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Annual review of genetics最新文献

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Human Genetic Determinants of Viral Diseases. 病毒性疾病的人类遗传决定因素。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-08-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425
Adam D Kenney, James A Dowdle, Leonia Bozzacco, Temet M McMichael, Corine St Gelais, Amanda R Panfil, Yan Sun, Larry S Schlesinger, Matthew Z Anderson, Patrick L Green, Carolina B López, Brad R Rosenberg, Li Wu, Jacob S Yount
{"title":"Human Genetic Determinants of Viral Diseases.","authors":"Adam D Kenney,&nbsp;James A Dowdle,&nbsp;Leonia Bozzacco,&nbsp;Temet M McMichael,&nbsp;Corine St Gelais,&nbsp;Amanda R Panfil,&nbsp;Yan Sun,&nbsp;Larry S Schlesinger,&nbsp;Matthew Z Anderson,&nbsp;Patrick L Green,&nbsp;Carolina B López,&nbsp;Brad R Rosenberg,&nbsp;Li Wu,&nbsp;Jacob S Yount","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Much progress has been made in the identification of specific human gene variants that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral diseases. Herein we review multiple discoveries made with genome-wide or candidate gene approaches that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions. Genetic factors that have been identified include genes encoding virus receptors, receptor-modifying enzymes, and a wide variety of innate and adaptive immunity-related proteins. We discuss a range of pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T cell leukemia virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, herpes simplex virus, norovirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Understanding the genetic underpinnings that affect infectious disease outcomes should allow tailored treatment and prevention approaches in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"241-263"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35357940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 105
Big Lessons from Little Yeast: Budding and Fission Yeast Centrosome Structure, Duplication, and Function. 小酵母的大教训:出芽和分裂酵母中心体结构，复制和功能。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024733
Ann M Cavanaugh, Sue L Jaspersen
{"title":"Big Lessons from Little Yeast: Budding and Fission Yeast Centrosome Structure, Duplication, and Function.","authors":"Ann M Cavanaugh,&nbsp;Sue L Jaspersen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Centrosomes are a functionally conserved feature of eukaryotic cells that play an important role in cell division. The conserved γ-tubulin complex organizes spindle and astral microtubules, which, in turn, separate replicated chromosomes accurately into daughter cells. Like DNA, centrosomes are duplicated once each cell cycle. Although in some cell types it is possible for cell division to occur in the absence of centrosomes, these divisions typically result in defects in chromosome number and stability. In single-celled organisms such as fungi, centrosomes [known as spindle pole bodies (SPBs)] are essential for cell division. SPBs also must be inserted into the membrane because fungi undergo a closed mitosis in which the nuclear envelope (NE) remains intact. This poorly understood process involves events similar or identical to those needed for de novo nuclear pore complex assembly. Here, we review how analysis of fungal SPBs has advanced our understanding of centrosomes and NE events.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"361-383"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35376302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 48
The Genetics of Plant Metabolism. 植物代谢遗传学。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-09-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024640
Alisdair R Fernie, Takayuki Tohge
{"title":"The Genetics of Plant Metabolism.","authors":"Alisdair R Fernie,&nbsp;Takayuki Tohge","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant metabolic studies have traditionally focused on the role and regulation of the enzymes catalyzing key reactions within specific pathways. Within the past 20 years, reverse genetic approaches have allowed direct determination of the effects of the deficiency, or surplus, of a given protein on the biochemistry of a plant. In parallel, top-down approaches have also been taken, which rely on screening broad, natural genetic diversity for metabolic diversity. Here, we compare and contrast the various strategies that have been adopted to enhance our understanding of the natural diversity of metabolism. We also detail how these approaches have enhanced our understanding of both specific and global aspects of the genetic regulation of metabolism. Finally, we discuss how such approaches are providing important insights into the evolution of plant secondary metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"287-310"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35378500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 76
Witnessing Genome Evolution: Experimental Reconstruction of Endosymbiotic and Horizontal Gene Transfer. 见证基因组进化:内共生和水平基因转移的实验重建。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-08-28 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035329
Ralph Bock
{"title":"Witnessing Genome Evolution: Experimental Reconstruction of Endosymbiotic and Horizontal Gene Transfer.","authors":"Ralph Bock","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Present day mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts) evolved from formerly free-living bacteria that were acquired through endosymbiosis more than a billion years ago. Conversion of the bacterial endosymbionts into cell organelles involved the massive translocation of genetic material from the organellar genomes to the nucleus. The development of transformation technologies for organellar genomes has made it possible to reconstruct this endosymbiotic gene transfer in laboratory experiments and study the mechanisms involved. Recently, the horizontal transfer of genetic information between organisms has also become amenable to experimental investigation. It led to the discovery of horizontal genome transfer as an asexual process generating new species and new combinations of nuclear and organellar genomes. This review describes experimental approaches towards studying endosymbiotic and horizontal gene transfer processes, discusses the new knowledge gained from these approaches about both the evolutionary significance of gene transfer and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and highlights exciting possibilities to exploit gene and genome transfer in biotechnology and synthetic biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35303207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 65
Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors and the Biology of Itch Sensation. mass相关G蛋白偶联受体与瘙痒感觉生物学。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024723
James Meixiong, Xinzhong Dong
{"title":"Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors and the Biology of Itch Sensation.","authors":"James Meixiong,&nbsp;Xinzhong Dong","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic, persistent itch is a devastating symptom that causes much suffering. In recent years, there has been great progress made in understanding the molecules, cells, and circuits underlying itch sensation. Once thought to be carried by pain-sensing neurons, itch is now believed to be capable of being transmitted by dedicated sensory labeled lines. Members of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (Mrgpr) family demarcate an itch-specific labeled line in the peripheral nervous system. In the spinal cord, the expression of other proteins identifies additional populations of itch-dedicated sensory neurons. However, as evidence for labeled-line coding has mounted, studies promoting alternative itch-coding strategies have emerged, complicating our understanding of the neural basis of itch. In this review, we cover the molecules, cells, and circuits related to understanding the neural basis of itch, with a focus on the role of Mrgprs in mediating itch sensation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"103-121"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35645454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 79
