Rehana Rehana, Muhammad Salman Fahreza, S. MasitaWulandari
{"title":"Sintesis 3,4,4’-Trimetoksikalkon dan Karakterisasinya","authors":"Rehana Rehana, Muhammad Salman Fahreza, S. MasitaWulandari","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.2.24256.228-238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.2.24256.228-238","url":null,"abstract":"Senyawa 3,4,4’-trimetoksikalkon dapat disintesis dari 4-metoksi asetofenon dan 3,4-dimetoksi benzaldehid melalui reaksi Claisen-Schmidt. Reaksi Claisen-Schmidt dipengaruhi jumlah katalis basa dan lama reaksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi waktu reaksi dan jumlah NaOH terhadap rendemen 3,4,4’-trimetoksikalkon. Penelitian ini meliputi sintesis 10 mmol 3,4,4’-trimetoksikalkon dari 10 mmol 4-metoksi asetofenon dan 3,4-dimetoksi benzaldehid dengan jumlah katalis NaOH 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 dan 20 mmol dengan waktu reaksi pembentukan enolat 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5 jam. Hasil sintesis diuji kemuriannya dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dan titik lebur kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan spektrofotometri UV-visible dan Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Peningkatan konsentrasi NaOH dari 2, 4 dan 8 mmol meningkatkan rendemen hasil sintesis dari 60,06%; 62,60% dan 80,19%, tetapi penambahan NaOH di atas 8 mmol menurunkan rendemen. Peningkatan waktu reaksi dari 1, 2 dan 3 jam meningkatkan rendemen dari 74,20%; 78,61% dan 87,66 %, tetapi penambahan waktu 4 dan 5 jam menurunkan rendemen. Analisis KLT menunjukkan bahwa hasil sintesis murni dengan titik lebur 82 – 85 oC. Karakterisasi menggunakan UV-visibel dan NMR menunjukkan senyawa hasil sintesis adalah 3,4,4’-trimetoksikalkon. Konsentrasi NaOH dan lama waktu reaksi pembentukan enolat mempengaruhi rendemen sintesis 3,4,4’-trimetoksikalkon dengan rendemen terbesar menggunakan katalis NaOH 8 mmol dengan waktu reaksi pembentukan enolat selama 3 jam.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77782215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pengaruh Pelapisan Kitosan-Nisin terhadap Kualitas Ikan Sidat (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) selama Masa Penyimpanan pada Suhu Rendah","authors":"T. Kusumaningsih, Tri Martini, Tika Diah Utami","doi":"10.20961/alchemy.15.2.33892.251-271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.15.2.33892.251-271","url":null,"abstract":"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai preparasi dan karakterisasi pelapisan kitosan nisin terhadap kualitas ikan sidat (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) selama penyimpanan pada suhu rendah. Penyimpanan dilakukan selama 8 hari pada suhu 5 ± 2 °C. Nisin sebanyak (0, 2, 4, 6 dan 8 g) ditambahkan ke dalam larutan kitosan 1% (b/v), sehingga diperoleh lima larutan pelapis, yaitu kitosan 1,0% dan kitosan-nisin: 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 dan 0,8% (b/v). Pelapis kitosan-nisin optimal diketahui melalui pengamatan terhadap perubahan fisik daging. Tebal lapisan kitosan-nisin diamati menggunakan analisis SEM. Parameter yang diukur selama penyimpanan adalah nilai pH, nilai jumlah cemaran mikroba dengan metode Total Plate Count (TPC), kadar air, kadar lemak dan kadar protein. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan perubahan fisik selama penyimpanan, konsentrasi kitosan-nisin sebesar 0,6% (b/v) merupakan konsentrasi optimal untuk mempertahankan kualitas ikan sidat. Tebal lapisan kitosan-nissin adalah (0,529 − 0,554) mm. Ikan sidat terlapis kitosan-nisin mengalami penurunan kadar proksimat (air, lemak dan protein), peningkatan nilai pH dan jumlah cemaran mikroba yang lebih rendah dibandingkan ikan tanpa pelapisan. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pelapisan kitosan-nisin pada ikan sidat dapat mempertahankan kualitas ikan sidat selama penyimpanan pada suhu rendah.Effect of Chitosan-Nisin Coating on Quality of Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) during the Storage Period at Low Temperature. The research of the preparation and characterization of chitosan-nisin as a coating layer on the eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) were studied. The quality of the eels after coating was observed during storage at low temperatures. The storage was carried out for 8 days at a temperature of 5 ± 2 °C. A various mass of nisin as much as (0, 2, 4, 6 dan 8 g) was added to 1% (b/v) chitosan solution, thus five coating solutions were obtained, namely 1.0% chitosan