Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Experimental Study of the Flow Characteristics of Geometrically Similar Straight-Flow and Stepped Labyrinth Seals","authors":"S. S. Dmitriev,&nbsp;B. N. Petrunin,&nbsp;I. A. Nikitin","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525601603","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525601603","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Various modifications of the Stodola formula have hitherto been used for calculating the leak through a seal. The parameters appearing in the Stodola formula are easily determined in a calculation or a simple experiment. However, for evaluating the flowrate coefficient appearing in the Stodola formula, a special experiment has to be carried out for each throttle type. It is also necessary to calculate the straightness ratio, which takes into account incomplete velocity deceleration. For determining the flowrate coefficient and straightness ratio, specialists of the MPEI Department for Steam and Gas Turbines proposed—as far back as the 1950s—simple relationships, which are still used nowadays without any updating. The problem of more accurately assessing the leaks through seals still remains of issue. An important feature of the dependences for the stiffness of aerodynamic overshroud force nonconservative components on the tip clearance obtained at the NRU MPEI is that there is a maximum in the area of its relatively small values (0.5–0.7 mm). In addition, it has been found that the nonconservative component of the aerodynamic force that emerges in overshroud tip clearances is almost inversely proportional to the flowrate through these seals. Thus, to ensure acceptable leak flowrate through these seals under the conditions of a tradeoff between minimizing the clearance for reducing the leak and increasing the clearance to avoid self-exited vibration from occurring, it is necessary to improve the leak determination accuracy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the methods applied for calculating the flowrate coefficient and straightness ratio. To this end, a special model has been designed and produced, which makes it possible to study geometrically similar straight-flow seals and seals with complete deceleration of velocity in the chamber. It has been shown that, whatever the convenience of using the dimensionless ratio of tip clearance to the fin end thickness for determining the flowrate coefficient, one should not overestimate its versatility, and that the currently used flowrate coefficient dependence on the dimensionless ratio needs updating.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"530 - 536"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Virtual Test Results for the Profiling Versions of a High-Capacity Steam Turbine’s Low Pressure Cylinder Stages","authors":"K. L. Lapshin,&nbsp;Yu. V. Ferafont’ev","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700205","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700205","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The key performance indicators of three five-stage low-pressure cylinder (LPC) versions having identical first stages and identical rotors are compared using a virtual test bench in the rated mode of their operation. The versions of the LPC-1 with semibowed guide vanes and the LPC-2 with integral guide vanes of the four last stages were also studied in a wide range of operation modes by varying the backpressure downstream of the compartment from 0.0035 to 0.0245 MPa. In addition, the LPC-3 with radial guide vanes of all stages was virtually studied only in the nominal mode of operation. A computer program for 2D verification gas dynamic calculation of the LPC flow path was used as the virtual test bench. In order to obtain stable results of complex calculations, this program was incorporated into the core of the main software implementing the nonlinear computer optimization method, which is a combination of the relaxation method (the alternating-variable descent method, the Gauss–Seidel method) and direct version ordering method according to the performance criterion (the direct search method). The tests performed have shown that in the nominal operation mode, the LPC-3 is inferior to the LPC-2 and LPC-1 in the power output and economic efficiency. In a wide variation range of operating parameters, up to the last stage windage modes, the LPC-2 is more preferred than the LPC-1 in power (by up to 1.8 MW) and efficiency (by up to 1.6%). The virtual tests have made it possible to obtain the gas dynamic characteristics of all compartment stages, and for the last stages of the LPC-2 and LPC-1 compartments—in a wide range of operation parameters, up to the windage modes.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"523 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Liquid Pentane Thermal Oil Heater Design for an ORC Unit","authors":"I. S. Antanenkova,&nbsp;A. A. Antanenkov,&nbsp;D. S. Pisarev","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700217","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700217","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One specific feature connected with using the Rankine cycle with low boiling working fluids (LBWF) is the need to significantly heat the fluid before supplying it to the evaporator. Quite little attention is paid in the scientific literature to arrangement of this process and design of the appropriate device. This is despite the fact that the fraction of heat transferred in it from the heat source to the LBWF in liquid state is commensurable with that in the boiling process in the evaporator (which is considered to be the main one) and may even exceed it. The article considers development of the heater design for a capacity of 1340 kW as part of a power unit for an electrical capacity of 500 kW, which uses pentane as working fluid. The following oil coolers of stationary power installations operating on steam