Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia最新文献

{"title":"Pemanfaatan Kitosan dari Cangkang Kepiting Bakau (Scylla serrata) dengan Metode Microwave sebagai Bahan Dasar Kapsul Obat","authors":"Mashuni Mashuni, M. Natsir, Wahyuni Mia Lestari, Fitrianita Hamid, M. Jahiding","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.42038.74-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.42038.74-82","url":null,"abstract":"Cangkang kepiting bakau ( Scylla serrata ) mengandung senyawa kitin  yang dapat ditransformasi menjadi kitosan sebagai bahan pembuatan kapsul obat. Proses transfomasi ini masih perlu untuk dikembangkan lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan kapsul obat berbahan dasar cangkang kepiting bakau dengan metode microwave . Metode isolasi kitin dari cangkang kepiting bakau meliputi proses deproteinasi, demineralisasi, dan dekolorisasi. Sintesis kitosan menggunakan metode microwave (daya 450 watt selama 15 menit) dalam pelarut NaOH 50% (b/v) dengan perbandingan 1:20 (b/v), selanjutnya kitosan dihidrolisis menggunakan larutan HCl 20% (v/v) untuk menghasilkan glukosamin hidroklorida (GlcN HCl). Pembuatan kapsul obat dengan perbandingan GlcN HCl dan larutan sukrosa yaitu masing-masing 3:1, 3:3, dan 3:5. Rendemen kitosan yang diperoleh sebanyak 37,5% dengan derajat deasetilasi 83,8%. Kapsul obat diperoleh perlakuan terbaik pada perbandingan GlcN HCl-larutan sukrosa 3:1. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap spektra kapsul obat, diidentifikasi adanya gugus O−H, −CH 3 , N−H, C−N, C−O, dan β-1,4-glikosidik. Karakteristik sifat fisik menunjukkan bahwa kapsul obat memiliki kadar air 12,7%, uji waktu hancur 13 menit 34 detik dan kelarutan dalam asam 3 menit 17 detik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kitosan cangkang kepiting bakau telah memenuhi kriteria bahan dasar kapsul obat sesuai kriteria farmakope Indonesia. Utilization of Chitosan from Mangrove Crab Shell (Scylla serrata ) using the Microwave Method as a Base Material for Medicinal Capsules . The mangrove crab shell ( Scylla serrata ) contains a chitin compound potentially transformed into chitosan as an ingredient for medicinal capsules. The research on this transformation process needs further developments. This research aims to produce chitin-based medicinal capsules of mangrove crab shells by microwave methods. The chitin isolation method of mangrove crab shells covers the process of deproteinization, demineralization, and decoloration. The synthesis of chitosan used microwave methods (450 watts of power for 15 minutes) in the solvent of 50% NaOH (w/v) with a ratio of 1:20 (b/v). Chitosan was then hydrolyzed using 20% HCl (v/v) solution to produce glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN HCl). Preparation of drug capsules with a ratio of GlcN HCl and sucrose solution, namely 3:1, 3:3, and 3:5, respectively. The chitosan yield was obtained as much as 37.5% with a deacetylation degree of 83.8%. The best treatment of the medicinal capsules was obtained on the ratio of GlcN HCl and sucrose solution 3:1. The FTIR analysis of medicinal capsules are identified by the presence of the O−H, −CH 3 , N−H, C−N, C−O, and β-1.4-glycosidic. The physical characterization showed that the medicinal capsules have a water content of 12.7%, the test of destroyed time of 13 minutes 34 seconds, and soluble in acid that is 3 minutes 17 seconds. The results show that chitosan prepared from mangrove crab shell is potentially used as","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"29 1","pages":"74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83075976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pemanfaatan Abu Sekam Padi sebagai Sumber Silika untuk Pembuatan Adsorben Ion Logam Cd(II) melalui Teknik Imprinted Ionic","authors":"S. Hastuti, Ilham Tri Utomo, Tri Martini, P. Pranoto, Candra Purnawan, Abu Masykur, Atmanto Heru Wibowo","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.44241.113-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.44241.113-123","url":null,"abstract":"<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>Banyaknya pencemaran ion logam dalam perairan menjadi perhatian yang serius para peneliti, terutama untuk mengurangi keberadaan ion logam Cd yang terkandung dalam perairan dengan menggunakan adsorben. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat adsorben berbasis silika dengan kapasitas dan selektifitas tinggi terhadap ion Cd(II). Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis material </span><span>imprinted ionic</span><span> Cd(II) (SiO</span><span><span>2</span></span><span>-TMPDT-Cd-Imp) telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan prekursor natrium silikat dari abu sekam padi. Proses sintesis diawali dengan pembuatan natrium silikat. Selanjutnya, trimetoksisililpropildietilentriamin (TMPDT), ion logam Cd(II) dan HCl ditambahkan hingga terbentuk gel. Gel dielusi dengan etilenadiaminatetraasetat (EDTA) untuk membentuk cetakan (</span><span>template</span><span>). Hasil karakterisasi dengan FTIR menunjukkan TMPDT terikat pada silika ditandai dengan munculnya vibrasi ulur dari C-H alkana pada 2908 cm</span><span><span>-1</span></span><span> dan vibrasi tekuk gugus N-H pada 1471 cm</span><span><span>-1</span></span><span>.  Karakterisasi dengan </span><span>Surface Area Analyzers</span><span> (</span><span>SAA) menunjukkan bahwa material tersebut memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 12,674 m</span><span><span>2</span></span><span>/g, volume pori total sebesar 0,017 cc/g, dan jari-jari pori rerata sebesar 18,783 </span>Å. Karakterisasi dengan SEM-EDX memperlihatkan adanya unsur C dan N pada SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp. Kondisi optimum adsorpsi ion logam Cd(II) oleh SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp terjadi  pada pH 6,  waktu kontak 10 menit dan konsentrasi awal sebesar 10 ppm. Model kinetika adsorpsi ion logam Cd(II) pada SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp mengikuti pseudo orde 2. Proses adsorpsi SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp cenderung mengikuti isoterm Freundlich dengan nilai  faktor heterogenitas (n) sebesar 1,617 dan konstanta Freundlich (KF) sebesar 2,768. Kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum untuk Langmuir (qm) sebesar 19,16 mg/g. Urutan selektifitas (K) ion logam Cd(II) terhadap ion logam lain pada SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp adalah Cd-Pb<Cd-Ni<Cd-Co.</p><p dir=\"ltr\"><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b02a1940-7fff-7a6e-fc55-5eed88073855\"><span><strong>Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as a Silica Source for the Preparation of Cd (II) Metal Ion Adsorbents through Imprinted Ionic Technique</strong>. </span><span>The amount of metal ion contamination in the waters is a serious concern for researchers, especially in reducing the presence of Cd metal ions contained in waters by using adsorbents. Therefore, this study aims to make a silica-based adsorbent with high capacity and selectivity to Cd (II) ions. In this research, the synthesis of imprinted ionic Cd (II) (SiO</span><span><span>2</span></span><span>-TMPDT-Cd-Imp) was successfully carried out using sodium silicate precursor from rice husk ash. The synthesis process begins with the production of sodium silicate. Furthermore, trimethoxysylpropildethylentriamine (TMPDT), me","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83785211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sintesis Keramik Komposit ZrO2-ZnFe2O4 sebagai Fotokatalis Magnetik untuk Degradasi Metilen Biru","authors":"A. Hardian, Rina Herdiana Putri, S. Budiman, D. G. Syarif","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.39240.43-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.39240.43-53","url":null,"abstract":"Metilen biru merupakan salah satu zat pewarna dalam limbah cair tekstil yang dapat merusak ekosistem perairan dan mempunyai nilai ambang batas 5 mg/L. Salah satu cara untuk mengolah MB dalam larutan yaitu dengan fotokatalisis mengingat sederhana, cepat, dan mudah diregenerasi. Namun, cara ini memiliki kekurangan yakni waktu pemisahan yang lama. Penambahan sifat magnetik ke dalam material fotokatalis yang kemudian disebut fotokatalis magnetik dapat mengatasi kelemahan dari fotokatalis konvensional. Dalam penelitian ini, fotokatalis magnetik berbasis komposit ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi sederhana dengan memanfaatkan mineral lokal pasir Zircon. Komposit yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Evaluasi terhadap kinerja fotokatalis diamati menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 yang dihasilkan mengandung kristal ZnFe 2 O 4 berstruktur kubik. Partikel komposit memiliki bentuk irregular dan teraglomerasi. Komposit mengandung 6,52 Zr; 9,31 Zn; 23,58 Fe; dan 58,73 O dalam %atom, sesuai dengan stoikiometrinya. Luas permukaan spesifik ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 sebesar 112,375 m 2 /g. Sifat magnet dikonfirmasi menggunakan medan magnet ekstenal yang menunjukkan bahwa komposit ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 memiliki sifat magnet lemah. Kondisi optimum untuk fotodegradasi MB oleh komposit ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 dihasilkan pada pH 10 selama 120 menit