and chitosan-nissin 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 and 0,8% (w/v), respectively. The optimalization of chitosan-nisin coating was known through the observation of the physical changes of meat. The thickness of chitosan-nisin layer was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The parameters measured during storage are pH value, the amount of microbial contamination using the total plate count (TPC) method, water content, fat content and protein content. The results showed that based on the physical changes during storage, the concentration of chitosan-nisin of 0.6% (w/v) was the optimal concentration to maintain the quality of eel. The thickness of the chitosan-nissin layer was observed of 0.529 – 0.554 mm. Chitosan-nisin coated eel decreased proximate levels (water, fat and protein), increased pH value and lower amount of microbial contamination compared to fish without coating. These phenomena show that the chitosan-nisin coating can maintain the quality of eel during storage at low temperatures.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72946136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Sasongko, A. Rahmawati, Yeni Farida, S. Sugiyarto
{"title":"In-vivo Antipyretic Effect of Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) Oil on Yeast-induced Fever on Mice","authors":"H. Sasongko, A. Rahmawati, Yeni Farida, S. Sugiyarto","doi":"10.20961/alchemy.15.2.27086.219-227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.15.2.27086.219-227","url":null,"abstract":"Fish oil has been studied for medicinal purposes, including its antipyretic properties. Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) oil, which contains vitamins and fatty acids, including Omega-3 (EPA and DHA), is also expected to have the antipyretic effect. This research aimed to examine the antipyretic activity of eel oil on white mice (Mus musculus L.). An in-vivo study was done on thirty Swiss-Webster strain males mice that previously got 20% yeast-induced fever. Six treatments were applied including normal group (untreated), a negative control group (yeast-treated), a positive control group treated with acetaminophen (1.764 mg/20 g body weight), and three groups treated with eel oil (0.048, 0.096 and 0.192 g/20 g body weight, respectively). The data was analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA then was continued with LSD post hoc test. The results showed that eel oil has significantly reduced yeast-induced hyperthermia on mice five hours after application at doses 0.096 and 0.192 g/20 g body weight. Our finding suggests that eel oil possess antipyretic properties when was applied in certain doses, and this effect is presumably attributed to its high content of fatty acid, including EPA and DHA.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78456151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fadli Fakhrullah, Purwantiningsih Sugita, Mohammad Khotib, Takeno Akiyoshi, Shinya Takahashi
{"title":"Komposit Polianilina/Kitosan/Perak Nanowires Sebagai Elektrokatalis Reaksi Evolusi Hidrogen dalam Medium Netral","authors":"Fadli Fakhrullah, Purwantiningsih Sugita, Mohammad Khotib, Takeno Akiyoshi, Shinya Takahashi","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.2.30460.190-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.2.30460.190-202","url":null,"abstract":"Studi mengenai elektrokatalis untuk reaksi evolusi hidrogen (HER) dan evolusi oksigen (OER) sangat diperlukan terkait aplikasinya dalam pengembangan energi terbarukan berbasis hidrogen. Komposit perak nanowires (AgNWs) dengan polianilina (PANI) disiapkan dengan metode polimerisasi radikal dalam larutan matriks kitosan untuk menurunkan ukuran partikel PANI. Komposit disintesis dengan 3 perlakuan yang berbeda, yaitu perlakuan suhu ruang, suhu rendah, dan sonikasi. Aktivitas elektrokatalisis diukur dengan voltammetri sapuan linear (LSV). Informasi tentang densitas arus pertukaran dan overpotensial sebagai variabel utama pengukuran aktivitas elektrokatalisis diperoleh dari plot Tafel pada LSV. Semua komposit dengan perlakuan suhu dan sonikasi menunjukkan karakter katodik berdasarkan nilai overpotensialnya yang negatif (aktivitas HER), sedangkan komposit dengan perlakuan suhu rendah memiliki karakter anodik (aktivitas OER).A Composite of Polyaniline/Chitosan/Silver Nanowires as Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst in Neutral Medium. Study on electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is urgently needed related to its application in hydrogen-based