Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts最新文献

{"title":"Microalgal sporopollenin from Chlorella vulgaris cultivated using coal power plant CO2","authors":"Jirong Long ,&nbsp;Wenguang Zhou ,&nbsp;Jing Cao ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Mao ,&nbsp;Peilun Xu ,&nbsp;Jin Liu ,&nbsp;Yanghong Yao ,&nbsp;Chenguang Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sporopollenin is a chemically robust biopolymer known for its resistance to environmental degradation and diverse functional potential. This study pioneers the successful extraction of sporopollenin from <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> cultured in coal-fired flue gas using an innovative alkali-acid two-stage protocol. Multiscale characterization revealed that, despite its irregular morphology, microalgal sporopollenin shares high structural similarity with pollen-derived counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis confirmed similar functional groups and elemental profiles. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified fatty acids as the major structural units, while solid-state ¹³C SSNMR spectroscopy revealed a hybrid architecture comprising aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic components. These findings provide molecular insight into the evolutionary continuity of sporopollenin and highlight a scalable, green approach for transforming industrial emissions into high-value biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the enhanced antioxidant defense of the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 029: A step forward to its use in space life support","authors":"Giorgia Di Stefano ,&nbsp;Claudia Fagliarone ,&nbsp;Vittoria Locato ,&nbsp;Valentina Giacinti ,&nbsp;Gabriele Rigano ,&nbsp;Laura De Gara ,&nbsp;Daniela Billi","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here insights were gained into the mechanisms underlying the capability of the desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium <em>Chroococcidiopsis</em> sp. CCMEE 029 to overcome oxidative injury, by drawing a comparison with the oxidative-stress sensitive cyanobacterium <em>Synechocystis</em> sp. PCC 6803. After H₂O₂-treatment, both cyanobacteria showed no differences in non-enzymatic antioxidants, such us phenolic compounds and glutathione, while <em>Chroococcidiopsis</em> showed an enhanced activity of the ROS–scavenger enzymes. Both cyanobacteria have a comparable inherent glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity, while <em>Chroococcidiopsis</em> exhibited a higher inherent peroxidase activity. After H₂O₂ treatment <em>Chroococcidiopsis</em> exhibited higher enzymatic activities of the enzymes that was slightly higher in H₂O₂-treated <em>Synechocystis</em>. The <em>in-silico</em> analysis identified in <em>Chroococcidiopsis</em>'s genome three superoxide dismutases, four catalases and five peroxidases, that shared the highest similarity with orthologs of cyanobacteria from extreme environments and that were upregulated after H₂O₂ treatment. Only one peroxidase was upregulated in H₂O₂-treated <em>Synechocystis</em>. Results contributed to unravel the oxidative-stress response of <em>Chroococcidiopsis</em>, a required knowledge for its future employment in bioprocesses to support human space exploration that are exposed to oxidative stress caused by altered gravity and cosmic radiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microalgal biomass in the European food industry: navigating regulation, technological innovation, and consumer acceptance","authors":"Francesca Girotto,&nbsp;Alessandro Scapini","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing need for sustainable and nutrient-dense food sources has positioned microalgae as a promising ingredient for the food industry. Rich in high-quality proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, microalgae hold great potential as functional ingredients in the development of health-promoting food products. However, regulatory, technological, and consumer-related barriers still limit their widespread adoption in Western countries. While certain species have a history of consumption, many still require approval under the EU Novel Food Regulation before commercialization. Additionally, processing and formulation challenges arise due to protein interactions, water absorption dynamics, bioaccessibility constraints, and final sensory attributes, as their strong pigmentation and marine-like flavours can impact consumer acceptance. Studies confirm that low incorporation levels (≤3 %) generally maintain favourable sensory properties in staple products. Among emerging applications, meat analogues represent a particularly promising area, where the novelty of the product category allows for more flexible taste expectations and sensory reinterpretation, although limitations in texturization remain. Sensory optimization strategies, including encapsulation and flavour masking, are being explored to enhance palatability, while pulsed