dengan %degradasi MB sekitar 94,00%. Synthesis of ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 Composite Ceramics as Magnetic Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the dye compounds in textile wastewater that can damage aquatic ecosystems and has a threshold value of only 5 mg/L. The alternative way to treat MB in aqueous solutions is photocatalysis which has simple, fast, and easy regenerate properties but has a drawback such as a long separation time. Immersing magnetic properties to photocatalyst material called magnetic photocatalyst can solve the weakness of conventional photocatalyst. In this work, the magnetic photocatalyst of ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 was synthesized by simply co-precipitation method from local natural sources Zircon sand. The composites were then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The evaluation of photocatalytic performance was observed by using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The obtained ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 reveals a cubic structure of ZnFe 2 O 4 . The composites particles have an irregular and agglomerated shape. The obtained ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 contained 6.52 of Zr, 9.31 of Zn, 23.58 of Fe, and 58.73 of O in atomic percentage, corresponding to its stoichiometry. The specific surface area of ZrO 2 -ZnFe 2 O 4 was 112.376 m 2 /g. The magnetic properties were confirmed by an external magnetic field showi","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"18 1","pages":"43-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81681594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teknik Differential Pulse Voltammetry Menggunakan Elektroda Pasta Karbon Termodifikasi Fe2O3 untuk Penentuan Kadar Fe(III) dalam Air Laut di Pelabuhan Benoa Bali","authors":"Irdhawati Irdhawati, N. Dewi, I. Widihati","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.41568.54-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.41568.54-62","url":null,"abstract":"Pelabuhan Benoa merupakan salah satu pelabuhan di Provinsi Bali tempat berlabuhnya kapal/perahu nelayan, kapal penumpang, dan kapal untuk pariwisata. Aktivitas masyarakat di sekitar pelabuhan dapat menjadi sumber pencemar logam berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil optimasi dan validasi elektroda pasta karbon tanpa modifikasi (EPK) dan EPK termodifikasi Fe 2 O 3 (EPK Fe 2 O 3 ) dengan teknik differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) untuk pengukuran Fe(III) dalam sampel air laut di Pelabuhan Benoa. Parameter yang dioptimasi yaitu laju pindai dan komposisi Fe 2 O 3 dalam pasta karbon. Selanjutnya dilakukan validasi pengukuran, meliputi rentang konsentrasi linier, limit deteksi, limit kuantisasi, keberulangan, dan persen perolehan kembali. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu laju pindai optimum 15 mV/s menggunakan EPK, menjadi lebih cepat yaitu 20 mV/s menggunakan EPK Fe 2 O 3 . Komposisi modifier terbaik dalam pasta karbon sebesar 0,5%. Rentang konsentrasi linier pengukuran menggunakan EPK yaitu 5 ~ 100 mg/L menjadi 5 ~ 2000 mg/L pada EPK Fe 2 O 3. Limit deteksi dan limit kuantisasi menggunakan EPK Fe 2 O 3 masing-masing 0,5490 mg/L dan 0,5497 mg/L, lebih rendah daripada menggunakan EPK yaitu 1,0667 mg/L dan 1,0688 mg/L. Keberulangan pengukuran menghasilkan rasio Horwitz yang lebih kecil dari dua. Nilai persen perolehan kembali pengukuran larutan standar dengan matriks larutan sampel yang diambil pada tiga lokasi yang berbeda, yaitu pada Dermaga Barat 97,51±9,92% ; Dermaga Selatan 101,18±10,60%; dan Dermaga Timur 95,50±1,23%. Hasil pengukuran Fe(III) dalam sampel diperoleh 129,98±13,65 mg/L; 114,85±13,75 mg/L; dan 127,77±4,01 mg/L, masing-masing pada Dermaga Barat, Selatan, dan Timur. Differential Pulse Voltammetry Technique Using Fe 2 O 3 Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Fe(III) Levels in Seawater at Benoa Harbor Bali. Benoa Port is one of the ports in the Province of Bali where fishing boats, passenger ships, and ships for tourism are anchored. Activities around the port can be a source of heavy metal pollutants. This study aims to optimize and validates carbon paste electrodes without modification (EPK) and modified by Fe 2 O 3 (EPK Fe 2 O 3 ) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques for Fe (III) measurements in seawater at Benoa Harbor. The optimized parameters were scan rate and the Fe 2 O 3 composition in carbon paste. Meanwhile, the validation was performed, including the range of linear concentration, detection limit, quantitation limit, repeatability, and percent of the recovery. The