{"title":"Photo- and electro-chemical synthesis of substituted pyrroles","authors":"Binbin Huang","doi":"10.1039/D4GC04495A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC04495A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Pyrrole, a privileged five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle, widely exists in the structures of various natural products, therapeutic agents, functional materials, and catalysts for organic synthesis, among others. Over centuries, continuous attention from the synthetic community has been focused on the development of efficient methods for pyrrole synthesis. As enabling methodologies for sustainable organic synthesis, both photochemical and electrochemical methods have garnered growing research attention in recent decades, offering new avenues for the construction of substituted pyrroles from diverse N-containing precursors <em>via</em> distinct mechanism patterns. This review critically summarizes the methodological advancements in both photo- and electro-chemical pyrrole synthesis, and categorizes them based on the utilized N-containing precursors, including (1) 2<em>H</em>-azirines, (2) vinyl azides, (3) primary amines, (4) enamines, (5) tetrahydroisoquinolines, (6) N-propargylindoles, (7) malononitriles, (8) α-amino acids, and (9) miscellaneous precursors, to reveal the current status and trends of this area. The representative scopes and mechanism patterns of these protocols are highlighted, aiming to inspire innovations in future methodology discoveries to address the challenges in modern pyrrole synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 24","pages":" 11773-11796"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Luo , Helen Tyrrell , Jingyang Bai , Rukayya Ibrahim Muazu , Xiangyi Long
{"title":"Fundamental, technical and environmental overviews of plastic chemical recycling†","authors":"Hui Luo , Helen Tyrrell , Jingyang Bai , Rukayya Ibrahim Muazu , Xiangyi Long","doi":"10.1039/d4gc03127j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc03127j","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accumulation of plastic waste is a severe environmental challenge worldwide. Although mechanical recycling methods are in place for plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the physical and chemical properties are significantly compromised after a number of cycles, and they eventually reach end-of-life and end up in landfill. Chemical recycling is a collection of emerging innovative technologies that transform plastic waste into base chemicals, monomers and feedstocks. This approach complements mechanical recycling, bridging the gap between waste management and the petrochemical industry. However, with regard to the seven types of recyclable plastic, there is currently no clear overview of the suitable techniques. Therefore, we aim to provide a critical perspective on the suitability of different chemical processes towards recycling different types of plastic, by combining fundamental knowledge and research advancements in recent years, with an emphasis on assessing their environmental and economic impacts. Finally, based on the development status, we will highlight the current challenges and future opportunities in implementing chemical recycling technologies to meet the sustainability requirement of a climate-neutral circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11444-11467"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc03127j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of reticular chemistry in photoenzymatic reaction","authors":"Ying Shu , Jimin Lee , Weibin Liang , Jun Huang","doi":"10.1039/d4gc03991b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc03991b","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoenzymatic catalysis offers promising opportunities for chemical transformations that are often challenging to achieve with traditional catalytic methods. However, the practical implementation of this technique is hindered by issues such as structural fragility, low operational stability, and limited recyclability. Recently, reticular framework materials (RFMs), including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hydrogen-bonding organic frameworks (HOFs), have garnered significant interest as functional scaffolds for integration with photoenzymatic systems. These RFMs provide protection and enable reusability for homogeneous photoenzymatic systems. Due to the immense chemical and structural tunability derived from their organic and inorganic building units, RFMs offer opportunities to develop effective and efficient integrated photoenzymatic enzyme/RFM systems. In this review, we first discuss recent progress in RFMs and their applications in enzyme immobilization, as well as categories of photoenzymatic reactions. We then summarize design strategies for RFM-based photoenzymatic systems. Finally, our perspectives on the considerations for RFM design in constructing photoenzymatic systems, as well as the research challenges and potential future directions for RFM-based integrated photoenzymatic systems were presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11468-11489"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuous-flow synthesis of cyclic carbonates with polymer-supported imidazolium-based ionic liquid (Im-PSIL) catalysts†‡","authors":"Zhibo Yu , Haruro Ishitani , Shu Kobayashi","doi":"10.1039/d4gc04499a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc04499a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), a