electric field, mechanical (i.a., ultrasounds, high-pressure homogenization) and enzymatic treatments are being implemented to improve nutrients absorption. Although food neophobia, dietary habits, and cost remain key barriers to consumer acceptance of microalgae-based foods, neuromarketing approaches offer promising tools to influence perception and encourage adoption. Advances in cultivation efficiency, genetic engineering, formulation and processing techniques are progressively improving scalability, affordability, and sensory appeal, paving the way for microalgae to evolve from niche applications to mainstream food alternatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)-fortified cheeses from camel and bovine milk","authors":"Roua Lajnaf ,&nbsp;Hamadi Attia ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ali Ayadi","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop novel functional cheeses from camel and bovine milk, fortified with varying concentrations of Spirulina (<em>Arthrospira platensis</em>) powder at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 %, and to assess their physicochemical, textural, and bioactive properties. The antioxidant assays demonstrated that cheeses from camel and cow's milk revealed significant antioxidant activities, which were enhanced with the addition of Spirulina (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). Increasing Spirulina content led to a decrease in L* and a* values, along with an increase in b* values compared to the control samples (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). The textural properties of both camel and bovine cheeses were significantly affected, with a marked reduction in hardness as Spirulina concentration increased (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). However, the impact on texture was minimal in camel milk cheese. The composition of camel milk resulted in a softer curd structure, allowing for the even distribution of Spirulina without disrupting the protein network. In contrast, Spirulina interacted with the denser protein matrix of bovine cheese, leading to a notable decline in textural properties. Overall, the results suggest that Spirulina may serve as a natural component in camel cheeses formulations in order to enhance their nutritional profile while maintaining desirable functional properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A circular bioprocess for integrated microalgal CO₂ capture and valorisation in mushroom cultivation","authors":"Philip Asare Kusi ,&nbsp;Donal McGee ,&nbsp;Asma Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mushroom farming is a rapidly expanding industry, yet conventional cultivation practices contribute significantly to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, highlighting the need for sustainable carbon mitigation strategies. This study presents the first bicarbonate-based microalgal carbon capture process using in situ CO₂ emissions from mushroom cultivation, enabling circular bioresource utilisation. Oyster mushrooms were grown in a controlled growth chamber, and the emitted CO₂ was converted into a bicarbonate-enriched medium to cultivate two microalgal species: <em>Vischeria</em> cf. <em>stellata</em> and <em>Porphyridium purpureum</em>. Culture pH was optimised at small scale, with optimal pH (pH 7) selected for scale-up in 8 L photobioreactors. <em>P. purpureum</em> consistently outperformed <em>V. stellata</em> in mushroom-derived bicarbonate media, achieving over 85 % inorganic carbon removal, threefold higher biomass yield, and significantly increased lipid, protein, and phycobiliprotein (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin) accumulation. The enhanced pigment production suggests an adaptive response to high salinity and alkalinity. In contrast, <em>V. stellata</em> showed higher productivity in synthetic bicarbonate media and experienced growth inhibition and extended lag phases in mushroom-based media at scale, likely due to salt stress<em>.</em> This work demonstrates the feasibility of scalable, circular carbon capture and utilisation within mushroom farming and highlights the critical role of algal strain selection and stress tolerance for optimising biomass productivity and high-value product generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological activity of the freshwater alga Spirogyra sp. from the Algerian desert","authors":"Larbi Belyagoubi ,&nbsp;Nabila Belyagoubi-Benhammou ,&nbsp;Nassima Amel Mokhtari-Soulimane ,&nbsp;Waffa Abdelmoumene ,&nbsp;Asmaâ Dich ,&nbsp;Larbi Benlarbi ,&nbsp;Marta Cegłowska ,&nbsp;Robert Konkel ,&nbsp;Waldemar Surosz ,&nbsp;Anna Toruńska-Sitarz ,&nbsp;Ilona Złoch ,&nbsp;Hanna Mazur-Marzec","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Algae species in Algeria have adapted to a wide range of environmental niches, from the Mediterranean coastline to the arid region of the Sahara Desert. Despite this ecological diversity, the taxonomic composition and biotechnological potential of these organisms remain poorly characterised. To date, only a limited number of studies have investigated the bioactive properties of algae from the Sahara region of Algeria. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of <em>Spirogyra</em> sp. from the Béni Abbès oasis in Béchar Province, Algerian Sahara. Taxonomic identification was conducted through molecular analyses of the 18S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and <em>rbcL</em> loci, which showed distinctiveness of the alga within the <em>Spirogyra</em> genus. The crude algal extract was fractionated using flash chromatography and analysed with LC-MS/MS. Among the eleven collected fractions, F5 exhibited the most significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, attributed primarily to the presence of gallotannins – a class of phenolic compounds known for their diverse biological activities. Fractions F2, F8, and F9 demonstrated pronounced cytotoxic effects against a panel of human cancer cell lines, but also affected normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa). In contrast, fractions F3 and F10 selectively reduced cancer cells viability without compromising the viability of HDFa. These findings underscore the potential of <em>Spirogyra</em> sp. from the Algerian Sahara as a promising source of natural antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digestate dilution shapes carbohydrate and pigment production during microalgal and cyanobacterial-based biogas upgrading","authors":"Matilde Ciani ,&nbsp;Laura Vargas-Estrada ,&nbsp;Alessandra Adessi ,&nbsp;Raúl Muñoz","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae and cyanobacteria offer a promising platform for integrating sustainable technologies aligned with circular and green economy goals. However, current studies often focus on a limited number of genera and overlook how centrate dilution influences metabolite production. This study investigates the potential of the freshwater microalga <em>Parachlorella hussii</em> N9 and the marine cyanobacterium <em>Cyanothece</em> sp. CE4 for photobiological biogas upgrading coupled with nutrient recovery from centrate, assessing the impact of centrate dilution on carbohydrate and pigment content. By varying centrate concentration (5–50 %) in tap or seawater, this research explores how the biogas-to-centrate ratio can be adjusted for biomass production, TN and CO₂ abatement, and to target specific metabolites, advancing circular bioeconomy strategies. The microalga exhibited faster growth than the cyanobacterium, achieving the stationary phase in three days, and higher cellular and soluble carbohydrate productivity (up to 237 and 75 mg L⁻¹d⁻¹, respectively). CO₂ abatement (almost complete in all treatments) reached ∼513 ± 28 mg L⁻¹ of culture, while nitrogen removal considering initial centrate concentration ranged between 32 and 250 mg N L⁻¹, but 100 % TN removal was exhibited only with the lower centrate concentrations (5–10 %). These lower concentrations also induced the highest carbohydrate content in biomass (41–44 % dw). In contrast, pigment content increased with higher centrate concentrations: the microalga reached 3.6 % dw of chlorophyll <em>a</em>t 50 % centrate, while the cyanobacterium produced up to 0.6 % dw of C-phycocyanin; both strains showed similar carotenoid content (0.4–0.5 % dw). This study highlights the potential of adjusting centrate dilution to target microalgal metabolism for integrated CO₂ capture, nutrient recovery, and bioproduct generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic engineering and metabolomics based profiling of cyanobacteria for enhanced succinate production","authors":"Meghna Srivastava ,&nbsp;Pramod P. Wangikar","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Succinate, a versatile four‑carbon dicarboxylic acid, is pivotal in synthesizing industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and biodegradable polymers. Traditional production methods are constrained by intensive energy requirements, complex procedures, and reliance on non-renewable fossil resources, impeding sustainable manufacturing. This study introduces a robust and renewable production platform by integrating metabolic engineering with untargeted metabolomics in the fast-growing cyanobacterium <em>Synechococcus elongatus</em> PCC 11801. Specifically, we engineered heterologous expression of glyoxylate cycle enzymes, isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS), under native cyanobacterial promoters to circumvent carbon loss typically encountered during decarboxylation in the TCA cycle. Concurrently, CRISPR-Cpf1 genome editing was utilized to knock out succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which ordinarily diverts succinate toward fumarate, thus reinforcing succinate accumulation. High cell density cultivation in enriched 5× BG11 medium under optimized culture conditions with low light intensity and elevated CO₂ gave up to 350 mg/L extracellular succinate titer. Comprehensive metabolome profiling revealed