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Annual review of genetics最新文献

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The Drama of Wallerian Degeneration: The Cast, Crew, and Script. 沃勒堕落的戏剧:演员、工作人员和剧本。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-08-05 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103917
Kai Zhang, Mingsheng Jiang, Yanshan Fang
{"title":"The Drama of Wallerian Degeneration: The Cast, Crew, and Script.","authors":"Kai Zhang,&nbsp;Mingsheng Jiang,&nbsp;Yanshan Fang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant advances have been made in recent years in identifying the genetic components of Wallerian degeneration, the process that brings the progressive destruction and removal of injured axons. It has now been accepted that Wallerian degeneration is an active and dynamic cellular process that is well regulated at molecular and cellular levels. In this review, we describe our current understanding of Wallerian degeneration, focusing on the molecular players and mechanisms that mediate the injury response, activate the degenerative program, transduce the death signal, execute the destruction order, and finally, clear away the debris. By highlighting the starring roles and sketching out the molecular script of Wallerian degeneration, we hope to provide a useful framework to understand Wallerian and Wallerian-like degeneration and to lay a foundation for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat axon degeneration in neural injury as well as in neurodegenerative disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"93-113"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39286848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
The tracrRNA in CRISPR Biology and Technologies. CRISPR 生物学和技术中的 tracrRNA。
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-022559
Chunyu Liao, Chase L Beisel
{"title":"The tracrRNA in CRISPR Biology and Technologies.","authors":"Chunyu Liao, Chase L Beisel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-022559","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-022559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea utilize short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) to guide sequence-specific recognition and clearance of foreign genetic material. Multiple crRNAs are stored together in a compact format called a CRISPR array that is transcribed and processed into the individual crRNAs. While the exact processing mechanisms vary widely, some CRISPR-Cas systems, including those encoding the Cas9 nuclease, rely on a <i>trans</i>-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). The tracrRNA was discovered in 2011 and was quickly co-opted to create single-guide RNAs as core components of CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. Since then, further studies have uncovered processes extending beyond the traditional role of tracrRNA in crRNA biogenesis, revealed Cas nucleases besides Cas9 that are dependent on tracrRNAs, and established new applications based on tracrRNA engineering. In this review, we describe the biology of the tracrRNA and how its ongoing characterization has garnered new insights into prokaryotic immune defense and enabled key technological advances.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"55 ","pages":"161-181"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614092/pdf/EMS160043.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9177046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Functional Diversification of Chromatin on Rapid Evolutionary Timescales. 染色质在快速进化时间尺度上的功能多样化。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020301
Cara L Brand, Mia T Levine
{"title":"Functional Diversification of Chromatin on Rapid Evolutionary Timescales.","authors":"Cara L Brand,&nbsp;Mia T Levine","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Repeat-enriched genomic regions evolve rapidly and yet support strictly conserved functions like faithful chromosome transmission and the preservation of genome integrity. The leading resolution to this paradox is that DNA repeat-packaging proteins evolve adaptively to mitigate deleterious changes in DNA repeat copy number, sequence, and organization. Exciting new research has tested this model of coevolution by engineering evolutionary mismatches between adaptively evolving chromatin proteins of one species and the DNA repeats of a close relative. Here, we review these innovative evolution-guided functional analyses. The studies demonstrate that vital, chromatin-mediated cellular processes, including transposon suppression, faithful chromosome transmission, and chromosome retention depend on species-specific versions of chromatin proteins that package species-specific DNA repeats. In many cases, the ever-evolving repeats are selfish genetic elements, raising the possibility that chromatin is a battleground of intragenomic conflict.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"401-425"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9235829/pdf/nihms-1815448.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39904020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Evolution and Plasticity of Genome-Wide Meiotic Recombination Rates. 全基因组减数分裂重组率的进化和可塑性。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-021721-033821
Ian R Henderson, Kirsten Bomblies
{"title":"Evolution and Plasticity of Genome-Wide Meiotic Recombination Rates.","authors":"Ian R Henderson,&nbsp;Kirsten Bomblies","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-021721-033821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-021721-033821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex, as well as meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes, is nearly ubiquitous among eukaryotes. In those species that use it, recombination is important for chromosome segregation during gamete production, and thus for fertility. Strikingly, although in most species only one crossover event per chromosome is required to ensure proper segregation, recombination rates vary considerably above this minimum and show variation within and among species. However, whether this variation in recombination is adaptive or neutral and what might shape it remain unclear. Empirical studies and theory support the idea that recombination is generally beneficial but can also have costs. Here, we review variation in genome-wide recombination rates, explore what might cause this, and discuss what is known about its mechanistic basis. We end by discussing the environmental sensitivity of meiosis and recombination rates, how these features may relate to adaptation, and their implications for a broader understanding of recombination rate evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"23-43"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39224640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in the Context of Transcriptional Adaptation and Genetic Robustness. 转录适应和遗传稳健性背景下的基因型-表型关系。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020342
Gabrielius Jakutis, Didier Y R Stainier
{"title":"Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in the Context of Transcriptional Adaptation and Genetic Robustness.","authors":"Gabrielius Jakutis,&nbsp;Didier Y R Stainier","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic manipulations with a robust and predictable outcome are critical to investigate gene function, as well as for therapeutic genome engineering. For many years, knockdown approaches and reagents including RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides dominated functional studies; however, with the advent of precise genome editing technologies, CRISPR-based knockout systems have become the state-of-the-art tools for such studies. These technologies have helped decipher the role of thousands of genes in development and disease. Their use has also revealed how limited our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships is. The recent discovery that certain mutations can trigger the transcriptional modulation of other genes, a phenomenon called transcriptional adaptation, has provided an additional explanation for the contradicting phenotypes observed in knockdown versus knockout models and increased awareness about the use of each of these approaches. In this review, we first cover the strengths and limitations of different gene perturbation strategies. Then we highlight the diverse ways in which the genotype-phenotype relationship can be discordant between these different strategies. Finally, we review the genetic robustness mechanisms that can lead to such discrepancies, paying special attention to the recently discovered phenomenon of transcriptional adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"71-91"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39226048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
