A Mechanistic Framework for Repurposing FDA-Approved Drugs to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: The Case of Staphylococcus aureus.

The global rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a critical threat to healthcare systems, challenging researchers to stay ahead of evolving pathogens. Among the most concerning are invasive infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA), where morbidity and mortality remain high despite advances in care. Resistance in SA has emerged rapidly after the introduction of new antibiotics, limiting treatment options and prompting an urgent need for alternatives. While developing new antimicrobials remains essential, repurposing FDA-approved drugs-originally developed for noninfectious indications-offers a complementary strategy. These agents have known safety and pharmacokinetic profiles and may impact bacterial virulence, antibiotic susceptibility, or host immunity to improve outcomes. This review highlights recent advances in SA drug repurposing, focusing on six mechanistic categories: inhibition of virulence factors, antibiotic resensitization, enhanced susceptibility to innate immunity, host cell protection, augmentation of immune functions, and modulation of pathological inflammation. Together, these strategies offer a multifaceted framework to improve SA infection outcomes using existing therapeutics.