Nucleases Acting at Stalled Forks: How to Reboot the Replication Program with a Few Shortcuts. 在停止分叉处起作用的核酸酶:如何用一些捷径重新启动复制程序。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024745
Philippe Pasero, Alessandro Vindigni
{"title":"Nucleases Acting at Stalled Forks: How to Reboot the Replication Program with a Few Shortcuts.","authors":"Philippe Pasero,&nbsp;Alessandro Vindigni","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a lifetime, a human being synthesizes approximately 2×10<sup>16</sup> meters of DNA, a distance that corresponds to 130,000 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun. This daunting task is executed by thousands of replication forks, which progress along the chromosomes and frequently stall when they encounter DNA lesions, unusual DNA structures, RNA polymerases, or tightly-bound protein complexes. To complete DNA synthesis before the onset of mitosis, eukaryotic cells have evolved complex mechanisms to process and restart arrested forks through the coordinated action of multiple nucleases, topoisomerases, and helicases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the role and regulation of nucleases acting at stalled forks with a focus on the nucleolytic degradation of nascent DNA, a process commonly referred to as fork resection. We also discuss the effects of deregulated fork resection on genomic instability and on the unscheduled activation of the interferon response under replication stress conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"477-499"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35645455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 82
Sex Determination in the Mammalian Germline. 哺乳动物生殖系的性别决定。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-08-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035449
Cassy Spiller, Peter Koopman, Josephine Bowles
{"title":"Sex Determination in the Mammalian Germline.","authors":"Cassy Spiller,&nbsp;Peter Koopman,&nbsp;Josephine Bowles","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual reproduction crucially depends on the production of sperm in males and oocytes in females. Both types of gamete arise from the same precursor, the germ cells. We review the events that characterize the development of germ cells during fetal life as they commit to, and prepare for, oogenesis or spermatogenesis. In females, fetal germ cells enter meiosis, whereas in males they delay meiosis and instead lose pluripotency, activate an irreversible program of prospermatogonial differentiation, and temporarily cease dividing. Both pathways involve sex-specific molecular signals from the somatic cells of the developing gonads and a suite of intrinsic receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors, RNA stability factors, and epigenetic modulators that act in complex, interconnected positive and negative regulatory networks. Understanding these networks is important in the contexts of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of infertility and gonadal cancers, and in efforts to augment human and animal fertility using stem cell approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"265-285"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35357939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 56
Getting Nervous: An Evolutionary Overhaul for Communication. 紧张:交流的进化大修。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-09-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024648
Frederique Varoqueaux, Dirk Fasshauer
{"title":"Getting Nervous: An Evolutionary Overhaul for Communication.","authors":"Frederique Varoqueaux,&nbsp;Dirk Fasshauer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"455-476"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35376301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb and Trithorax Regulation: A Quantitative Perspective. 非编码rna在多梳和三胸调节中的定量研究。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 Epub Date: 2017-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023402
Leonie Ringrose
{"title":"Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb and Trithorax Regulation: A Quantitative Perspective.","authors":"Leonie Ringrose","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The question of how noncoding RNAs are involved in Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) regulation has been on an extraordinary journey over the last three decades. Favored models have risen and fallen, and healthy debates have swept back and forth. The field has recently reached a critical mass of compelling data that throws light on several previously unresolved issues. The time is ripe for a fruitful combination of these findings with two other long-running avenues of research, namely the biochemical properties of the PcG/TrxG system and the application of theoretical mathematical models toward an understanding of the system's regulatory properties. I propose that integrating our current knowledge of noncoding RNA into a quantitative biochemical and theoretical framework for PcG and TrxG regulation has the potential to reconcile several apparently conflicting models and identifies fascinating questions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"385-411"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35376303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Transcriptional Regulation in Archaea: From Individual Genes to Global Regulatory Networks. 古细菌的转录调控:从个体基因到全球调控网络。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2017-11-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023413
Mar Martinez-Pastor, Peter D Tonner, Cynthia L Darnell, Amy K Schmid
{"title":"Transcriptional Regulation in Archaea: From Individual Genes to Global Regulatory Networks.","authors":"Mar Martinez-Pastor,&nbsp;Peter D Tonner,&nbsp;Cynthia L Darnell,&nbsp;Amy K Schmid","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023413","url":null,"abstract":"Archaea are major contributors to biogeochemical cycles, possess unique metabolic capabilities, and resist extreme stress. To regulate the expression of genes encoding these unique programs, archaeal cells use gene regulatory networks (GRNs) composed of transcription factor proteins and their target genes. Recent developments in genetics, genomics, and computational methods used with archaeal model organisms have enabled the mapping and prediction of global GRN structures. Experimental tests of these predictions have revealed the dynamical function of GRNs in response to environmental variation. Here, we review recent progress made in this area, from investigating the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of individual genes to small-scale subnetworks and genome-wide global networks. At each level, archaeal GRNs consist of a hybrid of bacterial, eukaryotic, and uniquely archaeal mechanisms. We discuss this theme from the perspective of the role of individual transcription factors in genome-wide regulation, how these proteins interact to compile GRN topological structures, and how these topologies lead to emergent, high-level GRN functions. We conclude by discussing how systems biology approaches are a fruitful avenue for addressing remaining challenges, such as discovering gene function and the evolution of GRNs.","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":"51 ","pages":"143-170"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35645453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
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