The European Physical Journal H最新文献

{"title":"The 50th anniversary of the coupled channels Born approximation (CCBA) and the coupled reaction channels (CRC) theories of nucleon transfer reactions (a unique interplay between theory, experiment and computer technology, conducted during the most tumultuous period in modern American society)","authors":"Robert J. Ascuitto,&nbsp;Jan S. Vaagen","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00060-5","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00060-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nucleon transfer reactions have played a fundamental role in understanding the single-particle components, shell structure and collective properties of atomic nuclei. The conventional distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) envisioned the nucleon transfer reaction as a one-step process, which proceeds directly from the ground state of the target nucleus to a state of the residual nucleus. The coupled channels Born approximation (CCBA) and coupled reaction channels (CRC) theories evolved because a number of nucleon transfer reaction cross sections could not be reconciled within the DWBA. These coupled channels models revealed that, in addition to the “one-step” process of the DWBA, “multi-step” nucleon transfer processes involving accessary pathways can participate in populating the final nuclear state. In the CCBA, the auxiliary pathways involved inelastic excitations of the target and/or residual nucleus, whereas, in the CRC, the pathways included sequential nucleon transfer passing through nuclear states of an intermediate partition. Coherent addition of contributions from one-step and multi-step nucleon transfer processes resulted in dramatic alterations in reaction cross sections, which were experimentally confirmed. The CCBA and CRC linked the structure of the nuclei participating in a reaction to modalities of nucleon transfer arising during the relative motion between the interacting ions. These complementary theories inexorably changed physicists’ interpretations of nucleon transfer reactions and, in doing so, heralded in the new field of direct heavy-ion reactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00060-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139664470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the problem of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA visibility in the scientific literature","authors":"Pablo Barneo,&nbsp;Giuseppe Cabras,&nbsp;Pierre-Francois Cohadon,&nbsp;Livia Conti,&nbsp;Davide Guerra,&nbsp;Edoardo Milotti,&nbsp;Jerome Novak,&nbsp;Agata Trovato,&nbsp;Andrea Virtuoso","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00066-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00066-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As members of the Virgo Collaboration—one of the large scientific collaborations that explore the universe of gravitational waves together with the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the KAGRA Collaboration—we became aware of biased citation practices that exclude Virgo, as well as KAGRA, from achievements that collectively belong to the wider LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA Collaboration. Here, we frame these practices in the context of Merton’s “Matthew effect”, extending the reach of this well-studied cognitive bias to include large international scientific collaborations. We provide qualitative evidence of its occurrence, displaying the network of links among published papers in the scientific literature related to Gravitational Wave science. We note how the keyword “LIGO” is linked to a much larger number of papers and variety of subjects than the keyword “Virgo”. We support these qualitative observations with a quantitative study based on a year-long monitoring of the relevant literature, where we scan all new preprints appearing in the arXiv electronic preprint database. Over the course of one year, we identified all preprints failing to assign due credits to Virgo. As a further step, we undertook positive actions by asking the authors of problematic papers to correct them. Here, we also report on a more in-depth investigation which we performed on problematic preprints that appeared in the first three months of the period under consideration, checking how frequently their authors reacted positively to our request and corrected their papers. Finally, we measure the global impact of papers classified as problematic and observe that, thanks to the changes implemented in response to our requests, the global impact (measured as the number of citations of papers which still contain Virgo visibility issues) was halved. We conclude the paper with general considerations for future work in a wider perspective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139554442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How a falling apple could have helped Newton discover universal gravity","authors":"Gennady Gorelik","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00065-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00065-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article delves into the intriguing disagreement among historians of science regarding the origin of the idea of universal gravity. Prominent researchers of the genesis of Newton's Principia did not believe that he could have come up with this idea in 1666, after observing a falling apple, as he claimed. On the other hand, prominent biographers of Newton did believe. The proposed key to solving this paradox is a thought experiment described in Newton's manuscript, ‘The System of the World,’ which preceded the creation of his ‘Principia.’ According to the proposed ‘subjunctive’ scenario, it was possible to come from the motion of a projectile to the concept of universal gravity, relying only on the knowledge and skills of Galileo in 1611.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139430962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analogue gravity and the Hawking effect: historical perspective and literature review","authors":"Carla R. Almeida,&nbsp;Maxime J. Jacquet","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00063-2","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00063-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reasoning by analogies permeates theoretical developments in physics and astrophysics, motivated by the unreachable nature of many phenomena at play. For example, analogies have been used to understand black hole physics, leading to the development of a thermodynamic theory for these objects and the discovery of the Hawking effect. The latter, which results from quantum field theory on black hole space-times, changed the way physicists approached this subject: what had started as a mere aid to understanding becomes a possible source of evidence via the research programme of “analogue gravity” that builds on analogue models for field effects. Some of these analogue models may and can be realised in the laboratory, allowing experimental tests of field effects. Here, we present a historical perspective on the connection between the Hawking effect and analogue models. We also present a literature review of current research, bringing history and contemporary physics together. We argue that the history of analogue gravity and the Hawking effect is divided into three distinct phases based on how and why analogue models have been used to investigate fields in the vicinity of black holes. Furthermore, we find that modern research signals a transition to a new phase, where the impetus for the use of analogue models has surpassed the problem they were originally designed to solve.