{"title":"Cell Growth and Division of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Mariana G Pinho, Simon J Foster","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-125931","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-125931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial cell growth and division require temporal and spatial coordination of multiple processes to ensure viability and morphogenesis. These mechanisms both determine and are determined by dynamic cellular structures and components, from within the cytoplasm to the cell envelope. The characteristic morphological changes during the cell cycle are largely driven by the architecture and mechanics of the cell wall. A constellation of proteins governs growth and division in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with counterparts also found in other organisms, alluding to underlying conserved mechanisms. Here, we review the status of knowledge regarding the cell cycle of this important pathogen and describe how this informs our understanding of the action of antibiotics and the specter of antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"78 1","pages":"293-310"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelvin Kho, Thimoro Cheng, Nienke Buddelmeijer, Ivo G Boneca
{"title":"When the Host Encounters the Cell Wall and Vice Versa.","authors":"Kelvin Kho, Thimoro Cheng, Nienke Buddelmeijer, Ivo G Boneca","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-094053","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-094053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peptidoglycan (PGN) and associated surface structures such as secondary polymers and capsules have a central role in the physiology of bacteria. The exoskeletal PGN heteropolymer is the major determinant of cell shape and allows bacteria to withstand cytoplasmic turgor pressure. Thus, its assembly, expansion, and remodeling during cell growth and division need to be highly regulated to avoid compromising cell survival. Similarly, regulation of the assembly impacts bacterial cell shape; distinct shapes enhance fitness in different ecological niches, such as the host. Because bacterial cell wall components, in particular PGN, are exposed to the environment and unique to bacteria, these have been coopted during evolution by eukaryotes to detect bacteria. Furthermore, the essential role of the cell wall in bacterial survival has made PGN an important signaling molecule in the dialog between host and microbes and a target of many host responses. Millions of years of coevolution have resulted in a pivotal role for PGN fragments in shaping host physiology and in establishing a long-lasting symbiosis between microbes and the host. Thus, perturbations of this dialog can lead to pathologies such as chronic inflammatory diseases. Similarly, pathogens have devised sophisticated strategies to manipulate the system to enhance their survival and growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"233-253"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141632382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metalation of Extracytoplasmic Proteins and Bacterial Cell Envelope Homeostasis.","authors":"Bixi He, John D Helmann","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-091507","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-091507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell physiology requires innumerable metalloenzymes supported by the selective import of metal ions. Within the crowded cytosol, most enzymes acquire their cognate cofactors from a buffered labile pool. Metalation of membrane-bound and secreted exoenzymes is more problematic since metal concentrations are highly variable outside the cell. Here, we focus on metalloenzymes involved in cell envelope homeostasis. Peptidoglycan synthesis often relies on Zn-dependent hydrolases, and metal-dependent β-lactamases play important roles in antibiotic resistance. In gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid synthesis requires Mn, with TerC family Mn exporters in a supporting role. For some exoenzymes, metalation occurs in the cytosol, and metalated enzymes are exported through the TAT secretion system. For others, metalation is facilitated by metal exporters, metallochaperones, or partner proteins that enhance metal affinity. To help ensure function, some metalloenzymes can function with multiple metals. Thus, cells employ a diversity of strategies to ensure metalation of enzymes functioning outside the cytosol.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"83-102"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Roadmap to Success: How Oomycete Plant Pathogens Invade Tissues and Deliver Effectors.","authors":"Edouard Evangelisti, Francine Govers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-121423","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-121423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Filamentous plant pathogens threaten global food security and ecosystem resilience. In recent decades, significant strides have been made in deciphering the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions, especially the interplay between pathogens' molecular weaponry and hosts' defense machinery. Stemming from interdisciplinary investigations into the infection cell biology of filamentous plant pathogens, recent breakthrough discoveries have provided a new impetus to the field. These advances include the biophysical characterization of a novel invasion mechanism (i.e., naifu invasion) and the unraveling of novel effector secretion routes. On the plant side, progress includes the identification of components of cellular networks involved in the uptake of intracellular effectors. This exciting body of research underscores the pivotal role of logistics management by the pathogen throughout the infection cycle, encompassing the precolonization stages up to tissue invasion. More insight into these logistics opens new avenues for developing environmentally friendly crop protection strategies in an era marked by an imperative to reduce the use of agrochemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"493-512"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methanobactins: Structures, Biosynthesis, and Microbial Diversity.","authors":"Reyvin M Reyes, Amy C Rosenzweig","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092911","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methanobactins (Mbns) are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide natural products released by methanotrophic bacteria under conditions of copper scarcity. Mbns bind Cu(I) with high affinity via nitrogen-containing heterocycles and thioamide groups installed on a precursor peptide, MbnA, by a core biosynthetic enzyme complex, MbnBC. Additional stabilizing modifications are enacted by other, less universal biosynthetic enzymes. Copper-loaded Mbn is imported into the cell by TonB-dependent transporters called MbnTs, and copper is mobilized by an unknown mechanism. The machinery to biosynthesize and transport Mbn is encoded in operons that are also found in the genomes of nonmethanotrophic bacteria. In this review, we provide an update on the state of the Mbn field, highlighting recent discoveries regarding Mbn structure, biosynthesis, and handling as well as the emerging roles of Mbns in the environment and their