. Durkin, Hanna M. Dusza, Florian Meirer, Bert M. Weckhuysen, Tanya L. Alderete, Roel Vermuelen, Douglas I. Walker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030424-112828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030424-112828","url":null,"abstract":"Although plastic pollution and exposure to plastic-related compounds have received worldwide attention, health risks associated with micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are largely unknown. Emerging evidence suggests MNPs are present in human biofluids and tissue, including blood, breast milk, stool, lung tissue, and placenta; however, exposure assessment is limited and the extent of human exposure to MNPs is not well known. While there is a critical need to establish robust and scalable biomonitoring strategies to assess human exposure to MNPs and plastic-related chemicals, over 10,000 chemicals have been linked to plastic manufacturing with no existing standardized approaches to account for even a fraction of these exposures. This review provides an overview of the status of methods for measuring MNPs and associated plastic-related chemicals in humans, with a focus on approaches that could be adapted for population-wide biomonitoring and integration with biological response measures to develop hypotheses on potential health effects of plastic exposures. We also examine the exposure risks associated with the widespread use of chemical additives in plastics. Despite advancements in analytical techniques, there remains a pressing need for standardized measurement protocols and untargeted, high-throughput analysis methods to enable comprehensive MNP biomonitoring to identify key MNP exposures in human populations. This review aims to merge insights into the toxicological effects of MNPs and plastic additives with an evaluation of analytical challenges, advocating for enhanced research methods to fully assess, understand, and mitigate the public health implications of MNPs.","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Immunoregulation of Liver Fibrosis: New Opportunities for Antifibrotic Therapy 肝纤维化的免疫调节:抗纤维化疗法的新机遇
IF 12.5 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-020524-012013
Helene Gilgenkrantz, Rola Al Sayegh, Sophie Lotersztajn
{"title":"Immunoregulation of Liver Fibrosis: New Opportunities for Antifibrotic Therapy","authors":"Helene Gilgenkrantz, Rola Al Sayegh, Sophie Lotersztajn","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-020524-012013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-020524-012013","url":null,"abstract":"Liver fibrosis develops in response to chronic liver injury and is characterized by a sustained inflammatory response that leads to excessive collagen deposition by myofibroblasts. The fibrogenic response is governed by the release of inflammatory mediators from innate, adaptive, and innate-like lymphoid cells and from nonprofessional immune cells (i.e., epithelial cells, hepatic myofibroblasts, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells). Upon removal of the underlying cause, liver fibrosis can resolve via activation of specific immune cell subsets. Despite major advances in the understanding of fibrosis pathogenesis, there is still no approved antifibrotic therapy. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the immune cell landscape and the inflammatory mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis progression and regression. We discuss how reprogramming immune cell phenotype, in particular through targeting selective inflammatory pathways or modulating cell-intrinsic metabolism, may be translated into antifibrogenic therapies.","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gut Microbiota–Related Biomarkers in Immuno-Oncology 免疫肿瘤学中与肠道微生物群相关的生物标记物
IF 12.5 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061124-102218
Carolina Alves Costa Silva, Marine Fidelle, Andrew A. Almonte, Lisa Derosa, Laurence Zitvogel
{"title":"Gut Microbiota–Related Biomarkers in Immuno-Oncology","authors":"Carolina Alves Costa Silva, Marine Fidelle, Andrew A. Almonte, Lisa Derosa, Laurence Zitvogel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061124-102218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061124-102218","url":null,"abstract":"Carcinogenesis is associated with the emergence of protracted intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic changes. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota–related biomarkers and microbiota-centered interventions are promising strategies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy. However, current standard methods for evaluating gut microbiota composition are cost- and time-consuming. The development of routine diagnostic tools for intestinal barrier alterations and dysbiosis constitutes a critical unmet medical need that can guide routine treatment and microbiota-centered intervention decisions in patients with cancer. In this review, we explore the influence of gut microbiota on cancer immunotherapy and highlight gut-associated biomarkers that have the potential to be transformed into simple diagnostic tools, thus guiding standard treatment decisions in the field of immuno-oncology. Mechanistic insights toward leveraging the complex relationship between cancer immunosurveillance, gut microbiota, and metabolism open exciting opportunities for developing novel biomarkers in immuno-oncology.","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Treating Sickle Cell Disease: Gene Therapy Approaches 治疗镰状细胞病:基因治疗方法