research found that the optimum scan rate was 15 mV/s using EPK, become faster to 20 mV/s using EPK Fe 2 O 3 . The optimum modifier composition in carbon paste was 0.5%. The linear concentration range of measurement using EPK was 5 ~ 100 mg/L to 5 ~ 2000 mg/L at EPK Fe 2 O 3 . The detection limit and the quantitation limit using EPK Fe 2 O 3 were 0.5490 mg/L and 0.5497 mg/L, respectively. Those are lower than the detection ","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"40 1","pages":"54-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74116913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Senyawa Golongan Limonoid dari Tanaman Genus Chisocheton dan Aktivitas Antikankernya","authors":"Ghina Uli Felicia Tambunan, Nurlelasari Nurlelasari, Shabarni Gaffar","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.41279.10-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.41279.10-26","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia merupakan negara yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati. Terdapat banyak tanaman yang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang memiliki aktivitas biologi sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai obat, salah satunya adalah genus Chisocheton. Tanaman genus Chisocheton sudah banyak dilaporkan mengandung senyawa triterpenoid, seskuiterpenoid, limonoid, steroid, dan fenol. Limonoid merupakan turunan triterpenoid yang paling banyak ditemukan pada tanaman genus Chisocheton. Lebih dari tiga puluh senyawa golongan limonoid telah diuji aktivitas antikankernya terhadap beberapa jenis sel kanker manusia, seperti sel kanker payudara, mulut, paru-paru, leukimia, serviks, dan hati. Beberapa senyawa limonid tersebut diketahui memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik yang tinggi dengan kisaran nilai IC50 1,67 − 50,27 µg/mL. Review ini memaparkan beberapa senyawa limonoid yang diisolasi dari genus Chisocheton, aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel-sel kanker manusia, serta hubungan struktur dan aktifitas biologisnya (SAR = Structure Activity Relationship). Selain itu beberapa penelitian juga sudah melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut seperti pengujian induksi apoptosis dan penentuan tingkat ekspresi gen-gen yang berhubungan dengan apoptosis. Penelitian-penelitian yang dilakukan ini mengarah pada pencarian senyawa baru yang dapat digunakan sebagai lead compound untuk mendapatkan obat antikanker yang efektif.Limonoid Compounds from Genus Chisocheton Plant and Its Anticancer Activity. Indonesia is a country with a large biodiversity. There are many plants contain secondary metabolite compounds with biological activity, such as Chisocheton genus. The Chisocheton is reported as plant with triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, limonoids, steroids and phenols content. Limonoids arethe derivative of triterpenoid which mostly found in Chisocheton genus. More than thirty limonoids have been studied for their anticancer activity against several types of human cancer cells, such as breast, mouth, lung, leukemia, cervical, and liver cancer cells. Some of these limonoids are known to have high cytotoxic activity with the IC50 values of 1.67 − 50.27 µg/mL. This review discuss many kind of limonoid compounds isolated from Chisocheton, their cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells, and their structural activity relationship (SAR) study. This review also discusses some research result for further studies of Chisocheton wether in the mechanism of apoptosis induction and also the determination genes level expression or proteins associated with the apoptosis. This review reveals the important of the study to find a new compounds for an effective anticancer drug.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83709040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kajian Dehidroksilasi Termal Kaolin menjadi Metakaolin menggunakan Analisis Termogravimetri","authors":"Aprilina Purbasari, T. W. Samadhi","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.47337.105-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.47337.105-112","url":null,"abstract":"Kaolin merupakan mineral yang banyak dimanfaatkan di berbagai industri. Kaolin dapat diubah menjadi metakaolin yang lebih reaktif melalui proses dehidroksilasi termal. Pada penelitian ini, proses dehidroksilasi termal kaolin dari Bangka Belitung menjadi metakaolin dikaji menggunakan analisis termogravimetri pada rentang suhu 30 – 900 °C dengan laju pemanasan 10 °C/menit dalam lingkungan atmosfer udara. Kaolin mengalami empat tahap dekomposisi dan dehidroksilasi kaolin menjadi metakaolin terjadi pada suhu