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The end of the particle era? 粒子时代的终结?
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4
Robert Harlander, Jean-Philippe Martinez, Gregor Schiemann
{"title":"The end of the particle era?","authors":"Robert Harlander,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Martinez,&nbsp;Gregor Schiemann","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 at CERN completed the experimental confirmation of the Standard Model particle spectrum. Current theoretical insights and experimental data are inconclusive concerning the expectation of future discoveries. While new physics may still be within reach of the LHC or one of its successor experiments, it is also possible that the mass of particles beyond those of the Standard Model is far beyond the energy reach of any conceivable particle collider. We thus have to face the possibility that the age of “on-shell discoveries” of new particles may belong to the past and that we may soon witness a change in the scientists' perception of discoveries in fundamental physics. This article discusses the relevance of this questioning and addresses some of its potential far-reaching implications through the development, first, of a historical perspective on the concept of particle. This view is prompt to reveal important specificities of the development of particle physics. In particular, it underlines the close relationship between the evolution of observational methods and the understanding of the very idea of particle. Combining this with an analysis of the current situation of high-energy physics, this leads us to the suggestion that the particle era in science must undergo an important conceptual reconfiguration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00053-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4089751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Anatoly Vlasov heritage: 60-year-old controversy 阿纳托利·弗拉索夫遗产:60年的争议
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00051-6
Alexander M. Gabovich, Vladimir I. Kuznetsov
{"title":"Anatoly Vlasov heritage: 60-year-old controversy","authors":"Alexander M. Gabovich,&nbsp;Vladimir I. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00051-6","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00051-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We analyzed remarkable stories linked to the famous Anatoly Vlasov equations in plasma physics. Their creation, modification, and application are interesting from the scientific viewpoint. We also show the relations between those equations dealing with electromagnetism and analogous Jeans equations describing, in particular, gravitational instability in astrophysics. The second half of the essay is devoted to the controversies and political struggle in Soviet (before 1991) and Russian (after 1991) physical communities related to Vlasov’s personality, career, and posthumous recognition. The never-ending destructive influence of the Russian totalitarianism on science is demonstrated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4659203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
R. Fürth’s 1933 paper “On certain relations between classical statistics and quantum mechanics” [“Über einige Beziehungen zwischen klassischer Statistik und Quantenmechanik”, Zeitschrift für Physik, 81 143–162] R.Fürth 1933 年的论文 "论经典统计学与量子力学之间的某些关系"["Über einige Beziehungen zwischen klassischer Statistik und Quantenmechanik"，Zeitschrift für Physik, 81 143-162] 。
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5
Luca Peliti, Paolo Muratore-Ginanneschi
{"title":"R. Fürth’s 1933 paper “On certain relations between classical statistics and quantum mechanics” [“Über einige Beziehungen zwischen klassischer Statistik und Quantenmechanik”, Zeitschrift für Physik, 81 143–162]","authors":"Luca Peliti,&nbsp;Paolo Muratore-Ginanneschi","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a translation of the 1933 paper by R. Fürth in which a profound analogy between quantum fluctuations and Brownian motion is pointed out. Fürth highlights the existence of uncertainty relations involving the variance of a statistically conserved quantity of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic indicator and the variance of the corresponding current velocity. The phenomenon is entirely classical and traces back to the effect of a fluctuating environment on a measured system. In some sense, Fürth’s paper also opened the way to the stochastic methods of quantization developed almost 30 years later by Edward Nelson and others.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00052-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4625890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
What’s in a name? 名字里有什么?
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-05-07 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3
Beñat Monfort-Urkizu, Jaume Navarro
{"title":"What’s in a name?","authors":"Beñat Monfort-Urkizu,&nbsp;Jaume Navarro","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development and evolution of the “Einstein–Æther Theory” (Æ-theory) shows that there is a field in cosmology where the word ether is being used again. It is unclear, however, whether this æther may be regarded <i>in continuation</i> with previous ethers, or it is an altogether <i>new entity</i>. The main goal of this paper is to understand the nature of this new ether in the context of previous instances of this <i>scientific object</i>. In order to do so, we shall first give a brief historical account of the distinct uses the word had assumed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before its demise. Then, we shall describe the major attempts to revive the ether over the last century, focusing on the last endeavor: the Æ-theory. In this article, we do not intend to support or reject this new use of the word, but to stress the complexity of establishing a consistent historical narrative of some scientific objects like the ether.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00054-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4634072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the speed of light in a vacuum in the presence of a magnetic field 在有磁场存在的真空中光速
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00050-7
Jonathan Agil, Rémy Battesti, Carlo Rizzo
{"title":"On the speed of light in a vacuum in the presence of a magnetic field","authors":"Jonathan Agil,&nbsp;Rémy Battesti,&nbsp;Carlo Rizzo","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00050-7","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00050-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nature of light, the existence of magnetism, and the physical meaning of a vacuum are the problems so deeply related to philosophy that they have been discussed for thousands of years. In this paper, we concentrate ourselves on a question that concerns the three of them: does light speed in a vacuum change when a magnetic field is present? The experimental answer to this fundamental question has not yet been given even if it has been stated in modern terms for more than a century. To fully understand the importance of such a question in physics, we review the main facts and concepts from the historical point of view.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5049412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IUCAA: genesis of a unique research centre IUCAA:一个独特的研究中心的起源