IF 12.5 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022124-022000
Marina Cavazzana, Alice Corsia, Megane Brusson, Annarita Miccio, Michaela Semeraro
{"title":"Treating Sickle Cell Disease: Gene Therapy Approaches","authors":"Marina Cavazzana, Alice Corsia, Megane Brusson, Annarita Miccio, Michaela Semeraro","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022124-022000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022124-022000","url":null,"abstract":"Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin molecules and thus distortion (sickling) of the red blood cells. SCD causes chronic pain and organ damage and shortens life expectancy. Gene therapy emerges as a potentially curative approach for people with SCD who lack a matched sibling donor for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we review recent progress in gene therapy for SCD and focus on innovative technologies that target the genetic roots of the disease. We also review the challenges associated with gene therapy, including oncogenic risks, and the need for refined delivery methods. Despite these hurdles, the rapidly evolving landscape of gene therapy for SCD raises hope for a paradigm shift in the treatment of this debilitating disease. As research progresses, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved and continuous improvements in gene-editing technologies promise to bring gene therapy for SCD closer to mainstream clinical application, offering a transformative, curative option for patients with this genetic disorder.","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Weight Loss Blockbuster Development: A Role for Unimolecular Polypharmacology 减肥大片的开发:单分子多药理学的作用
IF 12.5 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061324-011832
Qingtong Zhou, Guanyi Li, Kaini Hang, Jie Li, Dehua Yang, Ming-Wei Wang
{"title":"Weight Loss Blockbuster Development: A Role for Unimolecular Polypharmacology","authors":"Qingtong Zhou, Guanyi Li, Kaini Hang, Jie Li, Dehua Yang, Ming-Wei Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061324-011832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061324-011832","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) impact more than 2.5 billion adults worldwide, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Unimolecular polypharmacology, which involves designing single molecules to target multiple receptors or pathways simultaneously, has revolutionized treatment strategies. Blockbuster drugs such as tirzepatide and retatrutide have shown unprecedented success in managing obesity and T2DM, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to conventional single agonists. Tirzepatide, in particular, has garnered tremendous attention for its remarkable effectiveness in promoting weight loss and improving glycemic control, while offering additional cardiovascular and renal benefits. Despite their promises, such therapeutic agents also face challenges that include gastrointestinal side effects, patient compliance issues, and body weight rebound after cessation of the treatment. Nonetheless, the development of these therapies marks a significant leap forward, underscoring the transformative potential of unimolecular polypharmacology in addressing metabolic diseases and paving the way for future innovations in personalized medicine.","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pollution of Soil by Pharmaceuticals: Implications for Metazoan and Environmental Health. 药物对土壤的污染:对元虫和环境健康的影响。
IF 11.2 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030124-111214
Chubin Zhang, Leon P Barron, Stephen R Stürzenbaum
{"title":"Pollution of Soil by Pharmaceuticals: Implications for Metazoan and Environmental Health.","authors":"Chubin Zhang, Leon P Barron, Stephen R Stürzenbaum","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030124-111214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030124-111214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of pharmaceuticals has grown substantially and their consequential release via wastewaters poses a potential threat to aquatic and terrestrial environments. While transportation prediction models for aquatic environments are well established, they cannot be universally extrapolated to terrestrial systems. Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are, for example, readily detected in the excreta of terrestrial organisms (including humans). Furthermore, the trophic transfer of pharmaceuticals to and from food webs is often overlooked, which in turn highlights a public health concern and emphasizes the pressing need to elucidate how today's potpourri of pharmaceuticals affect the terrestrial system, their biophysical behaviors, and their interactions with soil metazoans. This review explores the existing knowledge base of pharmaceutical exposure sources, mobility, persistence, (bio)availability, (bio)accumulation, (bio)magnification, and trophic transfer of pharmaceuticals through the soil and terrestrial food chains.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Opportunities for Microphysiological Systems in Toxicity Testing of New Drug Modalities. 微观生理学系统在新药毒性测试中的机遇。
IF 11.2 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080621