major greenhouse gas emitted through human activities, represents a valuable carbon source for chemical production. However, maximizing its efficient utilization requires novel methods for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion that leverage the advantages of heterogeneous catalysis in continuous-flow systems. Herein, we report polymer-supported ionic liquids (PSILs) as efficient and recyclable catalysts for the continuous-flow synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO<sub>2</sub>. We designed imidazolium-based PSIL catalysts specifically for this purpose. These catalysts demonstrated remarkable stability for over 160 h under continuous-flow conditions with gaseous CO<sub>2</sub>, achieving an average yield of over 90% throughout the reaction. Furthermore, they exhibit broad applicability to 12 different epoxide substrates, yielding moderate to excellent yields. This work suggests an environmentally friendly pathway for the sustainable and scalable production of cyclic carbonates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11548-11555"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc04499a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sayad Doobary , Miguel M. de Vries Ibáñez , Berit Olofsson
{"title":"Hypervalent iodine chemistry with a mechanochemical twist†","authors":"Sayad Doobary , Miguel M. de Vries Ibáñez , Berit Olofsson","doi":"10.1039/d4gc04903a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc04903a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of mechanochemistry and hypervalent iodine chemistry has rarely been reported, despite the numerous advantages offered by this enabling technology. With this in mind, this study addresses the key issue of transforming hypervalent iodine-mediated, solution-based reactions into the mechanochemical realm, accompanied by benchmarking and sustainability studies of the different types of reactions. Interestingly, several reagents displayed quite different reactivity and regioselectivity under mechanochemical conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11518-11523"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc04903a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinying Hu , Ayisenbati Jialingbieke , Yuzhi Ren , Yifan Yang , Donghui Wei , Jian Gao , Ding Du
{"title":"Modular access to multi-substituted allenones via environmentally friendly organocatalytic C–H allenylation of aldehydes†","authors":"Xinying Hu , Ayisenbati Jialingbieke , Yuzhi Ren , Yifan Yang , Donghui Wei , Jian Gao , Ding Du","doi":"10.1039/d4gc04550e","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc04550e","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct C–H alkylation of aldehydes with organohalides has provided a straightforward and step-economical strategy for ketone synthesis. However, direct C–H allenylation of aldehydes with organohalides has not been reported and remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalytic direct C–H allenylation of aldehydes with propargyl bromides, providing a new platform for modular access to wide-ranging multi-substituted allenones. This protocol features environmentally friendly conditions (metal- and photocatalyst-free at room temperature and the use of a green solvent), a broad substrate scope (both aromatic and aliphatic substrates were well tolerated), readily accessible materials, and high regioselectivity. Moreover, this strategy might be attractive to the field of medicinal chemistry, considering its success in the construction of allenones bearing bioactive fragments <em>via</em> late-stage functionalization. Key to the success of this reaction relied on the Csp–C(O)sp<sup>2</sup> radical–radical coupling of the allenyl radicals instead of the propargyl radicals with the NHC-bound ketyl radicals, which was proved to be more favorable in terms of both kinetics and thermodynamics by DFT calculations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11728-11733"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Usman T. Syed , Lakshmeesha Upadhyaya , Livia M. D. Loiola , Abdul-Hamid Emwas , Alexey Volkov , Suzana P. Nunes
{"title":"Thymol: nature's solvent for sustainable hollow fiber fabrication†","authors":"Usman T. Syed , Lakshmeesha Upadhyaya , Livia M. D. Loiola , Abdul-Hamid Emwas , Alexey Volkov , Suzana P. Nunes","doi":"10.1039/d4gc01961j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc01961j","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable separation processes are crucial for industries like chemicals and pharmaceuticals and membrane technology stands out for its low energy consumption. However, membrane fabrication typically involves large amounts of solvents, which are facing tighter scrutiny due to environmental regulations. This work tackles the quest to replace toxic solvents and proposes thymol and its mixtures with other natural components as green solvents. Thymol, despite being solid at room temperature, forms homogeneous liquid solutions with a high-performance polyetherimide, exhibiting behavior analogous to deep eutectic mixtures observed for small molecules. Through spectroscopic, thermal, and rheological analyses, we elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in these solutions. We utilized the findings for membrane fabrication. Hollow fibers were spun in continuous machines using the green solvent dope solutions. These fibers coated with polyphenols were assessed for air dehumidification, showcasing the successful translation of fundamental investigation into membrane production and application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11576-11586"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc01961j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiating Cai , Linzai Li , Chuitian Wang , Shi Qin , Yuanyuan Li , Si-Yan Liao , Shengdong Wang , Hui Gao , Zhi Zhou , Yugang Huang , Wei Yi , Zhongyi Zeng
