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A history of the relation between fluctuation and dissipation 涨落与耗散关系的历史
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00058-z
Olivier Darrigol
{"title":"A history of the relation between fluctuation and dissipation","authors":"Olivier Darrigol","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00058-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00058-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A first relation between fluctuation and dissipation occurred in 1905–1908 in the theories of Brownian motion by Albert Einstein, Marian Smoluchowki, and Paul Langevin. Another famous occurrence is in Harry Nyquist's theory of thermal noise in resistors (1927). Many physicists are also aware of the general results and theorems later obtained by Lars Onsager, Herbert Callen, and Ryogo Kubo through highly ingenious reasoning. Also important though mostly forgotten were the direct or indirect contributions by Walther Nernst, John Kirkwood, Melville Green, and Hidetosi Takahasi. Little is known on the context and genesis of these multiple achievements. In this historical study, they will be traced partly to growing interest in the kinetic-theoretical or statistical-mechanical foundation of transport phenomena, partly to practical or industrial motivations regarding electrochemistry, limits of measurement, electronic noise, or magnetic nuclear resonance. Concepts and methods traveled between practical fields and lofty theory. For instance, the theories of Brownian motion and Onsager's fluctuation-based derivation of the reciprocal relations have deep roots in late nineteenth-century electrochemistry, and Callen's theorems relied on methods of circuit theory. Some actors of this history, especially Einstein and Onsager, worked out their main ideas individually. Others like Callen and Kubo had a marked individuality but also profited from collaborations. Nyquist was working for a large corporation, AT&amp;T. In Japan, Kubo benefitted from the growing strength of a Tokyo research group on what we would now call many-body physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134797422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
George Gamow and Ralph Alpher: a review of their cosmological collaboration as mentor and protégé 1942–1955 乔治·伽莫夫和拉尔夫·阿尔弗:回顾他们作为导师和原<s:2> 1942-1955年的宇宙学合作
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0
Victor S. Alpher, Simon A. Mitton
{"title":"George Gamow and Ralph Alpher: a review of their cosmological collaboration as mentor and protégé 1942–1955","authors":"Victor S. Alpher,&nbsp;Simon A. Mitton","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>George Antonovich Gamow (1904–1968) and Ralph Asher Alpher (1921–2007) were associates from 1942 until 1968. In this paper, we examine an intense period of collaboration at George Washington University. Our inquiry pivots on a collection of 53 letters and postcards in the Library of Congress (LoC) that Alpher received from Gamow during his absences from Washington DC. In order to set our examination of the letters in their historical context, we present brief biographies of Gamow and Alpher, summarise the state that nuclear astrophysics had already reached by 1945, and examine the initial impact of the <i>αβγ</i> paper. We conducted detailed analysis of twenty of the LoC letters which documents successive attempts by Alpher and Gamow to address the deficiencies in their model of primordial element building by neutron-capture in the big bang. We give a detailed account of the interactions between Gamow writing from Los Alamos, New Mexico, and his two co-workers Alpher and Robert Herman in Washington DC. The correspondence brings their enthusiasm and commitment to life as they react to the advances and setbacks they encountered. Our narrative illustrates the remarkable partnership that Gamow and Alpher shared, a this was, infused with friendship and therein scientific discovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85781593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction: The end of the particle era? 更正:粒子时代的终结?
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00059-y
Robert Harlander, Jean-Philippe Martinez, Gregor Schiemann
{"title":"Correction: The end of the particle era?","authors":"Robert Harlander,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Martinez,&nbsp;Gregor Schiemann","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00059-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00059-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00059-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78684536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the gravitational effects of light 关于光的引力效应
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00055-2
Alessio Rocci
{"title":"On the gravitational effects of light","authors":"Alessio Rocci","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00055-2","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00055-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Translation of and Commentary on Léon Rosenfeld’s “Über die Gravitationwirkungen des Lichtes”, Zeitschrift für Physik 65: 589–599 (1930). Originally published in German. Submitted for publication on September 26, 1930. <i>See</i> [1] the <i>Comments with References</i> <i>section before reading this English translation.</i> The gravitational field generated by an electromagnetic field is calculated using of laws of quantum mechanics, and it is shown that the resulting gravitational energy turns out to be infinitely large, raising a new difficulty for the Heisenberg–Pauli quantum theory of wave fields. In addition, the transition processes in first-order approximation involving light and gravitational quanta [2] are briefly discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00055-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77779718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The end of the particle era? 粒子时代的终结?