Tengku Ibrahim Maulana, Nienke R Wevers, Theodora Kristoforus, Morgan Chandler, Henriette L Lanz, Jos Joore, Paul Vulto, Remi Villenave, Stefan Kustermann, Peter Loskill, Kristin M Bircsak
{"title":"Opportunities for Microphysiological Systems in Toxicity Testing of New Drug Modalities.","authors":"Tengku Ibrahim Maulana, Nienke R Wevers, Theodora Kristoforus, Morgan Chandler, Henriette L Lanz, Jos Joore, Paul Vulto, Remi Villenave, Stefan Kustermann, Peter Loskill, Kristin M Bircsak","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New drug modalities offer life-saving benefits for patients through access to previously undruggable targets. Yet these modalities pose a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, as side effects are complex, unpredictable, and often uniquely human. With animal studies having limited predictive value due to translatability challenges, the pharmaceutical industry seeks out new approach methodologies. Microphysiological systems (MPS) offer important features that enable complex toxicological processes to be modeled in vitro such as (<i>a</i>) an adjustable complexity of cellular components, including immune components; (<i>b</i>) a modifiable tissue architecture; (<i>c</i>) integration and monitoring of dynamic mechanisms; and (<i>d</i>) a multiorgan connection. Here we review MPS studies in the context of four clinical adverse events triggered by new drug modalities: peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated hepatotoxicity, and cytokine release syndrome. We conclude that while the use of MPS for testing new drug modality-induced toxicities is still in its infancy, we see strong potential going forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
PROTACs as Therapeutic Modalities for Drug Discovery in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. PROTACs 作为阉割耐药前列腺癌药物发现的治疗模式。
IF 11.2 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030624-110238
Ling-Yu Wang, Chiu-Lien Hung, Tsan-Chun Wang, Hung-Chih Hsu, Hsing-Jien Kung, Kwang-Huei Lin
{"title":"PROTACs as Therapeutic Modalities for Drug Discovery in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Ling-Yu Wang, Chiu-Lien Hung, Tsan-Chun Wang, Hung-Chih Hsu, Hsing-Jien Kung, Kwang-Huei Lin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030624-110238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030624-110238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) presents significant challenges in clinical management due to its resistance to conventional androgen receptor (AR)-targeting therapies. The advent of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has revolutionized cancer therapy by enabling the targeted degradation of key molecular players implicated in CRPC progression. In this review we discuss the developments of PROTACs for CRPC treatment, focusing on AR and other CRPC-associated regulators. We provide an overview of the strategic trends in AR PROTAC development from the aspect of targeting site selection and preclinical antitumor evaluation, as well as updates on AR degraders in clinical applications. Additionally, we briefly address the current status of selective AR degrader development. Furthermore, we review new developments in PROTACs as potential CRPC treatment paradigms, highlighting those targeting chromatin modulators BRD4, EZH2, and SWI/SNF; transcription regulator SMAD3; and kinases CDK9 and PIM1. Given the molecular targets shared between CRPC and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), we also discuss the potential of PROTACs in addressing NEPC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pharma[e]cology: How the Gut Microbiome Contributes to Variations in Drug Response. 制药学:肠道微生物组如何导致药物反应的变化。
IF 11.2 1区 医学
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022724-100847
Kai R Trepka, Christine A Olson, Vaibhav Upadhyay, Chen Zhang, Peter J Turnbaugh
{"title":"Pharma[e]cology: How the Gut Microbiome Contributes to Variations in Drug Response.","authors":"Kai R Trepka, Christine A Olson, Vaibhav Upadhyay, Chen Zhang, Peter J Turnbaugh","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022724-100847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022724-100847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drugs represent our first, and sometimes last, line of defense for many diseases, yet despite decades of research we still do not fully understand why a given drug works in one patient and fails in the next. The human gut microbiome is one of the missing puzzle pieces, due to its ability to parallel and extend host pathways for drug metabolism, along with more complex host-microbiome interactions. Herein, we focus on the well-established links between the gut microbiome and drugs for heart disease and cancer, plus emerging data on neurological disease. We highlight the interdisciplinary methods that are available and how they can be used to address major remaining knowledge gaps, including the consequences of microbial drug metabolism for treatment outcomes. Continued progress in this area promises fundamental biological insights into humans and their associated microbial communities and strategies for leveraging the microbiome to improve the practice of medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141896608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信