Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Titan's Interior Structure and Dynamics After the Cassini-Huygens Mission","authors":"C. Sotin, K. Kalousová, G. Tobie","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-072920-052847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-072920-052847","url":null,"abstract":"The Cassini-Huygens mission that explored the Saturn system during the period 2004–2017 revolutionized our understanding of Titan, the only known moon with a dense atmosphere and the only body, besides Earth, with stable surface liquids. Its predominantly nitrogen atmosphere also contains a few percent of methane that is photolyzed on short geological timescales to form ethane and more complex organic molecules. The presence of a significant amount of methane and 40Ar, the decay product of 40K, argues for exchange processes from the interior to the surface. Here we review the information that constrains Titan's interior structure. Gravity and orbital data suggest that Titan is an ocean world, which implies differentiation into a hydrosphere and a rocky core. The mass and gravity data complemented by equations of state constrain the ocean density and composition as well as the hydrosphere thickness. We present end-member models, review the dynamics of each layer, and discuss the global evolution consistent with the Cassini-Huygens data. ▪ Titan is the only moon with a dense atmosphere where organic molecules are synthesized and have sedimented at the surface. ▪ The Cassini-Huygens mission demonstrated that Titan is an ocean world with an internal water shell and liquid hydrocarbon seas at the poles. ▪ Interactions between water, rock, and organics may have occurred during most of Titan's evolution, which has strong astrobiological implications. ▪ Data collected by the Dragonfly mission and comparison with the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) data for Ganymede will further reveal Titan's astrobiology potential. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88455414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Risk Management","authors":"K. Keller, Casey Helgeson, Vivek Srikrishnan","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-080320-055847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-080320-055847","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerating global climate change drives new climate risks. People around the world are researching, designing, and implementing strategies to manage these risks. Identifying and implementing sound climate risk management strategies poses nontrivial challenges including ( a) linking the required disciplines, ( b) identifying relevant values and objectives, ( c) identifying and quantifying important uncertainties, ( d) resolving interactions between decision levers and the system dynamics, ( e) quantifying the trade-offs between diverse values under deep and dynamic uncertainties, ( f) communicating to inform decisions, and ( g) learning from the decision-making needs to inform research design. Here we review these challenges and avenues to overcome them. ▪  People and institutions are confronted with emerging and dynamic climate risks. ▪  Stakeholder values are central to defining the decision problem. ▪  Mission-oriented basic research helps to improve the design of climate risk management strategies.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81056967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Geodynamic Evolution of Iran","authors":"R. Stern, H. S. Moghadam, M. Pirouz, W. Mooney","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-071620-052109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-071620-052109","url":null,"abstract":"Iran is a remarkable geoscientific laboratory where the full range of processes that form and modify the continental crust can be studied. Iran's crustal nucleus formed as a magmatic arc above an S...","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"128 23 1","pages":"9-36"},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87763562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards understanding Deccan volcanism","authors":"S. Self, T. Mittal, L. Vanderkluysen, Gauri Dole","doi":"10.1002/ESSOAR.10506756.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ESSOAR.10506756.2","url":null,"abstract":"Large igneous provinces (LIPs) represent some of the greatest volcanic events in Earth history with significant impacts on ecosystems, including mass extinctions. However, some fundamental questions related to the eruption rate, eruption style, and vent locations for LIP lava flows remain unanswered. In this review, we use the Cretaceous–Paleogene Deccan Traps as an archetype to address these questions because they are one of the best-preserved large continental flood basalt provinces. We describe the volcanological features of the Deccan flows and the potential temporal and regional variations as well as the spatial characteristics of potential feeder dikes. Along with estimates of mean long-term eruption rates for individual Deccan lavas from paleomagnetism and Hg proxy records of ∼50–250 km3/year (erupting for tens to hundreds of years), the Deccan volcanic characteristics suggest aunified conceptual model for eruption of voluminous (>1,000 km3) LIP lavas with large spatial extent (>40,000 km2). We conclude by highlighting a few key open questions and challenges that can help improve our understanding of how the Deccan flows, as well as LIP flows in general, erupted and the mechanisms by which the lavas may have flowed over distances up to 1,000 km. ▪ The Deccan Traps are an archetype for addressing fundamental volcanological questions related to eruption rate, eruption style, and vent locations for large igneous province lava flows. ▪ Deccan subprovinces likely evolved as separate volcanic systems; thus, long-distance/interprovince flow correlations must be carefully assessed. ▪ The earliest eruptions came through the Narmada-Tapi rift zone followed by the establishment of a separate magmatic plumbing system by mantle plume–associated magmas. ▪ Typical Deccan eruption rates were ∼50–250 km3/year of lava. Individual eruptions lasted for a few hundred to 1,000 years and were separated by hiatuses of 3,000–6,000 years. ▪ The conspicuous absence of dikes in the Central Deccan region strongly implies long-distance surface transport of lavas in the form of flows hundreds of kilometers long. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82265190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric CO2 over the Past 66 Million Years from Marine Archives","authors":"J. Rae, Yi Ge Zhang, Xiaoqing Liu, G. Foster, H. Stoll, R. Whiteford","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-082420-063026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-082420-063026","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes in carbonates and carbon ...","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85886601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Atlas of Phanerozoic Paleogeographic Maps: The Seas Come In and the Seas Go Out","authors":"C. Scotese","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-081320-064052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-081320-064052","url":null,"abstract":"Paleogeography is the study of the changing surface of Earth through time. Driven by plate tectonics, the configuration of the continents and ocean basins has been in constant flux. Plate tectonics...","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79809456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive Nitrogen Cycling in the Atmosphere and Ocean","authors":"K. Altieri, S. Fawcett, M. Hastings","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-083120-052147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-083120-052147","url":null,"abstract":"The budget of reactive nitrogen (Nr; oxidized and reduced inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen) has at least doubled since the preindustrial era due to human activities. There are significant de...","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76566105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architectural and Tectonic Control on the Segmentation of the Central American Volcanic Arc","authors":"E. Gazel, K. Flores, M. J. Carr","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-082420-055108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-082420-055108","url":null,"abstract":"Central America has a rich mix of conditions that allow comparisons of different natural experiments in the generation of arc magmas within the relatively short length of the margin. The shape of t...","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80053791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olivine-Hosted Melt Inclusions: A Microscopic Perspective on a Complex Magmatic World","authors":"P. Wallace, T. Plank, R. Bodnar, G. Gaetani, T. Shea","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-082420-060506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-EARTH-082420-060506","url":null,"abstract":"Inclusions of basaltic melt trapped inside of olivine phenocrysts during igneous crystallization provide a rich, crystal-scale record of magmatic processes ranging from mantle melting to ascent, eruption, and quenching of magma during volcanic eruptions. Melt inclusions are particularly valuable for retaining information on volatiles such as H2O and CO2 that are normally lost by vesiculation and degassing as magma ascends and erupts. However, the record preserved in melt inclusions can be variably obscured by postentrapment processes, and thus melt inclusion research requires careful evaluation of the effects of such processes. Here we review processes by which melt inclusions are trapped and modified after trapping, describe new opportunities for studying the rates of magmatic and volcanic processes over a range of timescales using the kinetics of post-trapping processes, and describe recent developments in the use of volatile contents of melt inclusions to improve our understanding of how volcanoes work. ▪ Inclusions of silicate melt (magma) trapped inside of crystals formed by magma crystallization provide a rich, detailed record of what happens beneath volcanoes. ▪ These inclusions record information ranging from how magma forms deep inside Earth to its final hours as it ascends to the surface and erupts. ▪ The melt inclusion record, however, is complex and hazy because of many processes that modify the inclusions after they become trapped in crystals. ▪ Melt inclusions provide a primary archive of dissolved gases in magma, which are the key ingredients that make volcanoes erupt explosively. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81810560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Organic Isotopologue Frontier","authors":"A. Gilbert","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-071420-053134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071420-053134","url":null,"abstract":"Organic molecules are key components of the Earth-life system. Their stable isotope composition provides information on various problems such as past climate, energy resources, or the synthesis of ...","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91261536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}