renewable energy development. A composite of silver nanowires (AgNWs) with polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by radical polymerization method in chitosan matrix solution to reduce the PANI particle size. Each composite was synthesized under three different treatment conditions, which are room temperature, low temperature, and sonication. Linear sweeping voltammetry (LSV) was conducted to measure electrocatalytic activity of the composites. Information about exchange current density and overpotential as important variables in this field were obtained from Tafel plot in the LSV. The temperature and sonication-treated composites have cathodic character due to its negative overpotential (HER activity), while low temperature-treated composites have anodic character (OER activity).","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"239 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80428959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modifikasi Zeolit Alam Ende dengan Garam Logam serta Potensinya Sebagai Katalis Transformasi Glukosa Menjadi 5-Hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF)","authors":"D. D. Septian, S. Sugiarti","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.2.28180.203-218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.2.28180.203-218","url":null,"abstract":"Ketersediaan biomassa yang melimpah berpotensi menjadi bahan baku dalam pembuatan bahan bakar atau senyawa kimia lain. Salah satu senyawa penyusun biomassa, yaitu glukosa, berpotensi diubah menjadi berbagai senyawaan kimia melalui pembentukan senyawa antara furan. Senyawa furan yang menjadi sasaran pada penelitian ini ialah 5-hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF) yang juga memerlukan katalis dalam proses pembentukkannya dari glukosa. Katalis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah katalis heterogen dari zeolit alam Ende yang mengemban lima jenis ion logam dengan konsentrasi 1 − 3% (b/v). Pengembanan logam dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan aktivitas katalitik zeolit dengan dan tanpa ion logam, dan sebagai model pemanfaatan zeolit alam yang telah difungsikan sebagai adsorben logam. Pengembanan logam dilakukan dengan metode pertukaran ion sebagai representasi dari proses adsorpsi. Transformasi glukosa menjadi HMF dilakukan menggunakan metode hidrotermal pada suhu 180 °C dalam pelarut aseton:air (2:1) (v/v) dengan perbandingan substrat:katalis 15:1 (b/b). Zeolit alam Ende dalam bentuk asam dapat membantu transformasi glukosa dengan rendemen HMF 24,86%, sementara logam Cr saja menghasilkan rendemen 44,37%. Zeolit yang diembankan logam Cr menghasilkan rendemen 32,78%, dan semakin banyak logam yang diembankan dalam zeolit menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas katalitiknya. Rendemen HMF tertinggi ditunjukkan pada penggunaan katalis Mn-zeolit dan Ni-zeolit dengan rendemen berturut-turut 35,17% dan 38,68%.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77847366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Ningsih, Purwati Purwati, Zusfahair Zusfahair, Ahmad Nurdin
{"title":"Hand Sanitizer Ekstrak Metanol Daun Mangga Arumanis (Mangifera indica L.)","authors":"D. Ningsih, Purwati Purwati, Zusfahair Zusfahair, Ahmad Nurdin","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.21458.10-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.21458.10-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Komponen dasar yang terdapat dalam <em>hand</em><em> </em><em>sanitizer</em> yaitu senyawaan antibakteri alkohol dan triklosan. Triklosan<em> </em>merupakan zat antibakteri yang paling sering ditambahkan dalam <em>hand</em><em> </em><em>sanitizer</em>. Triklosan<em> </em>merupakan zat antibakteri yang paling sering ditambahkan dalam <em>hand</em><em> </em><em>sanitizer</em>. Namun, penggunaan triklosan dapat membuat bakteri kebal, mengganggu kerja hormon dan bersifat toksik. Senyawa aktif seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, polifenol, tanin, dan saponin pada ekstrak daun mangga arumanis <em>(Mangifera indica </em>L.) dapat digunakan sebagai antibakteri pengganti triklosan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan ekstrak metanol daun mangga arumanis sebagai gel <em>hand sanitizer</em><em> </em>dan karakterisasi sediaan tersebut. Karakterisasi sediaan gel <em>hand sanitizer </em>meliputi uji pH, uji daya sebar, konsistensi, homogenitas, dan uji aktivitas. Uji pH diperoleh pH dengan rentang 6,49 – 5,74. Kisaran pH tersebut telah memenuhi ketentuan SNI No. 06-2588. Karakterisasi uji daya sebar memperoleh rentang penyebaran 58,55 – 50,05 mm, dimana telah memenuhi ketentuan SNI No. 06-2588. Namun, pada konsentrasi 0 ppm pada hari ke 15 rentang penyebarannya tidak memenuhi SNI No. 06-2588. Sediaan memiliki konsistensi dalam bentuk gel yang homogen. Gel <em>hand sanitizer</em> ekstrak metanol daun mangga arumanis diuji aktivitasnya terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> pada hari ke 0 dan 15 penyimpanan dengan zona hambat (ϕ) yang diperoleh sebesar 4,36 dan 10,35 mm dengan konsentrasi 5 ppm, dan 4,51 dan 12,12 mm dengan konsentrasi 10 ppm.