sekitar 450 – 600 °C. Berdasarkan metode Coats dan Redfern, dehidroksilasi kaolin mengikuti model reaksi order satu dengan energi aktivasi 271,66 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial 6,13×10 15 s -1 . Hasil analisis menggunakan spektroskopi X-ray diffraction (XRD) dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) pada kaolin setelah dipanaskan pada suhu 550 °C selama 3 jam menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar kaolin telah berubah menjadi metakaolin. Study of Thermal Dehydroxylation of Kaolin to Metakaolin using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Kaolin is a mineral that is widely used in various industries. Kaolin can be converted into metakaolin which is more reactive through thermal dehydroxylation processes. In this study, thermal dehydroxylation process of Bangka Belitung kaolin into metakaolin was studied using thermogravimetric analysis in a temperature range of 30 – 900 °C with a heating rate of 10 o C/min in an air atmosphere condition. Kaolin underwent four stages of decomposition and dehydroxylation of kaolin into metakaolin occured at temperatures around 450 – 600 °C. Based on the Coats and Redfern method, kaolin dehydroxylation followed first order reaction model with activation energy of 271.66 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor of 6.13×10 15 s -1 . The analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on kaolin after heating at temperature of 550 °C for 3 hours showed that most of the kaolin had turned into metakaolin.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"94 1","pages":"105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91050598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifikasi Mekanisme Molekuler Senyawa Ftalosianina sebagai Kandidat Photosensitizer pada Terapi Fotodinamika secara In Silico","authors":"T. M. Fakih, Anggi Arumsari, M. L. Dewi, N. Hazar, T. M. Syarza","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.41184.37-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.41184.37-42","url":null,"abstract":"Bakteri patogen seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa membutuhkan zat besi untuk dapat mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya. HasAp merupakan suatu protein yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri patogen sebagai sumber zat besi tersebut. Protein HasAp selanjutnya akan berikatan dengan protein membran luar yaitu HasR untuk dapat meneruskan sinyal pada sel bakteri. Penyerapan zat besi pada bakteri patogen ini dapat menjadi strategi pengembangan metode terapi dalam mengendalikan dan mencegah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan ftalosianina sebagai photosensitizer pada terapi fotodinamika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi, dan mengeksplorasi mekanisme aksi senyawa ftalosianina terhadap protein HasAp, serta pengaruhnya pada bagian sisi aktif HasR dengan menggunakan studi in silico. Studi ligan-protein docking dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak MGLTools 1.5.6 yang dilengkapi dengan AutoDock 4.2 untuk mengamati afinitas dan interaksi molekuler antara molekul senyawa Fe-ftalosianina (Fe-Pc) dan Ga-ftalosianina (Ga-Pc) terhadap makromolekul protein HasAp. Selanjutnya, studi protein-protein docking dilakukan terhadap sistem kompleks ligan-protein untuk mengamati pengaruhnya terhadap area pengikatan dari makromolekul protein HasR dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak PatchDock. Berdasarkan hasil ligan-protein docking, senyawa Fe-ftalosianina (Fe-Pc) memiliki afinitas paling baik terhadap kedua protein HasAp, yaitu dengan nilai masing-masing -68,45 kJ/mol dan -69,16 kJ/mol. Kemudian, hasil studi protein-protein docking antara kompleks senyawa Fe-ftalosianina (Fe-Pc) dan protein HasAp terhadap protein HasR memiliki nilai Atomic Contact Energy (ACE) positif, yaitu 556,56 kJ/mol. Perbedaan struktur molekul senyawa ftalosianina terbukti mampu mempengaruhi mekanisme aksi terhadap protein target, sehingga hasil studi ini dapat menjadi acuan dalam mendesain struktur senyawa ftalosianina sebagai kandidat photosensitizer dalam terapi fotodinamika.Identification of the Molecular Mechanism of Phthalocyanine Compounds as Photosensitizer Candidates in Photodynamic Therapy by In Silico. Pathogenic bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa need iron elements to be able to maintain their survival. HasAp is a protein produced by pathogenic bacteria as a source of iron. The HasAp protein will then bind to the outer membrane protein, namely HasR, to be able to forward signals in bacterial cells. Absorption of iron in these pathogenic bacteria can be