The European Physical Journal H最新文献

{"title":"On the quantization of wave fields","authors":"L. Rosenfeld","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70041-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70041-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"42 1","pages":"63 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70041-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4458009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Léon Rosenfeld’s general theory of constrained Hamiltonian dynamics","authors":"Donald Salisbury,&nbsp;Kurt Sundermeyer","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70042-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70042-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000This commentary reflects on the 1930 general theory of Léon Rosenfeld dealing with phase-space constraints. We start with a short biography of Rosenfeld and his motivation for this article in the context of ideas pursued by W. Pauli, F. Klein, E. Noether. We then comment on Rosenfeld’s General Theory dealing with symmetries and constraints, symmetry generators, conservation laws and the construction of a Hamiltonian in the case of phase-space constraints. It is remarkable that he was able to derive expressions for all phase space symmetry generators without making explicit reference to the generator of time evolution. In his Applications, Rosenfeld treated the general relativistic example of Einstein-Maxwell-Dirac theory. We show, that although Rosenfeld refrained from fully applying his general findings to this example, he could have obtained the Hamiltonian. Many of Rosenfeld’s discoveries were re-developed or re-discovered by others two decades later, yet as we show there remain additional firsts that are still not recognized in the community.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"42 1","pages":"23 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70042-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4458008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The history of research into improved confinement\u0000regimes","authors":"F. Wagner","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70064-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70064-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000Increasing the pressure by additional heating of magnetically confined plasmas had the\u0000consequence that turbulent processes became more violent and plasma confinement degraded.\u0000Since this experience from the early 1980ies, fusion research was dominated by the search\u0000for confinement regimes with improved properties. It was a gratifying experience that\u0000toroidally confined plasmas are able to self-organise in such a way that turbulence\u0000diminishes, resulting in a confinement with good prospects to reach the objectives of\u0000fusion R&amp;D. The understanding of improved confinement regimes revolutionized the\u0000understanding of turbulent transport in high-temperature plasmas. In this paper the story\u0000of research into improved confinement regimes will be narrated starting with 1980.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"43 4-5","pages":"523 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70064-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4207165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The binary pulsar and the quadrupole formula controversy","authors":"Daniel Kennefick","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70059-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70059-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"42 2","pages":"293 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70059-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4781106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave-particle and wave-wave interactions in hot plasmas: a French historical point of view","authors":"Guy Laval,&nbsp;Denis Pesme,&nbsp;Jean-Claude Adam","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70050-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70050-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The first researches on nuclear fusion for energy applications marked the entrance of hot plasmas into the laboratory. It became necessary to understand the behavior of such plasmas and to learn how to manipulate them. Theoreticians and experimentalists, building on the foundations of empirical laws, had to construct this new plasma physics from first principles and to explain the results of more and more complicated experiments. Along this line, two important topics emerged: wave-particle and wave-wave interactions. Here, their history is recalled as it has been lived by a French team from the end of the sixties to the beginning of the twenty-first century.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"43 4-5","pages":"421 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70050-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4049316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The source of solar energy, ca. 1840–1910: From meteoric\u0000hypothesis to radioactive speculations","authors":"Helge Kragh","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70045-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70045-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000Why does the Sun shine? Today we know the answer to the question and we also know that\u0000earlier answers were quite wrong. The problem of the source of solar energy became an\u0000important part of physics and astronomy only with the emergence of the law of energy\u0000conservation in the 1840s. The first theory of solar heat based on the new law, due to\u0000J.R. Mayer, assumed the heat to be the result of meteors or asteroids falling into the\u0000Sun. A different and more successful version of gravitation-to-heat energy conversion was\u0000proposed by H. Helmholtz in 1854 and further developed by W. Thomson. For more than forty\u0000years the once so celebrated Helmholtz-Thomson contraction theory was accepted as the\u0000standard theory of solar heat despite its prediction of an age of the Sun of only 20\u0000million years. In between the gradual demise of this theory and the radically different\u0000one based on nuclear processes there was a period in which radioactivity was considered a\u0000possible alternative to gravitational contraction. The essay discusses various pre-nuclear\u0000ideas of solar energy production, including the broader relevance of the question as it\u0000was conceived in the Victorian era.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 4-5","pages":"365 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70045-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4050010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Stern-Gerlach experiment revisited","authors":"Horst Schmidt-Böcking,&nbsp;Lothar Schmidt,&nbsp;Hans Jürgen Lüdde,&nbsp;Wolfgang Trageser,&nbsp;Alan Templeton,&nbsp;Tilman Sauer","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70053-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70053-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The Stern-Gerlach-Experiment (SGE) performed in 1922 is a seminal benchmark experiment of\u0000quantum physics providing evidence for several fundamental properties of quantum systems.