potential use as therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"383-401"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanisms Underlying Ophiocordyceps Infection and Behavioral Manipulation of Ants: Unique or Ubiquitous?","authors":"Emmeline van Roosmalen, Charissa de Bekker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092522","url":null,"abstract":"Parasite manipulation of host behavior, as an effective strategy to establish transmission, has evolved multiple times across taxa, including fungi. Major strides have been made to propose molecular mechanisms that underlie manipulative parasite-host interactions including the manipulation of carpenter ant behavior by Ophiocordyceps. This research suggests that the secretion of parasite proteins and light-driven biological rhythms are likely involved in the infection and manipulation biology of Ophiocordyceps and other manipulating parasites. Here, we discuss research on Ophiocordyceps considering findings from other (fungal) parasites that either are relatively closely related (e.g., other insect- and plant-infecting Hypocreales) or also manipulate insect behavior (e.g., Entomophthorales). As such, this review aims to put forward this question: Are the mechanisms behind Ophiocordyceps manipulation and infection unique, or did they convergently evolve? From this discussion, we pose functional hypotheses about the infection biology of Ophiocordyceps that will need to be addressed in future studies.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cyclic Diguanylate in the Wild: Roles During Plant and Animal Colonization","authors":"Ruth Y. Isenberg, Mark J. Mandel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-101729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-101729","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a near-ubiquitous signaling molecule that regulates the motility-to-sessility transition in many bacterial species. Among the phenotypes influenced by c-di-GMP are biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle, and virulence. The hallmark phenotypes regulated by c-di-GMP—biofilm formation and motility—are key determinants of host–bacterial interactions. A large body of research has identified the roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes in culture. While numerous studies have investigated roles for c-di-GMP during the establishment and maintenance of pathogenic host–bacterial associations, considerably less attention has been devoted to defining the roles of c-di-GMP during beneficial and commensal associations. This review describes the known roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes that contribute to host colonization, with a focus on knowledge gaps and future prospects for examining c-di-GMP during beneficial colonization.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Bacteria Establish and Maintain Outer Membrane Lipid Asymmetry","authors":"Wee Boon Tan, Shu-Sin Chng","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-014507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-014507","url":null,"abstract":"Gram-negative bacteria build an asymmetric outer membrane (OM), with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids (PLs) occupying the outer and inner leaflets, respectively. This distinct lipid arrangement is widely conserved within the Bacteria domain and confers strong protection against physical and chemical insults. The OM is physically separated from the inner membrane and the cytoplasm, where most cellular resources are located; therefore, the cell faces unique challenges in the assembly and maintenance of this asymmetric bilayer. Here, we present a framework for how gram-negative bacteria initially establish and continuously maintain OM lipid asymmetry, discussing the state-of-the-art knowledge of specialized lipid transport machines that place LPS and PLs directly into their corresponding leaflets in the OM, prevent excess PL accumulation and mislocalization, and correct any lipid asymmetry defects. We critically assess current studies, or the lack thereof, and highlight important future directions for research on OM lipid transport, homeostasis, and asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavla Bartošová-Sojková, Anzhelika Butenko, Jitka Richtová, Ivan Fiala, Miroslav Oborník, Julius Lukeš
{"title":"Inside the Host: Understanding the Evolutionary Trajectories of Intracellular Parasitism","authors":"Pavla Bartošová-Sojková, Anzhelika Butenko, Jitka Richtová, Ivan Fiala, Miroslav Oborník, Julius Lukeš","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-025305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-025305","url":null,"abstract":"This review explores the origins of intracellular parasitism, an intriguing facet of symbiosis, where one organism harms its host, potentially becoming deadly. We focus on three distantly related groups of single-celled eukaryotes, namely Kinetoplastea, Holomycota, and Apicomplexa, which contain multiple species-rich lineages of intracellular parasites. Using comparative analysis of morphological, physiological, and molecular features of kinetoplastids, microsporidians, and sporozoans, as well as their closest free-living relatives, we reveal the evolutionary trajectories and adaptations that enabled the transition to intracellular parasitism. Intracellular parasites have evolved various efficient mechanisms for host acquisition and exploitation, allowing them to thrive in a variety of hosts. Each group has developed unique features related to the parasitic lifestyle, involving dedicated protein families associated with host cell invasion, survival, and exit. Indeed, parallel evolution has led to distinct lineages of intracellular parasites employing diverse traits and approaches to achieve similar outcomes.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Small RNAs, Large Networks: Posttranscriptional Regulons in Gram-Negative Bacteria.","authors":"Kai Papenfort, Sahar Melamed","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-025836","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-025836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Small regulatory RNA (sRNAs) are key mediators of posttranscriptional gene control in bacteria. Assisted by RNA-binding proteins, a single sRNA often modulates the expression of dozens of genes, and thus sRNAs frequently adopt central roles in regulatory networks. Posttranscriptional regulation by sRNAs comes with several unique features that cannot be achieved by transcriptional regulators. However, for optimal network performance, transcriptional and posttranscriptional control mechanisms typically go hand-in-hand. This view is reflected by the ever-growing class of mixed network motifs involving sRNAs and transcription factors, which are ubiquitous in biology and whose regulatory properties we are beginning to understand. In addition, sRNA activity can be antagonized by base-pairing with sponge RNAs, adding yet another layer of complexity to these networks. In this article, we summarize the regulatory concepts underlying sRNA-mediated gene control in bacteria and discuss how sRNAs shape the output of a network, focusing on several key examples.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"77 ","pages":"23-43"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10626414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}