that increased succinate production was associated with extensive reprogramming within central carbon metabolism, marked by enhanced glycolytic throughput, accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates, and pronounced changes in amino acid profiles and redox balance, but also imposed metabolic stress. These findings emphasize the effectiveness and promise of integrating genetic engineering with advanced metabolomic profiling and optimization of cultivation conditions to facilitate the sustainable photosynthetic production of succinate and other value-added chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of including Arthrospira platensis as a functional ingredient in dairy cow feed","authors":"M. Barcelo-Villalobos ,&nbsp;F. Arrebola ,&nbsp;A. Vizcaino ,&nbsp;F.J. Alarcón ,&nbsp;F.G. Acién","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainability of dairy production faces challenges due to environmental concerns and the high cost of conventional feed ingredients. <em>Arthrospira platensis</em>, a protein-rich cyanobacteria with bioactive compounds, has been proposed as a functional feed ingredient to enhance milk quality while supporting sustainable livestock practices. This study evaluates the effects of Arthrospira supplementation on milk production, nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and animal health indicators, alongside its economic feasibility. A 35-day feeding trial was conducted on 12 Holstein dairy cows, each having a live body weight of 510–532 kg and 2–4 parities. They were divided into a control group and an Arthrospira-supplemented group (250 g/day, 1 % <em>w</em>/w of the feed ration). Milk production was monitored daily while milk composition (protein, fat, lactose, and solids-not-fat), physicochemical properties (cryoscopic point and electrical conductivity), bacterial content, somatic cell count (SCC), and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were analysed weekly. Economic viability was assessed based on feed cost variations with the different Arthrospira levels included.</div><div>The results showed an initial reduction in milk yield due to feed rejection, which stabilized over time. Arthrospira supplementation did not significantly alter key milk components, but bacterial counts decreased at the beginning of the trial, suggesting antimicrobial benefits. The SCC and MUN remained within normal ranges, indicating no adverse effects on udder health or nitrogen metabolism. However, the economic analysis revealed a feed cost increase from €0.30/kg to €0.55/kg when 1 %<em>w</em>/w Arthrospira was included, highlighting the need for cost reduction strategies. This preliminary study suggests that <em>Arthrospira platensis</em> can serve as a sustainable functional feed ingredient, helping to maintain milk quality while offering antimicrobial benefits - though economic constraints limit large-scale adoption at present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104295"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in photobioreactor systems: Optimizing operations for enhanced microalgal growth and bioremediation","authors":"Zubair Hashmi ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Maina idriss ,&nbsp;Juliana Zaini ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saifullah Abu Bakar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Roil Bilad","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photobioreactors (PBRs) are critical for sustainable production of biofuels, high-value compounds, and environmental services including carbon capture and wastewater treatment. This review compares tubular, flat-panel, vertical column, hybrid, and membrane-integrated PBRs, analyzing how geometry and operating strategies influence light utilization, mass transfer, nutrient delivery, and scalability. Recent performance data on illumination regimes, gas–liquid transfer rates, biomass productivity, and biochemical yields are synthesized to link engineering design with cultivation outcomes. Persistent challenges include oxygen accumulation, fouling, high energy demand, and scale-up limitations. Emerging solutions such as LED-based spectral control, modular hybrid configurations, and membrane-assisted biomass retention show strong potential. The review's distinctive contribution is a design-to-performance framework that connects reactor configuration and operational parameters to growth rates, product yields, and techno-economic viability. Future priorities include integrating computational fluid dynamics with kinetic growth models, developing low-energy gas transfer technologies, applying image-based monitoring for early contamination detection, and tailoring designs to local water, land, and regulatory conditions. By combining technical, environmental, and economic insights, this work provides a practical pathway toward cost-effective, scalable, and sustainable microalgae cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104282"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}