\u0000Based on the knowledge of today we illustrate the different benchmark results of the SGE\u0000for the development of modern quantum physics and chemistry. The SGE provided the first\u0000direct experimental evidence for angular momentum quantization in the quantum world and\u0000therefore also for the existence of directional quantization of all angular momenta in the\u0000process of measurement. Furthermore, it measured for the first time a ground state\u0000property of an atom, it produced for the first time a fully “spin-polarized” atomic beam,\u0000and it also revealed the electron spin, even though this was not realized at the time. The\u0000SGE was the first fully successful molecular beam experiment where the kinematics of\u0000particles can be determined with high momentum-resolution by beam measurements in vacuum.\u0000This technique provided a kind of new kinematic microscope with which inner atomic or\u0000nuclear properties could be investigated. Historical facts of the original SGE are\u0000described together with early attempts by Einstein, Ehrenfest, Heisenberg, and others to\u0000reveal the physical processes creating directional quantization in the SGE. Heisenberg’s\u0000and Einstein’s proposals of an improved multi-stage SGE are presented. The first\u0000realization of these proposed experiments by Stern, Phipps, Frisch and Segrè is described.\u0000The experimental set-up suggested by Einstein can be considered as an anticipation of a\u0000Rabi-apparatus with varying fields. Recent theoretical work by Wennerstr?m and Westlund,\u0000by Devereux and others, is mentioned in which the directional quantization process and\u0000possible interference effects of the two different spin states are investigated. In full\u0000agreement with the results of the new quantum theory directional quantization appears as a\u0000general and universal feature of quantum measurements. One experimental example for such\u0000directional quantization in scattering processes is shown. Last not least, the early\u0000history of the “almost” discovery of the electron spin in the SGE is revisited.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 4-5","pages":"327 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70053-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5097772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robert Dicke and the naissance of experimental gravity physics, 1957–1967","authors":"Phillip James Edwin Peebles","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70034-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70034-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The experimental study of gravity became much more active in the late 1950s, a change\u0000pronounced enough be termed the birth, or naissance, of experimental gravity physics. I\u0000present a review of developments in this subject since 1915, through the broad range of\u0000new approaches that commenced in the late 1950s, and up to the transition of experimental\u0000gravity physics to what might be termed a normal and accepted part of physical science in\u0000the late 1960s. This review shows the importance of advances in technology, here as in all\u0000branches of natural science. The role of contingency is illustrated by Robert Dicke’s\u0000decision in the mid-1950s to change directions in mid-career, to lead a research group\u0000dedicated to the experimental study of gravity. The review also shows the power of\u0000nonempirical evidence. Some in the 1950s felt that general relativity theory is so\u0000logically sound as to be scarcely worth the testing. But Dicke and others argued that a\u0000poorly tested theory is only that, and that other nonempirical arguments, based on Mach’s\u0000Principle and Dirac’s Large Numbers hypothesis, suggested it would be worth looking for a\u0000better theory of gravity. I conclude by offering lessons from this history, some peculiar\u0000to the study of gravity physics during the naissance, some of more general relevance. The\u0000central lesson, which is familiar but not always well advertised, is that physical\u0000theories can be empirically established, sometimes with surprising results.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"42 2","pages":"177 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70034-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4598890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birth and initial developments of experiments with resonant\u0000detectors searching for gravitational waves","authors":"G. Pizzella","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70036-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70036-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000A history of the experiments for the search of gravitational waves, with emphasis on the\u0000experiments made by the Rome group, is given. The search for gravitational waves was\u0000initiated by the brilliant scientific acumen of Joseph Weber. In this paper we start from\u0000the early times of the resonant detectors at room temperature and continue with the\u0000cryogenic resonant detectors: STANFORD, ALLEGRO, AURIGA, EXPLORER, NAUTILUS and NIOBE.\u0000These cryogenic detectors reached a sensitivity able to observe gravitational waves\u0000generated by the conversion of about 0.001 solar masses in the Galaxy. This was an\u0000improvement by a factor of a few thousand in energy with respect to the early room\u0000temperature experiments. No clear signals due to gravitational waves have been observed\u0000with this technique. This research, that has lasted four decades, has paved the way to the\u0000more sensitive detectors for gravitational waves, the long-arm laser interferometers,\u0000which announced, on February 12th 2016, the first observation of gravitational waves.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 4-5","pages":"267 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70036-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4277565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waiting for the W","authors":"M. J. Tannenbaum","doi":"10.1140/epjh/e2016-70048-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70048-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The search for the left-handed <i>W</i>\u0000 ^± bosons, the proposed quanta of the\u0000weak interaction, and the Higgs boson, which spontaneously breaks the symmetry of\u0000unification of electromagnetic and weak interactions, has driven elementary-particle\u0000physics research from the time that I entered college to the present and has led to many\u0000unexpected and exciting discoveries which revolutionized our view of subnuclear physics\u0000over that period. In this article I describe how these searches and discoveries have\u0000intertwined with my own career.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":791,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","volume":"41 4-5","pages":"303 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1140/epjh/e2016-70048-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4277566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}