</p><p><strong><span lang=\"EN\">Hand </span><span lang=\"EN\">sanitizer</span><span lang=\"EN\"> of methanol extract of manggoes leaf (Mangifera indica L)</span>. </strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">The main component</span><span>s</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> in hand</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">sanitizer</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">are</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> antibacterial compounds </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">of</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> alcohol and triclosan. Triclosan is the most commonly added antibacterial agent in the hand</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">sanitizer</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">. </span><span>However</span><span>,</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> triclosan can make resistant</span><span> bacteria</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">, hormones disrupt and toxic. </span><span>M</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">ango leaf extract (<em>Mangifera indica</em> L.)</span><span> have a</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">ctive compounds such as; flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins </span><span>that </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">can </span><span>be </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">used as an antibacterial substitute for triclosan</span><span>.</span><span lang=\"EN-US\">This research formulates mango lea</span><span>ves </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">extract for hand sanitizer </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">followed by its characterization.</span><","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74943957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darwati Darwati, Alya Tsamrotul, T. Herlina, T. Mayanti, N. Nurlelasari, K. Haikal, U. Supratman
{"title":"Triterpenoids from The Bark of Garcinia porecta and their Cytotoxic Activity against MCF7 Breast Cancer Lines","authors":"Darwati Darwati, Alya Tsamrotul, T. Herlina, T. Mayanti, N. Nurlelasari, K. Haikal, U. Supratman","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.20262.1-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.20262.1-9","url":null,"abstract":"The <em>Garcinia</em> genus is a well known tropical plant in the Indo-Malesiana region and mainly distributed in tropical countries including Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. Previous phytochemical studies on <em>Garcinia </em>species have led to the identification and isolation of mainly prenylated xanthones. This research describes the isolation and structure elucidation of isolated triterpenoids compounds from the bark of <em>Garcinia porecta</em>. Dried powder bark of <em>G. porecta </em>was extracted with methanol and then partitioned with <em>n</em>-hexane, ethyl acetate, and <em>n</em>-butanol. The <em>n</em>-hexane extract then was separated and purified with chromatography techniques to obtain isolated compounds <strong>1</strong><strong> </strong>and<strong> 2</strong>. The chemical structure of isolated compounds was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including one and two-dimensional NMR as well as high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis and identified as lanosterol (<strong>1</strong>) dan arabidiol (<strong>2</strong>), respectively. These triterpenoids were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound <strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong> showed weak cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 60.09 dan 46.17 µM, respectively.