Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Bubble Formation in Magma","authors":"J. Gardner, F. Wadsworth, T. Carley, E. Llewellin, H. Kusumaatmaja, D. Sahagian","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-080308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-080308","url":null,"abstract":"Volcanic eruptions are driven by bubbles that form when volatile species exsolve from magma. The conditions under which bubbles form depend mainly on magma composition, volatile concentration, presence of crystals, and magma decompression rate. These are all predicated on the mechanism by which volatiles exsolve from the melt to form bubbles. We critically review the known or inferred mechanisms of bubble formation in magmas: homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation on crystal surfaces, and spontaneous phase separation (spinodal decomposition). We propose a general approach for calculating bubble nucleation rates as the sum of the contributions from homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, suggesting that nucleation may not be limited to a single mechanism prior to eruption. We identify three major challenges in which further experimental, analytical, and theoretical work is required to permit the development of a general model for bubble formation under natural eruption conditions. ▪ We review the mechanisms of bubble formation in magma and summarize the conditions under which the various mechanisms are understood to operate. ▪ Bubble formation mechanisms may evolve throughout magma ascent as conditions change such that bubbles may form simultaneously and sequentially via more than one mechanism. ▪ Contributions from both homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation on multiphase crystal phases can be captured via a single equation. ▪ Future work should focus on constraining macroscopic surface tension, characterizing the microphysics, and developing a general framework for modeling bubble formation, via all mechanisms, over natural magma ascent pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 51 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73547292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning in Earthquake Seismology","authors":"S. Mousavi, G. Beroza","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100323","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning (ML) is a collection of methods used to develop understanding and predictive capability by learning relationships embedded in data. ML methods are becoming the dominant approaches for many tasks in seismology. ML and data mining techniques can significantly improve our capability for seismic data processing. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of ML applications in earthquake seismology, discuss progress and challenges, and offer suggestions for future work. ▪ Conceptual, algorithmic, and computational advances have enabled rapid progress in the development of machine learning approaches to earthquake seismology. ▪ The impact of that progress is most clearly evident in earthquake monitoring and is leading to a new generation of much more comprehensive earthquake catalogs. ▪ Application of unsupervised approaches for exploratory analysis of these high-dimensional catalogs may reveal new understanding of seismicity. ▪ Machine learning methods are proving to be effective across a broad range of other seismological tasks, but systematic benchmarking through open source frameworks and benchmark data sets are important to ensure continuing progress. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 51 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77367555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolving Chronology of Moon Formation","authors":"L. Borg, R. Carlson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-060538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-060538","url":null,"abstract":"Defining the age of the Moon has proven to be an elusive task because it requires reliably dating lunar samples using radiometric isotopic systems that record fractionation of parent and daughter elements during events that are petrologically associated with planet formation. Crystallization of the magma ocean is the only event that unambiguously meets this criterion because it probably occurred within tens of millions of years of Moon formation. There are three dateable crystallization products of the magma ocean: mafic mantle cumulates, felsic crustal cumulates, and late-stage crystallization products known as urKREEP (uniform residuum K, rare earth elements, and P). Although ages for these materials in the literature span 200 million years, there is a preponderance of reliable ages around 4.35 billion years recorded in all three lunar rock types. This age is also observed in many secondary crustal rocks, indicating that they were produced contemporaneously (within uncertainty of the ages), possibly during crystallization and overturn of the magma ocean. ▪ The duration of planet formation is key information in understanding the mechanisms by which the terrestrial planets formed. ▪ Ages of the oldest lunar rocks range widely, reflecting either the duration of Moon formation or disturbed ages caused by impact metamorphism. ▪ Ages determined for compositionally distinct crust and mantle materials produced by lunar magma ocean differentiation cluster near 4.35 Gyr. ▪ The repeated occurrence of 4.35 Gyr ages implies that Moon formation occurred late in Solar System history, likely by giant impact into Earth. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 51 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74266785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estella Atekwana: Autobiographical Notes","authors":"E. Atekwana","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-080322-082343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080322-082343","url":null,"abstract":"I describe my career journey from a young girl in Cameroon, West Africa, to a trailblazing geophysicist to my current role as dean. I chronicle my time as a student, the transition to being an early career faculty, launching my research career, and ultimately finding my way to administration. Along the way I helped pioneer biogeophysics as a subdiscipline in geophysics while simultaneously maintaining an international research program in continental rift tectonics. I also describe the many intersectionalities in my life including being the first Black woman in many spaces, being a champion for student success, developing a diverse talent pipeline by enhancing diversity in the geosciences, and navigating academic job searches as part of a dual-career couple. Finally, I acknowledge all those who helped shape my career including the many students I had the opportunity to mentor. ▪ Many underrepresented minority geoscientists lack the social capital and professional networks critical for their success. ▪ Geoscience