DNA End Resection: Mechanism and Control. DNA末端切除:机制和控制。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020312
Petr Cejka, Lorraine S Symington
{"title":"DNA End Resection: Mechanism and Control.","authors":"Petr Cejka,&nbsp;Lorraine S Symington","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are cytotoxic lesions that threaten genome integrity and cell viability. Typically, cells repair DSBs by either nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The relative use of these two pathways depends on many factors, including cell cycle stage and the nature of the DNA ends. A critical determinant of repair pathway selection is the initiation of 5'→3' nucleolytic degradation of DNA ends, a process referred to as DNA end resection. End resection is essential to create single-stranded DNA overhangs, which serve as the substrate for the Rad51 recombinase to initiate HR and are refractory to NHEJ repair. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms of end resection, how it is regulated, and the pathological consequences of its dysregulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"285-307"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39651662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 73
How to Switch from Mitosis to Meiosis: Regulation of Germline Entry in Plants. 如何从有丝分裂转向减数分裂:植物种系进入的调控。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043553
Franziska Böwer, Arp Schnittger
{"title":"How to Switch from Mitosis to Meiosis: Regulation of Germline Entry in Plants.","authors":"Franziska Böwer,&nbsp;Arp Schnittger","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the major cell fate transitions in eukaryotes is entry into meiosis. While in single-celled yeast this decision is triggered by nutrient starvation, in multicellular eukaryotes, such as plants, it is under developmental control. In contrast to animals, plants have only a short germline and instruct cells to become meiocytes in reproductive organs late in development. This situation argues for a fundamentally different mechanism of how plants recruit meiocytes, and consistently, none of the regulators known to control meiotic entry in yeast and animals are present in plants. In recent years, several factors involved in meiotic entry have been identified, especially in the model plant <i>Arabidopsis</i>, and pieces of a regulatory network of germline control in plants are emerging. However, the corresponding studies also show that the mechanisms of meiotic entry control are diversified in flowering plants, calling for further analyses in different plant species.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"427-452"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39422784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Drosophila sechellia: A Genetic Model for Behavioral Evolution and Neuroecology. 果蝇:行为进化和神经生态学的遗传模型。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020719
Thomas O Auer, Michael P Shahandeh, Richard Benton
{"title":"<i>Drosophila sechellia</i>: A Genetic Model for Behavioral Evolution and Neuroecology.","authors":"Thomas O Auer,&nbsp;Michael P Shahandeh,&nbsp;Richard Benton","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Defining the mechanisms by which animals adapt to their ecological niche is an important problem bridging evolution, genetics, and neurobiology. We review the establishment of a powerful genetic model for comparative behavioral analysis and neuroecology, <i>Drosophila sechellia</i>. This island-endemic fly species is closely related to several cosmopolitan generalists, including <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, but has evolved extreme specialism, feeding and reproducing exclusively on the noni fruit of the tropical shrub <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>. We first describe the development and use of genetic approaches to facilitate genotype/phenotype associations in these drosophilids. Next, we survey the behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations of <i>D. sechellia</i> throughout its life cycle and outline our current understanding of the genetic and cellular basis of these traits. Finally, we discuss the principles this knowledge begins to establish in the context of host specialization, speciation, and the neurobiology of behavioral evolution and consider open questions and challenges in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"527-554"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39422782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Linking Human Cortical Development and Evolution. 连接人类皮质发育和进化的细胞和分子机制。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020705
Baptiste Libé-Philippot, Pierre Vanderhaeghen
{"title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Linking Human Cortical Development and Evolution.","authors":"Baptiste Libé-Philippot,&nbsp;Pierre Vanderhaeghen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebral cortex is at the core of brain functions that are thought to be particularly developed in the human species. Human cortex specificities stem from divergent features of corticogenesis, leading to increased cortical size and complexity. Underlying cellular mechanisms include prolonged patterns of neuronal generation and maturation, as well as the amplification of specific types of stem/progenitor cells. While the gene regulatory networks of corticogenesis appear to be largely conserved among all mammals including humans, they have evolved in primates, particularly in the human species, through the emergence of rapidly divergent transcriptional regulatory elements, as well as recently duplicated novel genes. These human-specific molecular features together control key cellular milestones of human corticogenesis and are often affected in neurodevelopmental disorders, thus linking human neural development, evolution, and diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"555-581"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39426585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Genetics of Shoot Meristem and Shoot Regeneration. 嫩枝分生组织的遗传与嫩枝再生。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2021-11-23 Epub Date: 2021-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020439
Leor Eshed Williams
{"title":"Genetics of Shoot Meristem and Shoot Regeneration.","authors":"Leor Eshed Williams","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants exhibit remarkable lineage plasticity, allowing them to regenerate organs that differ from their respective origins. Such developmental plasticity is dependent on the activity of pluripotent founder cells or stem cells residing in meristems. At the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the constant flow of cells requires continuing cell specification governed by a complex genetic network, with the WUSCHEL transcription factor and phytohormone cytokinin at its core. In this review, I discuss some intriguing recent discoveries that expose new principles and mechanisms of patterning and cell specification acting both at the SAM and prior to meristem organogenesis during shoot regeneration. I also highlight unanswered questions and future challenges in the study of SAM and meristem regeneration. Finally, I put forward a model describing stochastic events mediated by epigenetic factors to explain how the gene regulatory network might be initiated at the onset of shoot regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":" ","pages":"661-681"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39435406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
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