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81911816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimalisasi Sifat Reologi Hidrogel Kitosan-Hialuronat yang Ditaut-Silang dengan Glutaraldehida","authors":"Pajri Samsi Nasution, Muhamad Alif Hamimdal, Gustini Syahbirin, Budi Arifin","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.22536.24-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.22536.24-43","url":null,"abstract":"Kitosan membentuk hidrogel polikationik dengan penambahan glutaraldehida sebagai penaut-silang. Penambahan hialuronat yang bersifat polianionik diharapkan akan meningkatkan sifat reologis hidrogel tersebut. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh konsentrasi glutaraldehida dan hialuronat pada kekuatan gel, titik pecah, dan ketegaran, serta sifat pembengkakan dan pengerutan hidrogel kitosan, dan menentukan konsentrasi optimum keduanya melalui analisis data dengan perangkat lunak Modde 5Ò. Hialuronat meningkatkan kekuatan gel, titik pecah, dan ketegaran hidrogel kitosan pada konsentrasi glutaraldehida yang rendah, tetapi berpengaruh sebaliknya pada konsentrasi glutaraldehida yang tinggi. Sejalan dengan itu, pembengkakan juga menjadi relatif tinggi, sedangkan pengerutan menjadi relatif rendah setelah penambahan hialuronat, tetapi hanya pada konsentrasi glutaraldehida yang rendah. Berdasarkan hasil ini, hialuronat diperkirakan mengisi ruang kosong di antara taut-silang imina yang terbentuk antara glutaraldehida dan kitosan. Pada konsentrasi glutaraldehida yang tinggi, taut-silang ini tidak menyisakan lagi ruang kosong bagi hialuronat. Sebaliknya, air sedikit demi sedikit akan terdesak keluar dari dalam hidrogel dan memicu pengerutan. Komposisi optimum diperoleh pada konsentrasi kitosan 2,0% (b/v), hialuronat 0,3% (v/v) dan glutaraldehida 1,4% (v/v), yang memberikan kekuatan gel, titik pecah, ketegaran, pembengkakan dan pengerutan berturut-turut sebesar 678,4 g cm-2; 1,294 cm; 5,033 g cm-1; 2,634 g dan 0,148 g. Pengukuran sifat reologi hidrogel yang dibuat dengan komposisi optimum tersebut memberikan hasil yang lebih rendah (190,7 g cm-2; 0,767 cm; 1,675 g cm-1) untuk tiga sifat reologi pertama, tetapi lebih tinggi (2,844 g and 0,348 g) untuk dua sifat berikutnya.Optimization of Rheological Property of Chitosan-Hyaluronate Hydrogel Crosslinked by Glutaraldehyde. Chitosan forms a polycationic hydrogel by addition of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The addition of hyaluronate which is polyanionic is expected to improve the rheological properties of the hydrogel. This study evaluated the effects of glutaraldehyde and hyaluronate concentration on the gel strength, breakpoint, and rigidity of the chitosan hydrogel as well as the swelling and shrinking properties. This study determined the optimum concentration of both of glutaraldehyde and hyaluronate by data analysis using Modde 5Ò software. Hyaluronate increased the gel strength, breakpoint, and rigidity at a low glutaraldehyde concentration, but showed the opposite effects at high glutaraldehyde concentration. At a low concentration of glutaraldehyde, relatively high swelling and low shrinking were revealed after hyaluronate addition. From these results, it was suggested that hyaluronate filled the empty spaces between the imine-crosslinks created by glutaraldehyde and chitosan. At high concentration of glutaraldehyde, the crosslinks became so extensive that no more space was left for hyaluronates. Otherw","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72674264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metabolit sekunder dari Muntingia calabura dan bioaktivitasnya","authors":"Devi Anggraini Putri, S. Fatmawati","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.23362.57-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.23362.57-78","url":null,"abstract":"<p class=\"Katakunci\"><em>Muntingia calabura</em> (<em>Muntingiaceae</em>) merupakan <em>Jamaican cherry</em> yang dikenal di Indonesia sebagai Kersen atau Talok. Metabolit sekunder sebagai konstituen kimia telah diisolasi dari daun, batang dan akar <em>M. calabura</em>. Flavonoid merupakan konstituen utama penyusun metabolit sekunder dari tanaman ini. Kelompok flavonoid telah dilaporkan memiliki efek farmakologi yang baik. Beberapa literatur melaporkan bioaktivitas <em>M. calabura</em> sebagai antioksidan, antidiabetes, antimikroba, antikanker, anti-inflamasi dan lain-lain. Review ini bertujuan memberikan fakta ilmiah terkait sinergitas metabolit sekunder dan bioaktivitas <em>M. calabura</em> yang diperlukan untuk penelitian kimia bahan alam lebih lanjut.