are considered as prototypes for the heater: vertical shell-and-tube apparatuses with smooth tubes, with disc–ring type partitions with nonsealed and sealed process clearances; with low knurled fins on the tubes, with disc–ring type partitions and sealed process clearances, and with longitudinally finned tubes as part of tube-in-tube elements. The results of design calculations for a liquid pentane heater of all designs considered are given. The flowrate of pentane heated in the apparatus from 72 to 149°С was equal to 6.05 kg/s. For apparatuses with smooth tubes and disc–ring type partitions, the calculation was carried out for tubes with the outer diameter equal to 12, 14, 16, and 18 mm, and wall thickness from 0.5 to 3 mm, made of four materials: copper, brass, carbon steel, and stainless steel. For apparatuses containing tubes with low knurled finning, the possibility of using the same tubes as in the prototype (the oil cooler), as well as GEWA-K tubes produced by Wieland-Werke AG company (Ulm, Germany) made of copper and steel, was studied. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the overall mass and dimensions for the obtained design versions, and of the thermal-hydraulic indicators of the processes that take place in them. Recommendations on selecting the design version of the pentane heater as part of the power unit considered have been formulated.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"510 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Performance Improvement of Paraffin Wax by Using Amine-Functionalized Graphene as a Nanomaterial","authors":"Daya Shankar Prasad,&nbsp; Pradeep Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525600415","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525600415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, amine-functionalized graphene <span>({text{NH}_{2}}{text{-G}})</span> is used as a nanomaterial to improve the thermal performance of paraffin wax (PW). PW is used as a phase change material (PCM). Reinforcement of graphene at volume percentages of 0.20 and 0.40% in PW results in enhancement of the properties of PCM. The experimental results confirmed the duration of PCM charging time reduced by 69.20% and discharging time extended by 35% with increasing the concentration of nanomaterial, respectively. Additionally, with increasing the flow rate from 6.25 to 25.00 mL/s, both charging and discharging time reduce. The results of the reinforcement of graphene in PW have been reported as the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the PCM to 13.58, 21.51, 31.32, and 46.42%, with volume percentages of 0.20, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.60, respectively. Moreover, it has been observed that the optimal concentration is 0.8 vol %. The use of functionalized graphene is highly effective in increasing the rate of heat transfer during both the melting (charging) and solidifying (discharging) phases, which increases the thermal responsiveness of the PCM. However, at concentrations higher than 0.8 vol %, there might be some adverse effects due to agglomeration of particles and an increase in viscosity. The enhanced thermal conductivity and reduced charging time indicate that the prepared nano-enhanced PCM can store and release thermal energy more efficiently than pure paraffin wax. These findings suggested that <span>({text{NH}_{2}}{text{-G}})</span> is a very effective and useful nanomaterial to enhance the thermal performance of PW, which makes it a perfect choice for various types of thermal energy storage (TES) applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"561 - 576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and Analysis of Experimental Data on Critical Heat Flux in the Fuel Assemblies of VVER Reactors","authors":"E. A. Vertikov,&nbsp;D. A. Oleksyuk,&nbsp;M. A. Malyutin,&nbsp;P. A. Domrachev,&nbsp;D. A. Yashnikov,&nbsp;O. N. Morozkin","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700175","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700175","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article analyzes the existing experimental data on critical heat flux in the fuel assemblies (FAs) of VVER reactors when used without heat and mass transfer intensifier grids. The data obtained on thermophysical facilities at eight different companies in Russia and around the world are considered; the total number of experimental models makes 80 ones. The article presents an analysis of experimental data distribution with respect to various characteristics of FA models, including the number of fuel rods, heated length, and existence of a radial or an axial power distribution profile. The article also compares the experimental data with the calculation results obtained using the certified subchannel thermal-hydraulic code SC-INT and the design formula of OKB GIDROPRESS implemented in its composition for determining the critical heat flux (CHF). An analysis of almost 5000 points was carried out, from which a conclusion has been drawn that the data obtained on different thermophysical facilities feature a high degree of scatter: the resulting values of arithmetic mean and rms deviations of the CHF values calculated using the SC-INT code from the experimental data make 4.4 and 23.5%, respectively. A procedure for multicriteria assessment of experimental data representativeness is proposed. At the first stage, the Pearson correlation coefficients are determined between the deviations of calculated CHF values from the experimental data and the values of coolant parameters, namely, pressure, mass flux, and quality. At the second stage, statistical outliers are revealed, and statistical hypotheses about the normal distribution of the deviations considered are tested. At the third (final) stage, the uncertainty connected with the conditions under which experimental studies are carried out, and with certain parameters of closing relationships is analyzed. The compilation