Animals最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Core Temperature of Cyan-Shank Partridge Chickens Exposed to Continuously Increased Ambient Temperature at Different Relative Humidity Levels.","authors":"Chen Wang, Ketian Chen, Haocong Xu, Le Liu, Longshen Liu, Chunmei Li, Yansen Li","doi":"10.3390/ani15060820","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate the changes in core temperature of Cyan-shank partridge chickens with continuously increased ambient temperature at different relative humidity (RH) levels. (2) Methods: Thirty birds were selected at the age of 35 days and randomly divided and housed in three artificial climate chambers. Each chamber was set at one of three different RH levels (50%, 65%, and 80%), and the ambient temperature was increased by 1.0 °C per 0.5 h from 24.0 to 34.0 °C. The core temperature was tested at 1.0 h intervals, and the ambient temperature in the chambers was recorded using mini temperature data loggers. Data were collected continuously for three days at the ages of 35, 42, and 49 days. The broken-line model (BLM) was used to calculate the inflection point temperature (IPT) and basal core temperature (constant). (3) Results: Both RH and age had no significant influence on the IPT. With increasing ambient temperature, the average IPT values of birds measured at the three ages were 26.52, 27.02, and 26.71 °C at the RH levels of 50%, 65%, and 80%, respectively. A significant downward trend in basal core temperature was observed as the birds aged from 35 to 42 days (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: the core temperature of the chicken gradually decreased as the age increased. During the hot summer months, it is better to keep the ambient temperature less than 26.5 °C to avoid the excessive increase in core temperature in Cyan-shank partridge chicken at the ages from 35 to 49 days.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Canine Otitis Externa <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Isolates and Their Sensitivities to Different Essential Oils.","authors":"Anita Seres-Steinbach, Brigitta Schneider-Patkó, Ákos Jerzsele, Adrienn Mercedesz Veres, Ágnes Sonnevend, Krisztián Bányai, György Schneider","doi":"10.3390/ani15060826","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Otitis externa is common infection in dogs. Its most important aetiologic agent is <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, which, besides its ability to form biofilm, can also be resistant to several antibiotics, leading to therapeutic failures in several cases. Promising therapeutic alternatives are constantly being sought to treat chronic, recurrent infections. Within the framework of this study, we investigated the antibacterial potential of essential oils against canine isolates of <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Forty <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were isolated from individual dogs' otitis externa. They were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, their antibiotic susceptibility was determined with disk diffusion, and their genetic relatedness was established using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fifty-seven essential oils were screened for their antipseudomonas effects using the drop plate method, and six essential oils-cinnamon (bark and leaf), bay, rosemary, thyme, and bitter orange-were further tested for their mature-biofilm-degrading capacities at 30 °C and 37 °C. Even though the molecular relatedness of the forty <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates could be excluded, all isolates' growth was inhibited and their biofilms degraded by a 2.5% concentration of cinnamon (bark and leaf), bay, rosemary, thyme, or bitter orange essential oil. Our results show that essential oils are potent alternatives in the treatment of otitis externa.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of a Combination of Glycerol Polyethylene Glycol Ricinoleate and Bi-Distilled Oleic Acid in Powder Form on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Excreta Nitrogen and Liver Fatty Acid Profile of Broilers Fed Reduced-Energy Diets.","authors":"Luca Marchetti, Raffaella Rebucci, Caterina Piantoni, Paola Antonia Corsetto, Angela Maria Rizzo, Haijun Zhang, Xianren Jiang, Valentino Bontempo","doi":"10.3390/ani15060827","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of an emulsifier in powder form composed of glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate and bi-distilled oleic acid on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta nitrogen and liver fatty acid profile of broilers fed reduced-energy diets. A total of 720 male ROSS 308 chicks were divided into four homogeneous groups (9 pens/20 chicks per group): positive control (PC), negative control (NC, -70 kcal/kg of AME), EMUL1 and EMUL2 fed an NC diet + 250 and 500 mg/kg of emulsifier. Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated. Excreta were collected at 24 and 42 d directly from polyethylene trays and pooled to determine the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME, AMEn) and nitrogen ammonia in excreta were determined. Performances were improved in EMUL1 and EMUL2 during the trial (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The digestibility of nutrients in EMUL1 and EMUL2 was increased in comparison to NC and PC (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Excreta nitrogen ammonia was reduced by EMUL2 at 42 d (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate and bi-distilled oleic acid in powder form modulated liver fatty acid profiles, enhancing oleic acid content in EMUL1 chickens (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were enhanced in EMUL2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Based on the findings, it is recommended to administer solidified glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate and bi-distilled oleic acid in diets with reduced energy content for appreciable advantages in terms of growth through higher nutrient digestibility and better hepatic fatty acid composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Against Duck IFN-γ Protein and the Application for Intracellular Cytokine Staining.","authors":"Yingyi Chen, Wei Song, Junqiang Chen, Chenyang Jin, Jiewei Lin, Ming Liao, Manman Dai","doi":"10.3390/ani15060815","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a member of the Type II IFN family, is a crucial cytokine in the immune system and serves as an important indicator of immune response. Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) is a technique used to analyze the production of cytokines within individual cells, and it has a wide range of applications in the fields of immunological monitoring, vaccine trials, and the study of infectious diseases. This study aimed to prepare monoclonal antibodies against duck IFN-γ protein and to establish an ICS protocol for detecting the duck IFN-γ protein. The <i>duIFN-γ-His</i> or <i>duIFN-γ-Fc</i> gene was cloned into the pEE12.4 expression vector and expressed as a recombinant protein of size 20.2 KDa or 54.9 KDa in 293F cells. The purified recombinant proteins were inoculated into BALB/c mice to generate splenic lymphocytes capable of secreting anti-duIFN-γ antibodies, and hybridoma cells were obtained after fusion with SP2/0 cells. A new hybridoma cell line named 24H4, which stably secreted IgG3 κ subtype antibody against duck IFN-γ, was established. This monoclonal antibody (mAb) was identified by Western blot to recognize duck IFN-γ antibodies, and the indirect ELISA results showed that its ability to recognize IFN-γ protein reached 0.001 μg/mL. The established ICS method was used to stain PBMCs after Concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation, and duck IFN-γ protein was successfully detected by flow cytometry, indicating that the ICS method was successful. In this study, we provide a crucial tool for subsequent research on duck cellular immune responses by using the monoclonal antibody 24H4.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Loci and Candidate Genes for Birth Weight in Pigs.","authors":"Jiajia Liu, Yue Zeng, Yu Tian, Linghua Cheng, Wenchao Li, Shunfeng Cheng, Junjie Wang, Lan Li","doi":"10.3390/ani15060825","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Birth weight is a key economic trait in pig breeding, affecting pre-weaning survival, growth performance, and overall production efficiency. However, the genetic factors underlying birth weight remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with birth weight in pigs through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 50K SNP genotyping data from 1125 Landrace pigs. Seven significant SNPs linked to birth weight were identified, along with 13 potential candidate genes. To validate these findings, the study population was expanded to include 998 Yorkshire pigs, totaling 2123 individuals. Validation identified two novel SNPs on chromosomes 1 and 16, as well as the previously unreported gene <i>MARCHF11</i>, which was associated with birth weight. These findings enhance the understanding of the genetic architecture underlying birth weight and provide potential targets for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS). The results offer valuable insights into breeding strategies aimed at improving piglet survival rates and production efficiency. This study underscores the utility of GWAS in identifying key genetic loci for economically important traits in livestock populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breed-Specific Responses and Ruminal Microbiome Shifts in Dairy Cows Under Heat Stress.","authors":"Zichen Wang, Mengling Guo, Yan Liang, Fuzhen Zhou, Huiming Zhang, Mingxun Li, Zhangping Yang, Niel Karrow, Yongjiang Mao","doi":"10.3390/ani15060817","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Holstein and Jersey cows, as excellent dairy breeds, have their own advantages in milk yield, milk quality, disease resistance, and heat resistance. However, the adaptability and rumen microbiome changes in Holstein and Jersey cows under heat stress are not clear. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare the differences in heat tolerance and the changes in the ruminal microbiome in Holstein and Jersey cows under heat stress. The experiment comprised a 7-day thermo-neutral (TN) period and a 7-day heat stress (HS) period. Five Jersey cows and five Holstein cows with similar parity and days in milk were selected, and rumen fluid was collected from five of them each. Compared with the TN period, heat stress increased the respiratory rate (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas decreased the milk yield (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the Holstein and Jersey cows. Also, heat stress increased the rectal temperature (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the Holstein cows. Jersey cows had a significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lower level of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and TVFA during HS compared with the TN period. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing revealed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Prevotella increased while the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased in Holstein cows during the HS period, whereas Christensenellaceae and Clostridium were more abundant in Jersey cows during the HS period than in the TN period. Simultaneously, the dominant fungi in Holstein cows were Ascomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, and Aspergillus. Correlation analysis also provided a link between the significantly altered rumen microbiota and animal production. These results suggest that heat stress has negatively influenced the physiological parameters, milk production, and rumen microbiota of Holstein and Jersey cows. Changes in the rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome in Holstein cows may be associated with a better adaptation ability to heat stress. Our findings may inform future research to better understand how heat stress affects the physiology and productivity of dairy cattle breeding in southern China and the development of mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Temperature on the Early Development of <i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i> Otoliths.","authors":"Gao Meng, Jiabao Tang, Qinglin Wang, Zhaohui Sun, Shanshan Yu, Fei Si","doi":"10.3390/ani15060814","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the influence of temperature on the early otolith growth and development in <i>P. olivaceus</i> by examining natural (15-19.5 °C) and constant (20 ± 0.5 °C) temperature regimes. The findings indicated that the initial daily ring appeared on the fifth day after hatching, with the regular formation of daily increments observed under both temperature regimes. Throughout the incubation period (0-30 days), no significant difference in growth rate was observed between the two temperature regimes. However, from days 35 to 50, the growth rate was significantly higher under the natural temperature regime than under the constant temperature regime. Morphological changes in otoliths differed between the two temperature regimes, with more distinct daily rings observed under the natural temperature regime than under the constant temperature regime. Furthermore, otolith growth strongly correlated with fish growth, with otolith size positively correlated with total length. This study demonstrated that the temperature regime significantly affected the early growth of otoliths and the formation of daily increments, offering essential data for reconstructing early life history and assessing stocking and release success.