</p><p><strong>The<em> </em></strong><strong>secondary metabolites </strong><strong>of</strong><strong> <em>Muntingia </em></strong><strong><em>c</em></strong><strong><em>alabura</em></strong><strong> and </strong><strong>its </strong><strong>bioactivity</strong><strong>.</strong><strong> </strong><em>Muntingia calabura</em> (<em>Mutingiaceae</em>) was recognized as <em>Jamaican</em> cherry called as <em>K</em><em>ersen</em> or <em>T</em><em>alok</em> in Indonesia. The chemical constituents have been isolated from leave, stem and root of <em>M. calabura</em>. The main chemical constituent of the secondary metabolite is flavonoid. The flavonoid group has been reported as a good source in pharmacological aspect. Most of literatures reported that <em>M. calabura</em> has a good bioactivity as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and others. This review aims to provide the scientific evidences related to the synergism of secondary metabolites and the bioactivities of <em>M. calabura </em>for further research on natural products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77649708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kolagen dari Limbah Tulang Ayam (Gallus gallus domesticus) terhadap Aktivitas Anti Aging secara In Vitro","authors":"Eka Budiarti, Perlambang Budiarti, Manggar Arum Aristri, Irmanida Batubara","doi":"10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.23046.44-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/ALCHEMY.15.1.23046.44-56","url":null,"abstract":"Limbah tulang ayam meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsumsi ayam. Namun, belum banyak penelitian yang memanfaatkan limbah tulang sebagai sumber kolagen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh ukuran kolagen terhadap aktivitas anti aging berupa aktivitas antioksidan, antiglikasi, dan inhibitor tirosinase secara in vitro dan mendapatkan teknik isolasi kolagen anti aging optimum dari tulang ayam. Isolasi kolagen dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOH, yaitu 0,05 M; 0,10 M; dan 0,20 M, dilanjutkan dengan perendaman menggunakan asam asetat 1 M. Kolagen yang diisolasi dengan NaOH 0,10 M merupakan kolagen dengan ukuran partikel, rendemen, dan antiglikasi terbesar (berturut-turut 2,34 µm, 12,59%, 61,06%) dan memiliki spektrum inframerah yang paling sesuai dengan kolagen standar. Kolagen ini kemudian diaduk dengan kecepatan 1000 rpm selama 6 dan 8 jam untuk pengecilan ukuran. Kolagen dengan pengadukan 6 jam mempunyai ukuran partikel lebih kecil (1,34 µm) dibandingkan dengan pengadukan 8 jam (1,80 µm). Kolagen dengan ukuran 1,34 µm menunjukkan aktivitas terbaik yaitu aktivitas antioksidan terhadap 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) sebesar 24,70% dan inhibitor tirosinase sebesar 26,77%. Berdasarkan aktivitas antioksidan, antiglikasi, dan antitirosinase, kolagen dengan perendaman NaOH 0,10 M dan pengadukan selama 6 jam memiliki sifat anti aging yang paling baik.In Vitro Anti-Aging Activity of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Bone Waste Collagen. Chicken bone waste increases with increasing chicken compsumtion. However, study on utilizing chicken bone for collagen source has not been widely explored. This study aims to determine the effect of collagen size on their anti aging activity, and to obtain the optimum condition to produce the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) collagen in the high yield and the best activity. Collagen isolation was carried out in various NaOH concentrations of 0.05 M, 0.10 M, and 0.20 M, followed by the maceration on acetic acid 1 M. The isolation in NaOH 0.10 M produced the collagen with particle size of 2.34 µm in yield of 12.59% and anti-glycation of 61.06%. The revealed infrared spectrum of the isolated collagen is almost the same with the spectrum of the standart collagen. The collagen in 2.34 µm was further stirred at a 1000 rpm for 6 and 8 hours to reduce the size. Collagen stirred in 6 hours has a smaller particle size (1.34 µm) compared with that of stirred in 8 hours which has a particle size of 1.80 µm. The collagen with size of 1.34 µm showed the best activity, which revealed the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of 24.70% and tyrosinase inhibitors of 26.77%. Based on antioxidant activity, anti-glycation, and anti-tyrosinase, the collagen which was isolated in 0.10 M NaOH and was stirred in 6 hours has the best anti-aging property.","PeriodicalId":7926,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy: Jurnal Penelitian Kimia","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77406811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}