of a representative set of experimental data on CHF in the FAs of VVER reactors will make it possible to achieve better accuracy of thermal-hydraulic codes and improve the simulation quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"577 - 588"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Study of a 10 kV Electric Water Heater with Ceramic Insulation Tubes","authors":"Jang Kiho,&nbsp;Jon Chol Jin,&nbsp;Kim Bong Il","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525600257","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525600257","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The high voltage electric heater is being often used in helping to manage load fluctuations in renewable energy utilization. Its value lies in its ability to rapidly convert electricity into heat without transformers using directly the high voltage power available on the distribution grid. However, the former 10 kV electric heater, where the insulation tube is not installed, is limited in use because it exhibits unstable phenomena including electrical shock. For stable operation, we proposed a 10 kV electrical heater equipped with ceramic insulated tubes, unlike the previous types, and determined its geometric size and operating parameters through numerical and experimental analysis of coupled heat, hydraulic, and electric fields in the water heating process. A mathematical model was introduced to describe coupled thermal, hydraulic and electrical fields. This model was calculated with ANSYS Fluent in range of velocity 0.2–1.0 m/s and temperature 20–60°C. The calculated thermal power was compared with the real thermal power of the 10 kV electric heater operating under identical conditions. It is found that the predicted thermal power is acceptable and the insulation tube is appropriate with the geometrical size (diameter 0.17 m, height 0.5 m). This study makes possible to determine operation parameters and geometrical sizes of high voltage electric heaters with various capacities in the design stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"550 - 560"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Critical Role of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies in Achieving Climate Stabilization","authors":"V. V. Klimenko,&nbsp;A. V. Klimenko,&nbsp;A. G. Tereshin,&nbsp;O. V. Mikushina","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700229","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700229","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The prospective contribution the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies can make in achieving the climatic neutrality of the global economy is studied. The current state of and possibilities for diffusion of the CCUS technologies across the world is examined. It is shown that the modern global development rates of these new technologies correspond to the parameters characterizing the advancement of their historical analogs—nuclear power, renewable energy sources, and environment protection technologies. Two dynamic development scenarios (historical and intense ones) of CCUS capacities for the period up to 2200 with the cumulative absorption equal to 250 and 520 billion t CO₂, respectively, by 2100 are proposed. Based on new in-depth assessments of the absorption capacity potential of the Earth’s forests, a scenario of the carbon sink into the global biota is developed, which ensures a cumulative absorption of up to 70 billion t CO₂ by 2100 and up to 100 billion t CO₂ by 2200. It is shown that, given the existing limitations on the biotic sink, neither the historical nor the intensive scenario of reducing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is able to achieve the climatic neutrality of the global economy (by 2200 and 2100, respectively) unless the CCUS technologies are used. For both scenarios, it is necessary to set up CCUS systems for a total capacity at a level of 8–10 billion t CO₂/year; however, according to the intensive scenario, this level has to be reached already in 2070 (with subsequently decreasing the annual absorption), whereas in the historical scenario, a smoother growth to the end of the current century is assumed. The model assessments of the global climatic system response to the proposed anthropogenic impact scenarios show that in the case of their having been implemented, these scenarios are able to cap the average global temperature rise by 1.5–2.0°С, but they are not able to prevent the planet from remaining in the zone of dangerous overheating for a long (more than one and a half century) period of time.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"501 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of Surface Boiling Intensification: A New Method for Heat Transfer Enhancement","authors":"A. V. Belyaev,&nbsp;M. D. Filippov,&nbsp;A. V. Dedov,&nbsp;I. M. Pavlov,&nbsp;E. I. Gareev","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700187","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A simple and technologically feasible method for liquid boiling heat transfer enhancement has experimentally been studied. Central to the proposed method is setting up conditions under which the working fluid boiling temperature is reached at a lower temperature to which a copper heat transfer surface is heated. The experiments were carried out under the liquid bulk boiling conditions at atmospheric pressure on a flat copper surface, above which round brass plates were placed at an adjusted height. The maximum heat flux value made 500 kW/m². Various plate location options were considered to determine the optimal conditions under which the maximal heat transfer coefficient is reached. Boiling curves for all of the studied options were obtained, heat transfer coefficients were calculated, and their comparative analysis was carried out. It has been found that the brass plate optimal placement height and diameter have an essential influence on the process