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138485096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Note on episodes in the history of modeling measurements in local spacetime regions using QFT","authors":"Doreen Fraser,&nbsp;Maria Papageorgiou","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00064-1","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00064-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The formulation of a measurement theory for relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) has recently been an active area of research. In contrast to the asymptotic measurement framework that was enshrined in QED, the new proposals aim to supply a measurement framework for measurements in local spacetime regions. This paper surveys episodes in the history of quantum theory that contemporary researchers have identified as precursors to their own work and discusses how they laid the groundwork for current approaches to local measurement theory for QFT.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138480865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From concrete quarks to QCD: a personal perspective","authors":"Chris Llewellyn Smith","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00061-4","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00061-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The simple story line that ‘Gell-Mann and Zweig invented quarks in 1964 and the quark model was generally accepted after 1968 when deep inelastic electron scattering experiments at SLAC showed that they are real’ contains elements of the truth, but is not true. This paper describes the origins and development of the quark model until it became generally accepted in the mid-1970s, as witnessed by a spectator and some-time participant who joined the field as a graduate student in October 1964. It aims to ensure that the role of Petermann is not overlooked, and Zweig and Bjorken get the recognition they deserve, and to clarify the role of Serber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00061-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134878333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodox or dissident? The evolution of Bohm’s ontological reflections in the 1950s","authors":"Andrea Oldofredi","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00062-3","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00062-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>David Bohm has often been considered unable to understand the meaning of the quantum revolution as well as its radical metaphysical implications. Similarly, his pilot-wave theory was negatively portrayed as an attempt to restore a classical and deterministic <i>Weltanschauung</i>. Against this background, the aim of this paper is twofold: in the first place, it will be argued that the accusations of dogmatism advanced by several eminent physicists <i>contra</i> Bohm show a biased understanding of his works. Referring to this, two case studies will be discussed: the Bohm–Pauli correspondence, and the difficult relationship between the former and Leon Rosenfeld, a fervent supporter of Bohr’s philosophy of complementarity. These examples indicate that the opposition to the pilot-wave approach was for the most part not based on scientific grounds. In the second place, I will reconstruct and analyze the evolution of Bohm’s philosophical reflections about ontology, scientific realism and pluralism studying private correspondences as well as his main works in the fifties culminated in the book <i>Causality and Chance in Modern Physics</i>. Underlining the originality of Bohm’s thoughts, it will be concluded that his perspective can be characterized as a form of internal realism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134797089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix mechanics mis-prized: Max Born's belated nobelization","authors":"John L. Heilbron,&nbsp;Carlo Rovelli","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00056-1","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00056-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examine evaluations of the contributions of Matrix Mechanics and Max Born to the formulation of quantum mechanics from Heisenberg's Helgoland paper of 1925 to Born's Nobel Prize of 1954. We point out that the process of evaluation is continuing in the light of recent interpretations of the theory that deemphasize the importance of the wave function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134796880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A history of the relation between fluctuation and dissipation","authors":"Olivier Darrigol","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00058-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00058-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A first relation between fluctuation and dissipation occurred in 1905–1908 in the theories of Brownian motion by Albert Einstein, Marian Smoluchowki, and Paul Langevin. Another famous occurrence is in Harry Nyquist's theory of thermal noise in resistors (1927). Many physicists are also aware of the general results and theorems later obtained by Lars Onsager, Herbert Callen, and Ryogo Kubo through highly ingenious reasoning. Also important though mostly forgotten were the direct or indirect contributions by Walther Nernst, John Kirkwood, Melville Green, and Hidetosi Takahasi. Little is known on the context and genesis of these multiple achievements. In this historical study, they will be traced partly to growing interest in the kinetic-theoretical or statistical-mechanical foundation of transport phenomena, partly to practical or industrial motivations regarding electrochemistry, limits of measurement, electronic noise, or magnetic nuclear resonance. Concepts and methods traveled between practical fields and lofty theory. For instance, the theories of Brownian motion and Onsager's fluctuation-based derivation of the reciprocal relations have deep roots in late nineteenth-century electrochemistry, and Callen's theorems relied on methods of circuit theory. Some actors of this history, especially Einstein and Onsager, worked out their main ideas individually. Others like Callen and Kubo had a marked individuality but also profited from collaborations. Nyquist was working for a large corporation, AT&amp;T. In Japan, Kubo benefitted from the growing strength of a Tokyo research group on what we would now call many-body physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134797422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"George Gamow and Ralph Alpher: a review of their cosmological collaboration as mentor and protégé 1942–1955","authors":"Victor S. Alpher,&nbsp;Simon A. Mitton","doi":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>George Antonovich Gamow (1904–1968) and Ralph Asher Alpher (1921–2007) were associates from 1942 until 1968. In this paper, we examine an intense period of collaboration at George Washington University. Our inquiry pivots on a collection of 53 letters and postcards in the Library of Congress (LoC) that Alpher received from Gamow during his absences from Washington DC. In order to set our examination of the letters in their historical context, we present brief biographies of Gamow and Alpher, summarise the state that nuclear astrophysics had already reached by 1945, and examine the initial impact of the <i>αβγ</i> paper. We conducted detailed analysis of twenty of the LoC letters which documents successive attempts by Alpher and Gamow to address the deficiencies in their model of primordial element building by neutron-capture in the big bang. We give a detailed account of the interactions between Gamow writing from Los Alamos, New Mexico, and his two co-workers Alpher and Robert Herman in Washington DC. The correspondence brings their enthusiasm and commitment to life as they react to the advances and setbacks they encountered. Our narrative illustrates the remarkable partnership that Gamow and Alpher shared, a this was, infused with friendship and therein scientific discovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00057-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85781593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}