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0
Saibal Ray, Utpal Mukhopadhyay, Samir Dhurde
{"title":"IUCAA: genesis of a unique research centre","authors":"Saibal Ray,&nbsp;Utpal Mukhopadhyay,&nbsp;Samir Dhurde","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) is the second Inter-University Centre established by the Government of India for promotion of astronomy and astrophysical research. In this article, the historical development, as well as the motivation, for establishing IUCAA has been discussed which comprises of the period 1988–1993, i.e. the first 5 years. A glimpse of research work in pre- and post-colonial era in India has also been presented to have a holistic view of the genesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00049-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4297718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A brief history of Florentine physics from the 1920s to the end of the 1960s 从20世纪20年代到60年代末的佛罗伦萨物理学简史
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00048-7
Roberto Casalbuoni, Daniele Dominici, Massimo Mazzoni
{"title":"A brief history of Florentine physics from the 1920s to the end of the 1960s","authors":"Roberto Casalbuoni,&nbsp;Daniele Dominici,&nbsp;Massimo Mazzoni","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00048-7","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00048-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The history of the Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is traced from the beginning of the twentieth century, with the arrival of Antonio Garbasso as Director (1913), to the 1960s. Thanks to Garbasso’s expertise, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, where the Astronomical Observatory was already located, but it also formed a brilliant group of young physicists made up of Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti, Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah, who were engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and cosmic rays. This <i>Arcetri School</i> disintegrated in the late 1930s for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other universities, for the environment created by the fascist regime and, to some extent, for the racial laws. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as Theoretical Physics was concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods these studies enjoyed a new expansion towards the end of the 1950s, with the arrival of Giacomo Morpurgo and above all, that of Raoul Gatto, who created the first real Italian school of Theoretical Physics at Arcetri.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85505130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The JADE experiment at the PETRA (e^+e^-) collider: history, achievements and revival PETRA (e^+e^-)对撞机的JADE实验:历史、成就与复兴
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00047-8
S. Bethke, A. Wagner
{"title":"The JADE experiment at the PETRA (e^+e^-) collider: history, achievements and revival","authors":"S. Bethke,&nbsp;A. Wagner","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00047-8","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00047-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The JADE experiment was one of five large detector systems taking data at the electron–positron collider PETRA, from 1979 to 1986, at <span>(e^+e^-)</span> annihilation centre-of-mass energies from 12 to 46.7 GeV. The forming of the JADE collaboration, the construction of the apparatus, the most prominent physics highlights, and the post-mortem resurrection and preservation of JADE’s data and software are reviewed.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00047-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89633067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Einstein’s Oxford cosmology blackboards: open portals to 1931 爱因斯坦的牛津宇宙学黑板:通往1931年的门户
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00046-9
Dwight E. Vincent, David R. Topper
{"title":"Einstein’s Oxford cosmology blackboards: open portals to 1931","authors":"Dwight E. Vincent,&nbsp;David R. Topper","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00046-9","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00046-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We give a detailed description of the May 16, 1931, lecture by Albert Einstein on cosmology at Oxford University. In this lecture, Einstein discussed his cosmological model of 1931, a model in which the universe was assumed to expand from zero size to a maximum size and then collapse back again. We use information from the two blackboards that Einstein filled for the lecture and intertwine it with a detailed newspaper transcript of what Einstein said concurrently in German. We thereby present a line-by-line explanation of what was conveyed on the blackboards visually and, in an approximate way, what was concurrently conveyed verbally by Einstein. Even though very few in the audience that day would qualify, we assume the point of view of a sufficiently prepared member of the audience. Our discussion is informed by a summary pamphlet that was handed out by the organizers of the talks. We also describe some mistakes that Einstein made in his talk, issues surrounding the successful preservation of one of the two blackboards, as well as some aspects of Einstein’s cosmological thinking after the talk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85697264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The emergence of protein dynamics simulations: how computational statistical mechanics met biochemistry 蛋白质动力学模拟的出现:计算统计力学如何与生物化学相遇
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00043-y
Daniele Macuglia, Benoît Roux, Giovanni Ciccotti
{"title":"The emergence of protein dynamics simulations: how computational statistical mechanics met biochemistry","authors":"Daniele Macuglia,&nbsp;Benoît Roux,&nbsp;Giovanni Ciccotti","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00043-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00043-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this essay, we aim to illustrate how Martin Karplus and his research group effectively set in motion the engine of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of biomolecules. This process saw its prodromes between 1969 and the early 1970s with Karplus’ landing in biology, a transition that came to fruition with the treatment of 11-<i>cis</i>-retinal photoisomerization and the development of an allosteric model to account for the mechanism of cooperativity in hemoglobin. In 1977, J. Andrew McCammon, Bruce Gelin, and Martin Karplus published an article in <i>Nature</i> reporting the MD simulation of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). This publication helped initiate the merger of computational statistical mechanics and biochemistry, a process that Karplus undertook at a later stage and whose beginnings we propose to reconstruct in this article through unpublished accounts of the key people who participated in this endeavor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00043-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73475868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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