departments must be intentional and deliberate in promoting and ensuring more inclusive workplace environments. ▪ Dual-career couples remain a major challenge, impacting retention and recruitment of top talent; universities should provide resources to alleviate this challenge. ▪ Biogeophysics has untapped potential for advancing understanding of subsurface biogeochemical processes and the search for life in extreme environments. ▪ To date, considerable speculation remains regarding the fundamental geodynamic processes that initiate and sustain the evolution of magma-deficient rifts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 51 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79891493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volcanic Outgassing of Volatile Trace Metals","authors":"M. Edmonds, E. Mason, Olivia R. Hogg","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-070921-062047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-070921-062047","url":null,"abstract":"Volcanoes play a key role in the cycling of volatile metals (e.g., chalcophile elements such as Tl, Pb, and Cu and metalloids such as As, Te, and Se) on our planet. Volatile metals and metalloids are outgassed by active volcanoes, forming particulate volcanic plumes that deliver them in reactive form to the environment, where they may be nutrients (e.g., Cu and Zn) or pollutants (e.g., Hg, As, Pb). Volcanic outgassing rates of these elements compare to those associated with building ore deposits in the crust and to anthropogenic emission rates. There are distinct compositional differences between volcanic plumes in different tectonic settings, related to the enrichment of arc magmas in metals transported in slab fluids, metal speciation, and partitioning between silicate melt, vapor, and magmatic sulfide. Volcanic gases have compositions similar to those of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions found in mineralized granites, albeit with a lower density and salinity. Volatile volcanic metals are transported as soluble aerosols in volcanic plumes and may persist for hundreds of kilometers in the troposphere. Volcanic metal chloride aerosols in tropospheric volcanic plumes at high latitudes are recorded in ice cores. ▪ Volcanoes emit significant fluxes of volatile trace metals such as Cu, Tl, and Pb, as gases and particulates, to the surface environment. ▪ There is a distinct metal compositional fingerprint in volcanic and hydrothermal plumes at subduction and hotspot volcanoes and mid-ocean ridges, controlled by magma and fluid chemistry. ▪ Volcanic gases are the less saline equivalent of the fluids forming economic porphyry deposits of chalcophile metals (e.g., Cu) in the crust. ▪ The metals in tropospheric volcanic plumes may be rained out near the vent, but in dry environments they may persist for thousands of kilometers and be deposited in ice cores.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75475543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture, Friction, and Permeability of Ice","authors":"E. Schulson, C. Renshaw","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-085507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-085507","url":null,"abstract":"Water ice Ih exhibits brittle behavior when rapidly loaded. Under tension, it fails via crack nucleation and propagation. Compressive failure is more complicated. Under low confinement, cracks slide and interact to form a frictional (Coulombic) fault. Under high confinement, frictional sliding is suppressed and adiabatic heating through crystallographic slip leads to the formation of a plastic fault. The coefficient of static friction increases with time under load, owing to creep of asperities in contact. The coefficient of kinetic (dynamic) friction, set by the ratio of asperity shear strength to hardness, increases with velocity at lower speeds and decreases at higher speeds as contacts melt through frictional heating. Microcracks, upon reaching a critical number density (which near the ductile-to-brittle transition is nearly constant above a certain strain rate), form a pathway for percolation. Additional work is needed on the effects of porosity and crack healing. ▪ An understanding of brittle failure is essential to better predict the integrity of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice covers and the tectonic evolution of the icy crusts of Enceladus, Europa, and other extraterrestrial satellites. ▪ Fundamental to the brittle failure of ice is the initiation and propagation of microcracks, frictional sliding across crack faces, and localization of strain through both crack interaction and adiabatic heating.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84565069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index","authors":"A. Schmidt, B. Black","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816","url":null,"abstract":"Volcanic eruptions impact climate, subtly and profoundly. The size of an eruption is only loosely correlated with the severity of its climate effects, which can include changes in surface temperature, ozone levels, stratospheric dynamics, precipitation, and ocean circulation. We review the processes—in magma chambers, eruption columns, and the oceans, biosphere, and atmosphere—that mediate the climate response to an eruption. A complex relationship between eruption size, style, duration, and the subsequent severity of the climate response emerges. We advocate for a new, consistent metric, the Volcano-Climate Index, to categorize climate response to eruptions independent of eruption properties and spanning the full range of volcanic activity, from brief explosive eruptions to long-lasting flood basalts. A consistent metric for categorizing the climate response to eruptions that differ in size, style, and duration is critical for establishing the relationshipbetween the severity and the frequency of such responses aiding hazard assessments, and furthering understanding of volcanic impacts on climate on timescales of years to millions of years. ▪ We review the processes driving the rocky relationship between eruption size and climate response and propose a Volcano-Climate Index. ▪ Volcanic eruptions perturb Earth's climate on a range of timescales, with key open questions regarding how processes in the magmatic system, eruption column, and atmosphere shape the climate response to volcanism. ▪ A Volcano-Climate Index will provide information on the volcano-climate severity-frequency distribution, analogous to earthquake hazards. ▪ Understanding of the frequency of specific levels of volcanic climate effects will aid hazard assessments, planning, and mitigation of societal impacts.