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4
Robert Harlander, Jean-Philippe Martinez, Gregor Schiemann
{"title":"The end of the particle era?","authors":"Robert Harlander,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Martinez,&nbsp;Gregor Schiemann","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 at CERN completed the experimental confirmation of the Standard Model particle spectrum. Current theoretical insights and experimental data are inconclusive concerning the expectation of future discoveries. While new physics may still be within reach of the LHC or one of its successor experiments, it is also possible that the mass of particles beyond those of the Standard Model is far beyond the energy reach of any conceivable particle collider. We thus have to face the possibility that the age of “on-shell discoveries” of new particles may belong to the past and that we may soon witness a change in the scientists' perception of discoveries in fundamental physics. This article discusses the relevance of this questioning and addresses some of its potential far-reaching implications through the development, first, of a historical perspective on the concept of particle. This view is prompt to reveal important specificities of the development of particle physics. In particular, it underlines the close relationship between the evolution of observational methods and the understanding of the very idea of particle. Combining this with an analysis of the current situation of high-energy physics, this leads us to the suggestion that the particle era in science must undergo an important conceptual reconfiguration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4089751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Anatoly Vlasov heritage: 60-year-old controversy 阿纳托利·弗拉索夫遗产:60年的争议
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00051-6
Alexander M. Gabovich, Vladimir I. Kuznetsov
{"title":"Anatoly Vlasov heritage: 60-year-old controversy","authors":"Alexander M. Gabovich,&nbsp;Vladimir I. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00051-6","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00051-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We analyzed remarkable stories linked to the famous Anatoly Vlasov equations in plasma physics. Their creation, modification, and application are interesting from the scientific viewpoint. We also show the relations between those equations dealing with electromagnetism and analogous Jeans equations describing, in particular, gravitational instability in astrophysics. The second half of the essay is devoted to the controversies and political struggle in Soviet (before 1991) and Russian (after 1991) physical communities related to Vlasov’s personality, career, and posthumous recognition. The never-ending destructive influence of the Russian totalitarianism on science is demonstrated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4659203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
R. Fürth’s 1933 paper “On certain relations between classical statistics and quantum mechanics” [“Über einige Beziehungen zwischen klassischer Statistik und Quantenmechanik”, Zeitschrift für Physik, 81 143–162] R.Fürth 1933 年的论文 "论经典统计学与量子力学之间的某些关系"["Über einige Beziehungen zwischen klassischer Statistik und Quantenmechanik"，Zeitschrift für Physik, 81 143-162] 。
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5
Luca Peliti, Paolo Muratore-Ginanneschi
{"title":"R. Fürth’s 1933 paper “On certain relations between classical statistics and quantum mechanics” [“Über einige Beziehungen zwischen klassischer Statistik und Quantenmechanik”, Zeitschrift für Physik, 81 143–162]","authors":"Luca Peliti,&nbsp;Paolo Muratore-Ginanneschi","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a translation of the 1933 paper by R. Fürth in which a profound analogy between quantum fluctuations and Brownian motion is pointed out. Fürth highlights the existence of uncertainty relations involving the variance of a statistically conserved quantity of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic indicator and the variance of the corresponding current velocity. The phenomenon is entirely classical and traces back to the effect of a fluctuating environment on a measured system. In some sense, Fürth’s paper also opened the way to the stochastic methods of quantization developed almost 30 years later by Edward Nelson and others.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4625890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
What’s in a name? 名字里有什么?
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-05-07 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3
Beñat Monfort-Urkizu, Jaume Navarro
{"title":"What’s in a name?","authors":"Beñat Monfort-Urkizu,&nbsp;Jaume Navarro","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development and evolution of the “Einstein–Æther Theory” (Æ-theory) shows that there is a field in cosmology where the word ether is being used again. It is unclear, however, whether this æther may be regarded <i>in continuation</i> with previous ethers, or it is an altogether <i>new entity</i>. The main goal of this paper is to understand the nature of this new ether in the context of previous instances of this <i>scientific object</i>. In order to do so, we shall first give a brief historical account of the distinct uses the word had assumed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before its demise. Then, we shall describe the major attempts to revive the ether over the last century, focusing on the last endeavor: the Æ-theory. In this article, we do not intend to support or reject this new use of the word, but to stress the complexity of establishing a consistent historical narrative of some scientific objects like the ether.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4634072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the speed of light in a vacuum in the presence of a magnetic field 在有磁场存在的真空中光速
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00050-7
Jonathan Agil, Rémy Battesti, Carlo Rizzo
{"title":"On the speed of light in a vacuum in the presence of a magnetic field","authors":"Jonathan Agil,&nbsp;Rémy Battesti,&nbsp;Carlo Rizzo","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00050-7","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00050-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nature of light, the existence of magnetism, and the physical meaning of a vacuum are the problems so deeply related to philosophy that they have been discussed for thousands of years. In this paper, we concentrate ourselves on a question that concerns the three of them: does light speed in a vacuum change when a magnetic field is present? The experimental answer to this fundamental question has not yet been given even if it has been stated in modern terms for more than a century. To fully understand the importance of such a question in physics, we review the main facts and concepts from the historical point of view.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5049412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IUCAA: genesis of a unique research centre IUCAA:一个独特的研究中心的起源
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0
Saibal Ray, Utpal Mukhopadhyay, Samir Dhurde
{"title":"IUCAA: genesis of a unique research centre","authors":"Saibal Ray,&nbsp;Utpal Mukhopadhyay,&nbsp;Samir Dhurde","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) is the second Inter-University Centre established by the Government of India for promotion of astronomy and astrophysical research. In this article, the historical development, as well as the motivation, for establishing IUCAA has been discussed which comprises of the period 1988–1993, i.e. the first 5 years. A glimpse of research work in pre- and post-colonial era in India has also been presented to have a holistic view of the genesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4297718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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