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Timed Artificial Insemination: Integrating Omics Technologies for Enhanced Reproductive Efficiency in Dairy Cattle.","authors":"Jesse Oluwaseun Ayantoye, Hubdar Ali Kolachi, Xiaomeng Zhang, Muhammad Shahzad, Omaima Mohamed Tawfik Kandil, Pengcheng Wan, Xueming Zhao","doi":"10.3390/ani15060816","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reproductive efficiency is crucial for dairy farm productivity, but achieving consistent fertility remains challenging. TAI improves pregnancy rates by synchronizing ovulation and enabling precision breeding. Despite the advancements in hormone synchronization protocols, outcomes vary due to genetic, physiological, and metabolic differences among cows. This review examines current TAI protocols, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-based and estradiol/progesterone (P4)-based synchronization methods, emphasizing their effectiveness and practical limitations. We also examined how to integrate emerging omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, into TAI protocols, marking a significant shift in reproductive management. These tools unveil molecular biomarkers that enable the precise tailoring of TAI protocols to the genetic, metabolic, and physiological profiles of individual animals, addressing challenges in variable fertility responses. Key factors influencing TAI success, such as animal health, environment, and insemination timing, are explored. This review identifies gaps in the existing literature, such as the integrated omics methodologies and data integration across platforms, and proposes a framework for future research to refine TAI protocols to address genetic variability and apply omics technologies to identify validated biomarkers for early pregnancy detection, which will significantly enhance the practical impact of TAI. Future directions highlight the need for interdisciplinary approaches combining molecular insights with robust on-farm applications to improve fertility outcomes and reduce reliance on blanket synchronization methods. By combining traditional synchronization methods with cutting-edge molecular tools, TAI offers promising opportunities for improving reproductive efficiency and sustainability in dairy farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed Infection in Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) Caused by <i>Aeromonas veronii</i>, <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i>, and <i>Citrobacter freundii</i>.","authors":"Jinghang Zhang, Dan Qiao, Haoyu Wang, Xianliang Zhao, Xinyu Jiang, Lei Zhu, Jie Zhang, Li Li, Xianghui Kong, Chao Pei","doi":"10.3390/ani15060805","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aeromonas veronii</i>, <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i>, and <i>Citrobacter freundii</i> are opportunistic pathogens that are widely distributed in aquatic environments and fish populations, causing fish diseases under stressful conditions. In this study, bacteria were isolated from a group of diseased common carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i>, with symptoms of hemorrhaging along the body surface, abdominal distention, and flatulence in the intestine. According to the results of biochemical characteristics and <i>16S rRNA</i> sequencing analyses, the isolates were identified as <i>A. veronii</i>, <i>A. hydrophila</i>, <i>P. shigelloides</i>, and <i>C. freundii</i>. The virulence genes from these four representative bacterial strains were amplified. The experimentally co-infected fish showed similar symptoms to those observed in the naturally infected common carp. The LD₅₀ of <i>C</i>. <i>freundii</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>shigelloides</i>, <i>A. veronii</i>, <i>A. hydrophila</i>, and the mixture group were 1.95 × 10⁴, 4.74 × 10⁴, 5.12 × 10⁴, 1.53 × 10⁵, and 5.41 × 10⁴ CFU, respectively. The antibiotic resistance results showed that <i>P</i>. <i>shigelloides</i>, <i>A. veronii</i>, and <i>A. hydrophila</i> were most sensitive to ceftizoxime, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin. <i>C</i>. <i>freundii</i> was most sensitive to ceftizoxime and gentamicin.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Footprint Assessment of Dairy Milk and Grana Padano PDO Cheese and Improvement Scenarios: A Case Study in the Po Valley (Italy).","authors":"Giulia Ferronato, Noemi Tobanelli, Paolo Bani, Luca Cattaneo","doi":"10.3390/ani15060811","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15060811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The significance of agriculture, particularly dairy farming, in the global food production landscape has been ascertained. Farm efficiency affects how much the agri-food sector, and the dairy industry in particular, contributes to economic and environmental sustainability. This study employs an LCA approach to evaluate the carbon footprint (CF) of Grana Padano PDO cheese production in a dairy plant, analyzing 19 farms supplying milk to the cheese factory. The results showed that milk production is the primary contributor to CF, with enteric methane emissions (34%), feed production and purchases (36%), and manure management (24%) as the main drivers. The CF of milk ranged from 0.95 to 2.14 kg CO₂eq/kg Fat and Protein Corrected Milk, while Grana Padano PDO cheese (9 months ripening) ranged from 16.96 to 23.07 kg CO₂eq/kg. An increase in milk yield and feed efficiency resulted in a reduction in CF per kilogram of cheese. Furthermore, the protein and casein content influenced both cheese yield and environmental performance. This study highlights trade-offs between productivity, product quality, and sustainability, emphasizing the need for tailored mitigation strategies within PDO regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}