Annals of African Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Cecal Duplication Cyst Presenting as Intussusception in a 7-year-old Male.","authors":"Apoorva Makan, Sharanka Sultania, Pranav Jadhav, Aniruddha Bhagwat, Dhananjay Vaze, Rashmi Patil","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_217_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_217_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Cecal duplication cysts (CDCs) are rare congenital anomalies, accounting for only 0.4% of gastrointestinal duplications. They may mimic common abdominal pathologies such as intussusception, making preoperative diagnosis difficult. A 7-year-old male presented with upper abdominal pain for 3 days. Imaging suggested a possible ileocolic intussusception with a mesenteric cyst. An attempt at noninvasive reduction was unsuccessful, necessitating laparotomy. Intraoperatively, a 5 cm × 4 cm duplication cyst was identified at the distal cecum. Resection of the cyst with the terminal ileum and cecum, followed by ileo-ascending anastomosis, was performed. The cyst shared a wall with the cecum and contained mucoid material. Histopathology confirmed a duplication cyst with colonic-type epithelium. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged in stable condition. This case emphasizes the need to consider duplication cysts in the differential diagnosis of pediatric intussusception. CDCs are rare and may present as intussusception. Awareness and early surgical management are essential to prevent complications. Complete resection with anastomosis remains the treatment of choice.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney Mimicking a Perinephric Abscess in a 3-year-old Child.","authors":"Rashmi Patil, Sharanka Sultania, Pranav Jadhav, Aniruddha Bhagwat","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_183_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_183_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (MRTK) is a rare and highly aggressive renal malignancy, accounting for <2% of all renal tumors in children. It often has a nonspecific presentation and is associated with poor survival outcomes. A 3-year-old girl presented with flank pain and fever and was initially diagnosed radiologically as having a perinephric abscess. Intraoperative findings revealed a hemorrhagic renal mass, and radical nephrectomy was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed MRTK with loss of INI1 expression and lymph node metastasis. The patient received adjuvant multiagent chemotherapy and remains under close oncologic follow-up. MRTK can rarely mimic infective renal pathology. Awareness of this presentation is crucial to avoid diagnostic delay and ensure timely surgical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical Cancer Screening among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Women: A Comparison of Outcome between Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid and Papanicolaou Smear Cytology.","authors":"Chidiebere Okechukwu Ifebi, Chibuike Ogwuegbu Chigbu, Leonard Ogbonna Ajah, Uzochukwu U Aniebue, Emeka Francis Nnakenyi, Monique Iheoma Ajah","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_71_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_71_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with cervical epithelial cell abnormalities. Cervical cancer screening in Nigeria is very low, and the available screening modalities have varying barriers and overall accuracies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective is to compare the accuracy of papanicolaou (Pap) smear cytology and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) among HIV-positive women in Enugu, South-East Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This was a cross-sectional comparative study of 438 HIV-infected women who attended the adult antiretroviral therapy clinic at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, from January 2 to June 30, 2019. The eligible participants underwent Pap smear cytology, VIA, and Colposcopy. Punch biopsy was performed at the lesions (if any), 2, 6, 10, and 12 o'clock positions of the cervix. Histology of the biopsy specimens was used as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 21.2%, 24.7%, and 18.7% of the participants had abnormal colposcopy and biopsy results, acetowhite reaction on VIA, and abnormal Pap smear cytology results, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy of Pap smear cytology were 59.2% (48.0%-69.6%), 89.8% (86.2%-92.5%),54.9% (44.1%-65.2%), 91.3% (87.9%-93.8%), and 84.5% (80.8%-87.6%), respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall accuracy of VIA were 64.5% (53.2%-74.3%), 83.7% (79.5%-87.2%), 45.3% (36.3-54.8%), 91.9% (88.3%-94.4%), and 80.4% (76.4%-83.8%), respectively. There was no statistical significant difference between Pap smear cytology and VIA in overall accuracy (P = 0.11).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a high prevalence of cervical epithelial cell abnormalities among HIV-positive women in Enugu. The overall accuracy of Pap smear cytology was essentially similar to that of VIA in screening for cervical epithelial lesions. Therefore, VIA is a cheaper, more affordable, and more readily available alternative to Pap smear cytology, especially in Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COQ8A-related Primary Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency Mimicking Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Syndrome: A Pediatric Case Report and Review of Mitochondrial Mimics.","authors":"Suram Bharath Reddy, Avinash Daru, Vineeta Pande, Shiji Chalipat, Pachipulusu Bala Venkata Subrrahmanya Sai","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_180_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_180_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Mitochondrial disorders are multisystem diseases associated with wide phenotypic variability and significant morbidity. Clinical manifestations include asymptomatic carrier states, cardiac conduction abnormalities, hearing loss with or without diabetes, maternally inherited diabetes and deafness, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like (MELAS) syndrome are some of the varied symptoms. A 12-year-old male patient presented with a 7-day history of refractory seizures (20-25 episodes daily) each lasting for 5-10 seconds, characterized by right-sided ocular and facial deviation for which he was evaluated, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed gyriform hyperintense signal in the left temporoparietofrontal cortex, right occipital cortex and right posterior temporal cortex, on T2-weighted/FLAIR, appearing hypointense on T1-weighted images,with diffusion-weighted image (DWI) and low apparent diffusion coefficient values.. Ill-defined hyperintense signal noted in bilateral gray matter and juxtacortical white matter on T2W1/FLAIR, appearing T1 hypointense without diffusion restriction on DWI, likely due to gliosis. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform revealed a pathogenic variant in the COQ8A gene associated with primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Post-WES report, the child was started on supplements as per the report, and over time, seizure episodes reduced and the patient was discharged. Primary Q10 deficiency due to COQ8A mutation can present with MELAS and refractory seizures. Recognition of mitochondrial stroke mimics and early genetic diagnosis are essential to guide metabolic therapy and outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Artificial Intelligence-generated Patient Education Guides on Cardiomyopathies: A Cross-sectional Comparison of ChatGPT and DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence.","authors":"Meenakshi Reddy Yathindra, Bhuvanesh Ragunathan, Rahul Prasanth Gajendran, Naushad Abid, Itha Venkata Prathyush, Khaled Mohamed Ali Aboelkhair","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_740_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_740_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patient education is essential in the management of cardiomyopathies, including dilated, restrictive, and hypertrophic subtypes, which often involve complex diagnostic and treatment pathways. Traditional educational resources may not address varying health literacy levels. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models such as ChatGPT and DeepSeek AI, offer new avenues for generating accessible and scalable patient education materials. This study evaluates the performance of these tools in that context.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved generating educational brochures for three cardiomyopathies using ChatGPT and DeepSeek AI. The responses were evaluated using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and reading ease (for readability), QuillBot similarity checker (for originality), and the modified DISCERN instrument (for reliability). Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, Levene's test for equality of variances, and independent samples t-tests. Pearson correlation was also performed between readability and reliability scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no statistically significant differences between the two AI tools across all assessed parameters. ChatGPT generally produced content with higher grade levels and longer text, while DeepSeek AI demonstrated higher originality in restrictive cardiomyopathy and superior readability in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Both tools achieved moderate DISCERN scores, with DeepSeek AI slightly outperforming ChatGPT in dilated cardiomyopathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found no significant difference in ease score, reliability score, and grade scores between patient education brochures on cardiomyopathies generated by ChatGPT and DeepSeek AI.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right Unilateral versus Bilateral Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Deepak Vijaykumar Kadlimatti, Vridhi Rajan, Mohammed Salim Iqbal, Sharanya Narayan, V Bhadri Narayan, S S Harsoor, S Rekha","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_205_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_205_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Laparoscopic cholecystectomy necessitates focused analgesia on the right abdominal wall region to address the somatic component of postoperative pain. Ultrasound-guided preemptive subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block blocks the anterior branches of thoracic spinal nerves (T6-T9). This study aimed to assess whether a right unilateral subcostal TAP block provides a similar duration of operative site analgesia compared to a bilateral subcostal TAP block during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted on 50 patients (25 in each group) aged 18-60 years undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Group A received an ultrasound-guided right unilateral subcostal TAP block with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine, whereas Group B received bilateral subcostal TAP blocks using the same local anesthetic dose on each side. Duration of analgesia, analgesic consumption, and block administration time were assessed over 24 h postoperatively using the Visual Analog Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant difference was observed in the duration of analgesia between Group A (411.4 ± 24.0 min) and Group B (410.8 ± 24.3 min), with P = 0.93. The time required to administer the block was significantly shorter in the unilateral group (5.68 ± 0.57 min) compared to the bilateral group (11.70 ± 1.24 min), P < 0.001. Total 24-h analgesic consumption was comparable between the groups (Group A: 1.42 ± 0.48 doses vs. Group B: 1.64 ± 0.49 doses, P = 0.063).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Right unilateral subcostal TAP block provides similar duration of postoperative analgesia when compared with bilateral subcostal TAP block, with the additional benefits of lower local anesthetic dosage and shorter block procedure time.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Marginal Fit of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing versus Three-dimensional-printed Inlays.","authors":"Mahinder Singh Chauhan, Prashant Babaji, P V Samir, M K Madhu Kiran, Ankita Sharma, Naveen Rami Reddy, Ahmad S Albahoth, P S Murali","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_150_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_150_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Marginal adaptation is a significant factor influencing the longevity and clinical success of indirect restorations. Digital fabrication techniques, including computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milling and three-dimensional (3D) printing, have improved precision, but comparative data on their marginal fit remain limited, especially in the Indian context. The present study was done to assess the marginal fit of CAD-CAM-milled and 3D-printed inlays on standardized Class II premolar preparations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An in vitro study was conducted on 200 extracted human premolars, randomly allocated into two groups: Group A, CAD-CAM inlays (n = 100) and Group B, 3D-printed inlays (n = 100). The marginal fit was assessed using the silicone replica technique under a stereomicroscope at × 40 magnification at occlusal, mesial, distal, and gingival margins. Statistical analysis included an independent t-test for intergroup comparison and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test for regional differences (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CAD-CAM inlays demonstrated significantly lower overall marginal gaps (68.42 ± 12.36 μm) compared to 3D-printed inlays (82.17 ± 15.04 μm, P < 0.001). Occlusal margins showed the least discrepancies, whereas gingival margins exhibited the highest gaps in both the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CAD-CAM inlays exhibit superior marginal adaptation compared to 3D-printed inlays, suggesting a preference in cases requiring a precise fit.