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The European Physical Journal H最新文献

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Ergodicity: a historical perspective. Equilibrium andNonequilibrium 遍历性:一个历史的视角。平衡andNonequilibrium
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-09-26 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70030-8
Giovanni Gallavotti
{"title":"Ergodicity: a historical perspective. Equilibrium and\u0000Nonequilibrium","authors":"Giovanni Gallavotti","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70030-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70030-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000A view on the physical meaning of the so called ergodic hypothesis: its role on the\u0000foundations of equilibrium statistical mechanics in mid ’1800, its interpretations and\u0000hints at its relevance for modern nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Followed by\u0000appendices with detailed comments on the original papers.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 3","pages":"181 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70030-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5027291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Hahn and Strassmann’s first credible, yet erroneousapproximation to the discovery of nuclear fission 哈恩和斯特拉斯曼对核裂变发现的第一个可信但错误的近似
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-09-09 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70043-y
Georg Steinhauser
{"title":"Hahn and Strassmann’s first credible, yet erroneous\u0000approximation to the discovery of nuclear fission","authors":"Georg Steinhauser","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70043-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70043-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 3","pages":"265 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70043-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4404466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
On the production of radium isotopes from uranium caused byirradiation with fast and decelerated neutrons⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ 关于用快中子和减速中子辐照铀产生镭同位素的研究
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-09-09 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70025-1
O. Hahn, F. Strassmann
{"title":"On the production of radium isotopes from uranium caused by\u0000irradiation with fast and decelerated neutrons⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆","authors":"O. Hahn,&nbsp;F. Strassmann","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70025-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70025-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 3","pages":"261 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70025-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4404465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Early steps towards quarks and their interactions using neutrino beams in CERN bubble chamber experiments 在欧洲核子研究中心气泡室实验中使用中微子束研究夸克及其相互作用的早期步骤
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-05-30 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70016-2
Don H. Perkins
{"title":"Early steps towards quarks and their interactions using neutrino beams in CERN bubble chamber experiments","authors":"Don H. Perkins","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70016-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70016-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Results from neutrino experiments at CERN in the1970’s, using bubble chamber detectors filled with heavy liquids, gave early evidence for the existence of quarks and gluons as real dynamical objects. In detail, the measured moments of the non-singlet structure functions provided crucial support for the validity of the present theory of the strong inter-quark interactions, quantum chromodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 2","pages":"157 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70016-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5162964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On Tomonaga’s theory of split-anode magnetrons 论Tomonaga的分阳极磁控管理论
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-05-20 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70005-7
Walter Dittrich
{"title":"On Tomonaga’s theory of split-anode magnetrons","authors":"Walter Dittrich","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70005-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70005-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000This article offers a review of the history of radar research and its application in the\u000020th century. After describing the wartime work of Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and his theory of\u0000the cavity magnetron, we formulate the equations of motion of an electron in a cavity\u0000magnetron using action-angle variables. This means following the electron’s path on its\u0000way from a cylindrical cathode moving toward a co-axial cylindrical anode in presence of a\u0000uniform magnetic field parallel to the common axis. After analyzing the situation without\u0000coupling to an external oscillatory electric field, we employ methods of canonical\u0000perturbation theory to find the resonance condition between the frequencies of the free\u0000theory <i>ω</i>\u0000 <sub>\u0000 <i>r</i>\u0000 </sub>, <i>ω</i>\u0000 <sub>\u0000 <i>?</i>\u0000 </sub>\u0000and the applied perturbing oscillatory frequency <i>ω</i>. A long-time averaging\u0000process will then eliminate the periodic terms in the equation for the now time-dependent\u0000action-angle variables. The terms that are no longer periodic will cause secular changes\u0000so that the canonical action-angle variables (<i>J, δ</i>) change in a way that the path of the electron\u0000will deform gradually so that it can reach the anode. How the ensemble of the initially\u0000randomly distributed electrons forms spokes and how their energy is conveyed to the\u0000cavity-field oscillation is the main focus of this article. Some remarks concerning the\u0000importance of results in QED and the invention of radar theory and application conclude\u0000the article.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 2","pages":"165 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70005-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4798116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Measurement of the Weinberg angle in neutrino interactions 中微子相互作用中温伯格角的测量
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-05-03 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70006-y
Ubaldo Dore, Pier Ferruccio Loverre, Lucio Ludovici