{"title":"N–N atropisomer synthesis via electrolyte- and base-free electrochemical cobalt-catalysed C–H annulation†","authors":"Jiating Cai , Linzai Li , Chuitian Wang , Shi Qin , Yuanyuan Li , Si-Yan Liao , Shengdong Wang , Hui Gao , Zhi Zhou , Yugang Huang , Wei Yi , Zhongyi Zeng","doi":"10.1039/d4gc04390a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc04390a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Merging electrochemistry with asymmetric C–H activation has proven to be an advantageous alternative to build valuable enantiopure molecules. However, established methods require a stoichiometric use of supporting electrolytes to promote the electron transfer in solution and often additionally serve as a base to assist C–H bond cleavage, which are hazardous and would produce additional waste. Herein, we described an exogenous electrolyte- and base-free electrocatalytic atroposelective C–H annulation, providing facile and sustainable access to N–N axially chiral isoquinolinones in excellent enantioselectivities and good yields. This protocol is enabled by a combination of simple Co(OAc)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O and readily available chiral salicyloxazoline (Salox), which proceeds well with 13 classes of alkynes, including highly challenging polarized either internal or terminal alkynes, and tolerates a wealth of functional groups for streamlined transformations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11524-11530"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao-Lei Zhang , Zhi-Hua Liu , Bing-Zhi Li , Ying-Jin Yuan
{"title":"Tapping into the natural aromatic potential of microbial lignin valorization towards aromatic fine chemicals†","authors":"Xiao-Lei Zhang , Zhi-Hua Liu , Bing-Zhi Li , Ying-Jin Yuan","doi":"10.1039/d4gc03567d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc03567d","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignin valorization presents significant opportunities for advancing a sustainable bioeconomy and carbon neutrality goals. In this case, biological conversion of lignin offers promising pathways for the production of aromatic fine chemicals, effectively addressing the challenges associated with the heterogeneous and macromolecular structure of lignin. However, the pathways for converting lignin derivatives into aromatic chemicals remain underdeveloped, and their conversion efficiency remains unsatisfactory. This work aims to prospect the bioconversion pathways of lignin toward valuable aromatics, which aligns with the principles of the atom economy concept. A comprehensive overview of critical pathways for converting lignin into aromatic chemicals is presented together with a thorough discussion on advanced technologies essential for enhancing lignin bioconversion and aromatic synthesis. Furthermore, existing challenges and emerging strategies are explored. The findings of this study are expected to offer valuable insights into recent advancements and future directions in the biological conversion of lignin. These insights can facilitate lignin valorization and promote the development of a lignin-based bioeconomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11378-11405"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Sun , Chun Lv , Xiaohui Zhuang , Yan Xu , Haijing Song , Jiayin Wang , Zhaokang Zhang , Jiayang Wang , Can Jin
{"title":"Photo-driven reduction/cyclization of nitroarenes via electron donor–acceptor complexes: a novel method for the acquisition of N-heterocycles†","authors":"Bin Sun , Chun Lv , Xiaohui Zhuang , Yan Xu , Haijing Song , Jiayin Wang , Zhaokang Zhang , Jiayang Wang , Can Jin","doi":"10.1039/d4gc04082a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc04082a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A method based on an electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex is presented for the one-step reduction/cyclization of nitroarenes to obtain <em>N</em>-heterocycles. This photo-mediated mode showcases the versatility of amines, which act as electron donors in assembling photosensitive species and serve as C1 synthons in C–N bond formation. In addition to its excellent tolerance towards various functional groups, this strategy exhibits remarkable applicability for the late-stage modification of drug molecules, delivering 26 examples of benzimidazoles and 29 examples of quinazolinones. Meanwhile, it displays a preferable EcoScale score and is considered acceptable in terms of economic viability and safety, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. Overall, this metal-free method offers controllable synthesis conditions, employs scalable flow technology with high space–time efficiency and demonstrates successful gram-scale application, thereby highlighting its significant potential for constructing bioactive <em>N</em>-heterocycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"26 23","pages":"Pages 11531-11539"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}