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76464703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleistocene Periglacial Processes and Landforms, Mid-Atlantic Region, Eastern United States","authors":"D. Merritts, M. Rahnis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-102849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-102849","url":null,"abstract":"Just as glaciers worldwide left a record of past advances and retreats that shifted latitudinally in response to oscillating Quaternary climate changes, so too have cold-climate conditions and permafrost left topographic and sedimentary signatures in former periglacial environments. This review documents widespread occurrence of past permafrost and intense frost action that led to rock fracturing, regolith production, and regolith-mantled slopes in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States during late Pleistocene cold-climate conditions. Strong signatures of thermal contraction cracking and brecciation from frost cracking exist where rocks and sediments are most frost susceptible, as with fissile shales. On sandstone hillslopes, frost weathering produced boulder-rich sediment that episodically flowed slowly downslope during permafrost thaw, resulting in solifluction lobes and terraces in which colluvium moved cumulatively at least a kilometer. Radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence age control, and cosmogenic isotope studies constrain some periglacial features to the Last Glacial Maximum but also indicate longer residence times of regolith. ▪ Former permafrost and areas of intensive frost cracking extended over much of the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States during late Pleistocene cold glacial periods. ▪ Cold-climate conditions and permafrost left long-lasting topographic and sedimentary records with limited post-depositional erosion in the formerly periglacial mid-Atlantic region. ▪ Prominent relict periglacial landforms include polygon networks and frost wedges that are the result of thermal contraction cracking and brecciated rock formed by segregated ice and frost cracking. ▪ Widespread solifluction landforms are a topographic signature of freezing, thawing, and mass movement of mobile regolith produced by frost cracking, and some were active during the Last Glacial Maximum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75453098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Fluxes in the Coastal Ocean: Synthesis, Boundary Processes and Future Trends","authors":"M. Dai, Jianzhong Su, Yangyang Zhao, E. Hofmann, Zhimian Cao, W. Cai, J. Gan, Fabrice Lacroix, G. Laruelle, Feifei Meng, J. Müller, P. Régnier, Guizhi Wang, Zhixuan Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-090746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-090746","url":null,"abstract":"This review examines the current understanding of the global coastal ocean carbon cycle and provides a new quantitative synthesis of air-sea CO2 exchange. This reanalysis yields an estimate for the globally integrated coastal ocean CO2 flux of −0.25 ± 0.05 Pg C year−1, with polar and subpolar regions accounting for most of the CO2 removal (>90%). A framework that classifies river-dominated ocean margin (RiOMar) and ocean-dominated margin (OceMar) systems is used to conceptualize coastal carbon cycle processes. The carbon dynamics in three contrasting case study regions, the Baltic Sea, the Mid-Atlantic Bight, and the South China Sea, are compared in terms of the spatio-temporal variability of surface pCO2. Ocean carbon models that range from box models to three-dimensional coupled circulation-biogeochemical models are reviewed in terms of the ability to simulate key processes and project future changes in different continental shelf regions. Common unresolved challenges remain for implementation of these models across RiOMar and OceMar systems. The long-term trends in coastal ocean carbon fluxes for different coastal systems under anthropogenic stress that are emerging in observations and numerical simulations are highlighted. Knowledge gaps in projecting future perturbations associated with before and after net-zero CO2 emissions in the context of concurrent changes in the land-ocean-atmosphere coupled system pose a key challenge. ▪ A new synthesis yields an estimate for globally integrated coastal ocean carbon sink of −0.25 Pg C year−1, with greater than 90% of atmospheric CO2 removal occurring in polar and subpolar regions. ▪ The sustained coastal and open ocean carbon sink is vital in mitigating climate change and meeting the target set by the Paris Agreement. ▪ Uncertainties in the future coastal ocean carbon cycle are associated with concurrent trends and changes in the land-ocean-atmosphere coupled system. ▪ The major gaps and challenges identified for current coastal ocean carbon research have important implications for climate and sustainability policies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85501096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geodetic and Geological Deformation of the Island Arc in Northeast Japan Revealed by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake","authors":"T. Sagiya, A. Meneses‐Gutierrez","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-074429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-074429","url":null,"abstract":"Northeast Japan is a typical island arc related to the Pacific plate subduction. The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake provided a unique opportunity to analyze crustal deformation with different boundary conditions, similar to a gigantic rock deformation experiment. We review findings obtained through various observations and data analyses in Northeast Japan, focusing on the crustal deformation in different timescales. The occurrence of the M9 earthquake solved the ongoing paradox that the geodetic strain rate is an order of magnitude larger than the geologic estimate, showing that the centennial geodetic observation had mainly captured the elastic strain accumulation. Along the localized contraction zone along the Japan Sea coast, a comparison of postseismic and interseismic deformation patterns revealed a significant contribution of inelastic deformation, which plays an essential role in long-term deformation. Along the Pacific coast, rapid interseismic subsidence and unexpected coseismic subsidence were followed by a rapid postseismic uplift, indicating that viscous relaxation in the mantle is of essential importance. These findings advance our understanding of plate interactions and the tectonic evolution of the island arc. ▪ The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake provided the most complete crustal deformation data set ever for interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic periods. ▪ The discrepancy between the geologic and geodetic deformation rates in Northeast Japan is attributed to an elastic strain due to interplate locking. ▪ A significant contribution of inelastic deformation in the island arc crust is identified through a comparison of interseismic and postseismic deformations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89181452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}