碳酸盐:分类、来源、演化和就位

IF 11.3 1区 地球科学 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
G. Yaxley, Michael Anenburg, S. Tappe, S. Decrée, T. Guzmics
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引用次数: 49

摘要

碳酸盐岩是一种火成岩,由富含碳酸盐的母熔体分离结晶而形成,这些母熔体主要来自地幔。它们主要由碳酸盐矿物组成,如方解石、白云石和铁白云石,以及少量的磷酸盐、氧化物和硅酸盐。它们位于大陆板内环境,如克拉通的内部和边缘,以及裂谷带,很少位于海洋岛屿上。碳酸盐岩是一种堆积岩,由熔体结晶形成的晶体的物理分离和堆积而形成,它们的母熔体是由(a)含碳酸盐的、交代的、产生含碱钙白云岩熔体的岩石圈地幔的直接部分熔融形成的,或者(b)含碳酸盐的、含硅不饱和的岩浆(如辉白云岩、百溶岩或煌斑岩)的分馏结晶形成的硅酸盐-碳酸盐液体不混溶。它们侵入地壳通常伴随着碳酸盐岩结晶过程中排出的流体造成的岩化、岩壁碱交代作用。碳酸盐岩是稀土元素和铌矿床的主要寄存地,这些商品的全球产量绝大多数来自碳酸盐岩。■碳酸盐岩是由富含碳酸盐的岩浆形成的火成岩,最终形成于地球的上地幔。碳酸盐与稀土元素和铌等金属的经济矿床有关,这些金属在高科技应用中是必不可少的。▪地质记录中有500多个碳酸盐岩,但目前只有一座活跃的碳酸盐岩火山,即坦桑尼亚的Oldoinyo Lengai火山。《地球与行星科学年度评论》第50卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2022年5月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Carbonatites: Classification, Sources, Evolution, and Emplacement
Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor phosphates, oxides, and silicates. They are emplaced in continental intraplate settings such as cratonic interiors and margins, as well as rift zones, and rarely on oceanic islands. Carbonatites are cumulate rocks, which are formed by physical separation and accumulation of crystals that crystallize from a melt, and their parental melts form by either ( a) direct partial melting of carbonate-bearing, metasomatized, lithospheric mantle producing alkali-bearing calciodolomitic melts or ( b) silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility following fractional crystallization of carbonate-bearing, silica-undersaturated magmas such as nephelinites, melilitites, or lamprophyres. Their emplacement into the crust is usually accompanied by fenitization, alkali metasomatism of wallrock caused by fluids expelled from the crystallizing carbonatite. Carbonatites are major hosts of deposits of the rare earth elements and niobium, and the vast majority of the global production of these commodities is from carbonatites. ▪ Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed from carbonate-rich magmas, which ultimately formed in Earth's upper mantle. ▪ Carbonatites are associated with economic deposits of metals such as the rare earth elements and niobium, which are essential in high-tech applications. ▪ There are more than 500 carbonatites in the geological record but only one currently active carbonatite volcano, Oldoinyo Lengai in Tanzania. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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来源期刊
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 地学天文-地球科学综合
CiteScore
25.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
25
期刊介绍: Since its establishment in 1973, the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences has been dedicated to providing comprehensive coverage of advancements in the field. This esteemed publication examines various aspects of earth and planetary sciences, encompassing climate, environment, geological hazards, planet formation, and the evolution of life. To ensure wider accessibility, the latest volume of the journal has transitioned from a gated model to open access through the Subscribe to Open program by Annual Reviews. Consequently, all articles published in this volume are now available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
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