{"title":"Measurement of the Weinberg angle in neutrino interactions","authors":"Ubaldo Dore,&nbsp;Pier Ferruccio Loverre,&nbsp;Lucio Ludovici","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70006-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70006-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000Neutrino physics with high energy neutrino beams has played a crucial role in\u0000establishing the Standard Model of the electroweak interaction, in particular with\u0000repeated measurements of increasing precision of the fundamental parameter sin<sup>2</sup> \u0000 <i>θ</i>\u0000 <sub>W</sub> which defines the\u0000electroweak mixing. This paper relates the history of these measurements, from the\u0000discovery of the neutral current interaction in 1973 until the latest high precision\u0000measurements in the years 2000. The review discusses in chronological order the important\u0000experiments performed at CERN, Fermilab and Brookhaven during the last thirty years of the\u000020th century.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 2","pages":"137 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70006-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4135133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Bohr and Ehrenfest: transformations and correspondences in the early 1920s 玻尔与埃伦费斯特:20世纪20年代初的变换与对应
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-04-14 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-60028-1
Enric Pérez, Blai Pié i Valls
{"title":"Bohr and Ehrenfest: transformations and correspondences in the early 1920s","authors":"Enric Pérez,&nbsp;Blai Pié i Valls","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-60028-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-60028-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000We analyze the collaboration between Bohr and Ehrenfest on the quantum theory in the\u0000early 1920s (1920–1923). We focus on their reflections and developments around the\u0000adiabatic principle and the correspondence principle, the two pillars of Bohr’s quantum\u0000theory of 1922–23. We argue that the evolution of Bohr’s ideas after 1918 brought the two\u0000principles closer, subordinating the former to the latter. The examination of the weight\u0000Bohr attributed to each principle along the years illustrates very clearly the\u0000vicissitudes of Bohr’s theory before the emergence of quantum mechanics, especially with\u0000regards to its rejection/inclusion of mechanics.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 2","pages":"93 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-60028-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4560617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The history of time and frequency from antiquity to the present day 从古代到现代的时间和频率的历史
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-03-21 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70004-3
Judah Levine
{"title":"The history of time and frequency from antiquity to the present day","authors":"Judah Levine","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70004-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I will discuss the evolution of the definitions of time, time interval, and frequency from antiquity to the present day. The earliest definitions of these parameters were based on a time interval defined by widely observed apparent astronomical phenomena, so that techniques of time distribution were not necessary. With this definition, both time, as measured by clocks, and frequency, as realized by some device, were derived quantities. On the other hand, the fundamental parameter today is a frequency based on the properties of atoms, so that the situation is reversed and time and time interval are now derived quantities. I will discuss the evolution of this transition and its consequences. In addition, the international standards of both time and frequency are currently realized by combining the data from a large number of devices located at many different laboratories, and this combination depends on (and is often limited by) measurements of the times of clocks located at widely-separated laboratories. I will discuss how these measurements are performed and how the techniques have evolved over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70004-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4828374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Fractals and the Korcak-law: a history and a correction 分形和科尔恰克定律:历史和修正
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2016-02-26 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-60039-8
Attila R. Imre, Josef Novotný
{"title":"Fractals and the Korcak-law: a history and a correction","authors":"Attila R. Imre,&nbsp;Josef Novotný","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-60039-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-60039-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Korcak-law – first presented in an empirical form in 1938 to describe the size-distribution of various geographical objects, including lakes and islands by Jaromír Kor?ák – was one of the examples used by Benoit Mandelbrot to show that fractals are not only mathematical monsters, but that they are applicable to describe many natural objects and phenomena too. In this paper, we would like to give a brief overview about the history of the Korcak-law and its connection to other similar rules. Moreover, we would like to show, that although there are similarities between fractal-related laws and the Korcak-law, the Korcak-exponent is not directly related to fractal dimension. In this sense, the measure introduced by Benoit Mandelbrot based on Kor?ák’s\tempirical findings is not a fractal measure.</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 1","pages":"69 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-60039-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4999416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Youth plus experience: the discovery of 51 Pegasi b 青春加经验:51天马座b的发现
IF 1 4区 物理与天体物理
The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2015-12-10 DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2015-60041-5
Davide Cenadelli, Andrea Bernagozzi
{"title":"Youth plus experience: the discovery of 51 Pegasi b","authors":"Davide Cenadelli,&nbsp;Andrea Bernagozzi","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2015-60041-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2015-60041-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced they discovered 51 Pegasi b, the first planet ever found around a star other than the Sun. This discovery turned out to be a milestone of recent astronomy, as it opened up a new field of research that is growing impressively these days. However, 51 Pegasi b has surprising properties as compared to the planets of the Solar System, as it is a giant planet on a very close-in orbit around its parent star. Hence, its discovery was unexpected and its actual existence did not go unchallenged. In the following years, a passionate debate sprang up, and finally astronomers accepted it, but at the price of a deep revision of our understanding of how planetary systems are formed and evolve. In the present paper, we reconstruct the dynamics of the discovery of 51 Pegasi b and the first exoplanets, the quarrel that arose among astronomers and the final acceptance of the existence of planets with unexpected characteristics. This remarkable story is recounted by means of published literature as well as interviews with several of its main protagonists.</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"40 4-5","pages":"527 - 552"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2015-60041-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4410388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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