performance. According to the experiment results, the option involving the use of several plates turned to be the most optimal one: the heat transfer coefficient increased by up to 80% in comparison with that for the copper surface. It is pointed out that the proposed method does not imply the need for complex treatment of the surface, features high manufacturability, and was not previously described in accessible literature sources, circumstances that point to its scientific novelty and practical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"537 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Assessment of the Separated Moisture Drain Arrangement in the Intermediate Separation and Steam Reheating System for NPP Turbine Units in Transient Operation Modes","authors":"D. A. Klimov,&nbsp;S. B. Esin,&nbsp;M. V. Mironova,&nbsp;V. V. Nedavnii,&nbsp;Yu. V. Gusev,&nbsp;T. A. Zambrzhitskaya","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700199","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nowadays, new technical solutions allowing NPPs to operate in daily load following modes are systematically put in use in the nuclear power industry. To minimize the number of switching operations in the course of maneuvering, it is necessary to consider the systems that have an effect on the stability of power unit operation in changing the base operation mode without switchovers to standby lines. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of various process circuit arrangements of the intermediate separation and steam reheating (ISSR) system for nuclear power plant steam turbine units (STUs). The aim of the study is to select a rational configuration of the separated moisture draining arrangement that would ensure high power performance and operational reliability indicators. The study methodology involves consideration of moisture separation arrangements in the domestically produced STUs of NPPs, comparative modeling, and heat balance calculations of STUs equipped with a modernized system for draining separated moisture from the moisture separator-reheater separated moisture drain tank for estimating the STU performance efficiency. It has been found in the course of the study that the separated moisture drain system configurations were already modernized at existing power plants. As a result, it has been determined that the process arrangement with a united separated moisture drain tank features better efficiency in stationary operation modes. For making its operation more stable in transient modes, in particular, to prevent separated moisture from flashing and prevent cavitation from occurring in the pumps when the load is reduced, a set of technical solutions has been proposed and substantiated. They include installing a drain cooler in the low pressure heater (LPH-4) and setting up a forced separated moisture cooling system by means of condensate injection. It is shown that the adopted solutions have turned to be very efficient to ensure stable and cavitation-free operation of pump equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 7","pages":"589 - 596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Management of Thermal Power Plant Solid Wastes: Characterization and Sustainable Valorization Strategies","authors":"Ali Mohammed El-Tanbouly,&nbsp;Khaled Refaat,&nbsp;Yasser Kamal Abdel-Monem,&nbsp;Abu Rehab Hamid Mahmoud,&nbsp;Hesham Samir Mohammed","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525600348","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525600348","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thermal power facilities generate substantial quantities of solid waste during water purification and fuel burning processes, presenting significant challenges for environmental management and resource conservation. This investigation examines and characterizes solid wastes produced by an Egyptian thermal power installation, with focus on water treatment sludge containing aluminum compounds, spent granular activated carbon (GAC), depleted ion-exchange resins (IERs) of various classifications, and combustion residues. Currently, these materials are predominantly sent to landfills without utilization, representing a missed opportunity for resource recovery. This work presents waste generation patterns at an Egyptian thermal power facility and provides comprehensive characterization of these materials. Management approaches were evaluated to improve treatment efficiency, enhance recycling potential, and minimize waste generation, while exploring applications of these materials as suitable starting materials for manufacturing valuable products. The investigation tested environmentally responsible methodologies for waste valorization, including aluminum extraction from treatment sludge and potential reapplication of spent filtration carbon and ion exchange materials. These materials, previously utilized for water purification, have diminished in operational effectiveness over time. However, material analysis confirms retention of favorable porous structure characteristics, indicating potential for reuse. The water treatment operations integral to thermal power generation yield several waste streams with notable potential for CO₂ sequestration applications. Our findings demonstrate that Egyptian heavy fuel oil combustion residues present the highest environmental hazard due to elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals, while simultaneously offering a unique source of valuable vanadium, nickel, and zinc, suggesting economic viability for metal recovery processes. The proposed resource recovery approaches provide pathways to improve environmental performance and operational efficiency in power generation through effective waste management practices and resource conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 6","pages":"469 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148519456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}