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncommon Sacroiliac and Presacral Tuberculosis Mimicking Chronic Low Back Pain in a Young Female.","authors":"Amit Kale, Sayan Priya Ghosh, Shashank Ugile, Urva Dholu","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_777_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_777_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) of the sacroiliac (SI) joint is an uncommon manifestation of osteoarticular TB, typically presenting with vague, long-standing back pain that resembles mechanical or inflammatory disorders. Because of its deep anatomical location, paucibacillary load, and lack of awareness, diagnosis is often delayed. We describe an 18-year-old female from a TB-endemic area with a 3-year history of persistent low back pain radiating to the left gluteal region. Despite repeated symptomatic treatment, symptoms persisted. Examination showed SI joint tenderness and positive FABER and Gaenslen's tests. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a sacral lesion suggestive of infection. Computed tomography-guided biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis, and Ziehl-Neelsen staining confirmed acid-fast bacilli, establishing SI and presacral TB. She was started on first-line antitubercular therapy (ATT) and improved with conservative management. This report emphasizes the diagnostic difficulty of SI joint TB, particularly in young patients with unexplained back pain in endemic settings. While imaging is useful, tissue sampling remains the gold standard. Although classification systems often recommend surgical intervention for advanced disease, our patient responded well to medical treatment alone, highlighting the role of conservative therapy. Early biopsy-based diagnosis and timely ATT are crucial to avoid complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Chennai, South India.","authors":"Vanathy Karunamoorthy, Nivetha Rajaraman, Aarthi Saravanan, Keerthana Arunagirinathan","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_195_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_195_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep disturbances are common among college students and may adversely affect mood, physical health, and academic performance. Medical undergraduates are particularly vulnerable due to academic stress and demanding schedules. This study aimed to assess and determine the association between sleep quality and academic performance among medical students. Understanding the relationship between sleep quality and academic achievement may help promote healthier sleep behaviors among students.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2025 to January 2026 among 3rd-year undergraduate medical students at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Chennai, South India. A total of 100 eligible students were recruited based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using self-administered, standardized, validated semi-structured questionnaires. Sleep quality and academic performance were assessed and Fisher's exact test was performed through the SPSS software version 25 to determine the association between the variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 100 undergraduate medical students (mean age 21.31 ± 1.10 years), the mean internal assessment score was 41.09 ± 13.93 and the mean global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was 4.16 ± 1.86. Sleep quality was significantly associated with academic performance (Fisher's exact test = 15.679, P = 0.001); 65.9% of students with poor academic performance were poor sleepers, whereas the majority of students with fair or good performance were good sleepers, demonstrating a clear link between healthier sleep patterns and better academic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Good sleep quality is significantly associated with better academic performance among medical undergraduates. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy sleep habits as a potential strategy to improve the academic outcomes in medical students.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escalating Costs and Declining Access: Kidney Transplantation in a Resource-Constrained Nigerian Healthcare System - Chasing a Moving Target.","authors":"Chimezie Godswill Okwuonu, Ijeoma Onyebuchi, Chinwe Theresa Ralph-Iheke, Oluchi Justina Chimezie, Obi Davies Ekwenna, Rasheed Abiodun Balogun","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_5_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_5_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kidney transplantation offers the best quality of life and long-term survival for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, its high cost in Nigeria, largely borne out-of-pocket by patients, renders it largely unaffordable for the average citizen.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives of this study were to document changes in the cost of kidney transplantation over time and assess the main determinants of such changes and any effect on patient access to kidney transplantation (uptake of the surgery).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study of transplant register and direct cost implications of medications and services for kidney transplantation at the Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Southeast Nigeria, from June 2017 to May 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant escalation in the total cost of kidney transplantation from N0 in 2017 (full subsidy by the hospital) to N22 million ($12,580 USD) in 2025 (no subsidy), which comprises a progressive increase in cost of laboratory investigations, medications/surgery, and admission from N0 in 2017 to N7.5 million ($4285 USD), N10.5 million ($6000 USD), and N4 million ($2285 USD), respectively, in 2025. There was a corresponding reduction in the number of transplants per year from a maximum of 3 in 2020 to 1 in 2025. The induction immunosuppression medication and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-tissue typing were the service items with the highest cost than others.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a progressive increase in the patient-borne cost associated with kidney transplantation, with a reduction in transplant volumes per year. Cost of medications (especially induction regimen) and HLA-tissue typing appear to weigh more on the total cost than other items.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}