a strategy for developing therapeutic methods in controlling and preventing infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of which is by using phthalocyanine as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. This study aims to identify, evaluate, and explore the mechanism of action of phthalocyanine compounds against HasAp proteins, and their effects on the active site of HasR through in silico studies. Ligand-pr","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77924557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengaruh Berbagai Parameter Ekstraksi dalam Pemisahan Unsur Tanah Jarang dengan Metode Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM)","authors":"Handias Meilinda, Noviyanti Noviyanti, A. Anggraeni, Diana Hendrati, Husein H. Bahti","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.38683.1-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.38683.1-9","url":null,"abstract":"Unsur Tanah Jarang (UTJ) adalah 15 elemen kelompok lantanida, ditambah skandium dan itrium yang termasuk kelompok aktinida. UTJ memiliki banyak manfaat di berbagai bidang. Sifat fisik dan kimia yang mirip antar UTJ membuatnya sulit dipisahkan sehingga pemisahan UTJ menarik dipelajari dengan berbagai macam metode, salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM). ELM merupakan metode pemisahan yang dikembangkan dari ekstraksi pelarut terdiri dari tiga fase, yaitu fase eksternal (fase umpan) yang berisi UTJ yang akan dipisahkan, fase internal (fase pengupasan), dan fase membran. Fase membran berisi surfaktan sebagai penstabil dan ligan yang akan membentuk kompleks dengan UTJ pada antarmuka fase umpan dan membawanya berdifusi ke dalam fase pengupasan. ELM merupakan metode efektif untuk pemisahan karena tahap ekstraksi dan pengupasan ( stripping ) terjadi secara bersamaan dalam satu tahap dan fase membrannya dapat digunakan kembali. Pemisahan UTJ menggunakan metode ELM dengan berbagai ligan, seperti D2EHPA, Cyanex 572, P204, dan (RO)2P(O)OPh-COOH dipengaruhi oleh berbagai parameter, seperti konsentrasi ligan, pH fase umpan, waktu pengadukan ekstraksi, kecepatan pengadukan ekstraksi, rasio fase umpan, konsentrasi fase pengupasan, konsentrasi surfaktan, dan konsentrasi fase umpan. Parameter tersebut diseleksi untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum sehingga meningkatkan efisiensi ekstraksi dan pengupasan yang berbeda. Effect of Various Parameters in Separation of Rare Earth Elements using the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) Method. Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are 15 elements of the lanthanide group, plus scandium and yttrium, which belong to the actinide group. REEs have many benefits in various fields. Similar physical and chemical properties between REEs make it difficult to separate, thus REEs separation is interesting to study by various methods, one of which is by using an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). ELM is a method developed from solvent extraction consisting of three phases: the external phase (feed phase) which contains REEs to be collected, the internal phase (stripping phase), and the membrane phase. The membrane phase contains surfactants as stabilizers and ligands which will form complexes with REEs in the feed phase and are designed to diffuse into the stripping phase. ELM is an effective method to involve because extraction and stripping occur together in one glass and the membrane phase can be reused. Separation of REEs using the ELM method with various ligands, such as D2EHPA, Cyanex 572, P204, and (RO)2P(O)OPh-COOH influenced by various parameters, such as ligand concentration, feed phase pH, extraction stirring time, extraction stirring speed, feed phase ratio, stripping phase concentration, surfactant concentration, and feed phase concentration. These parameters are selected to obtain optimum conditions thereby increasing the efficiency of different extraction and stripping.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78044489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kadar Total Fenol dan Flavonoid Ekstrak Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata) Melalui Metode Ekstraksi Microwave","authors":"Sadwika Najmi Kautsari, Aji Humaedi, Dian Rachma Wijayanti, M. Safaat","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.46497.96-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.46497.96-104","url":null,"abstract":"Temu kunci ( Boesenbergia pandurata ) merupakan tanaman yang memiliki kandungan flavonoid dan fenol serta banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional. Namun, hingga kini temu kunci belum pernah diekstraksi dengan metode ekstraksi menggunakan microwave . Ekstraksi dengan menggunakan microwave memiliki potensi yang baik untuk dikembangkan pada temu kunci sehingga dapat dihasilkan ekstrak temu kunci yang memiliki kadar total fenol dan flavonoid yang tinggi dengan waktu ekstraksi yang lebih sedikit. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar total fenol dan flavonoid ekstrak temu kunci yang diekstraksi dengan menggunakan microwave pada berbagai variasi waktu. Pembuatan ekstrak temu kunci dilakukan dengan meradiasi temu kunci dalam campuran etanol 70% pada tipe pemanasan Low selama 15 menit yang dibandingkan dengan tipe pemanasan Medium selama 3, 5, 7, 9, dan 12 menit. Berdasarkan penelitian, rendemen yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 5,91%  - 9,7%. Kadar total fenol yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 6,69% - 9,18%, sedangkan kadar flavonoid berkisar antara 13,46% - 21,41%. Rendemen ekstrak temu kunci semakin meningkat dengan waktu ekstraksi yang lebih lama dan suhu yang lebih tinggi. Kadar total fenol dan flavonoid tertinggi adalah pada tipe pemanasan Medium selama 7 menit pada suhu 57 ℃ . Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content of Fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) by Microwave Assisted Extraction . Fingerroot ( Boesenbergia pandurata ) is a plant that contains flavonoids and phenols. It is often used as traditional medicine. However, fingerroot has never been extracted using a microwave-assisted extraction method. In fact, extraction using microwave has good potential to be developed so that the fingerroot extracts can be produced which have high levels of total phenols and flavonoids with less extraction time. Therefore, this study aims to determine the total phenol and flavonoids extracted by microwave at various times. The preparation of fingerroot extract was carried out by irradiated fingerroot in 70% ethanol mixture on Low heating type for 15 minutes, compared to Medium heating type for 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 minutes. Based on the research, the yield produced ranged from 5.91%  - 9.7%. The total phenol content produced ranged from 6.69% - 9.18%, while the levels of flavonoids ranged from 13.46% - 21.41%. The yield of fingerroot extract increased with longer extraction time and higher temperature. The highest total phenol and flavonoid levels were the Medium heating type for 7 minutes at 57 ℃ .","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"26 1","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84024028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of the Proportion of Surfactant, Co-Surfactant, and Candlenut Oil for Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Secang Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Methanolic Extract","authors":"A. N. Artanti, F. Prihapsara, Nugraha Mas'ud, D. Ermawati","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.39054.124-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.17.1.39054.124-131","url":null,"abstract":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">This study aimed to determine the optimum proportion of hazelnut oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants for SNEDDS of Secang Heartwood using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method using the Design-Expert software. The SNEDDS formula was prepared using Tween 80 and Croduret 50 ss as surfactants, propylene glycol as cosurfactant, and candlenut oil based on physical stability parameters: formula transmittance (%), separation phase, and emulsification time. The optimum SNEDDS formula was compared with the predictive value [p> 0.05] provided by the SLD; then extract the loading dose, accelerated stability test, analysis of particle size, and zeta potential. The optimum proportion of Tween 80-Croduret 50 ss, propylene glycol, and hazelnut oil, based on the SLD, was 62.43%; 22.57%; and 15.0%. The results showed that the transmittance was 93.2%; emulsification time was 74.67 seconds, and; separation phase was 0.89. The SLD's predictive values of the transmittance percentage, emulsification time, and separation phase were 94.98%, 78.97 seconds, 0.84, respectively. The results of the one-sample <em>t</em>-test statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the observative and predictive results. SNEDDS was found capable of loading 25.0 mg of secang heartwood methanolic extract in each system, with a particle size of 23.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.142, and zeta potential of +20.8 mV.</p>","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87207229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}