Sufeng Wang , Puliang Gao , Liming Li , Wen Zhang , Jingshan Li , Pengfei Zhou
{"title":"Efficient dye adsorption by water-based magnetic fluid-Spirulina platensis hybrid: synthesis and application","authors":"Sufeng Wang , Puliang Gao , Liming Li , Wen Zhang , Jingshan Li , Pengfei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The persistent challenge of treating different kinds of dye wastewaters has driven the development of innovative biosorption technologies. Unlike conventional bio-adsorbents, the novel magnetic functionalization enabled rapid solid-liquid separation under external magnetic fields, overcoming a critical bottleneck in practical applications. This study presented a breakthrough approach by engineering a magnetically responsive hybrid biosorbent through the nanoscale integration of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles with <em>Spirulina platensis</em> (Sp) microalgae. The synthesized magnetic <em>Spirulina platensis</em> (M-Sp) demonstrated unprecedented dual-affinity, achieving removal of both anionic (congo red; CR) and cationic (methylene blue; MB) dyes. Results showed that M-Sp achieved the highest removal efficiency under the conditions: 4 mL magnetic fluid/2.0 g algae, 0.8 g/L adsorbent dosage, pH 3 for CR (anionic), and pH 9 for MB (cationic). Through advanced characterization and mechanistic studies, the unique binding mechanisms were revealed: CR followed Freundlich multilayer adsorption while MB exhibited Langmuir monolayer behavior, mediated by specific interactions with functional groups on the hybrid matrix. The adsorption capacities could reach 101.78 mg/g (CR) and 218.57 mg/g (MB). This work not only provided a recyclable solution for different kinds of dye pollutants but also opened new avenues for designing smart biosorbents through controlled nanomaterial-biology integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hormonal cross-talk in DHA biosynthesis: Regulatory roles of auxin and jasmonic acid in Schizochytrium spp. and Crypthecodinium cohnii","authors":"Abdul Wakeel Umar , Naveed Ahmad , Ming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain ω−3 fatty acid essential for human neurodevelopment, cardiovascular health, and immune function, is derived predominantly from fisheries, which is constrained by overfishing, pollutants, and rising global demand. Microalgae such as <em>Schizochytrium</em> spp. and <em>Crypthecodinium cohnii</em> offer a sustainable alternative, yet scalable DHA production requires deeper insight into the regulatory networks that control lipid metabolism under environmental stress. Here, we review emerging evidence positioning the crosstalk between auxin and jasmonic acid (JA) as a central regulatory hub integrating growth and stress signals to optimize DHA yield. Auxin enhances fatty acid elongation and triacylglycerol accumulation, while JA orchestrates stress-induced desaturation and lipid remodeling, together balancing carbon flux between energy storage and membrane stabilization. Our integrated models combine multi-omics approaches, genetic tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi, and bioprocess strategies on how these hormones reshape transcriptional and metabolic networks to elevate DHA content. Furthermore, synthetic analogs, stress-hardening, and phytohormone integration offer solutions to industrial bottlenecks in DHA biosynthesis. By bridging hormone biology with biotechnology, auxin-JA crosstalk emerges as a tractable axis for sustainable microalgal DHA production to meet ecological and nutritional needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evelyn Ruales , Cintia Gómez-Serrano , Ainoa Morillas-España , Marianna Garfí , Cynthia Victoria González-López , Ivet Ferrer
{"title":"Microalgae-based biorefinery for biostimulant and biogas production: An integrated approach for resource recovery","authors":"Evelyn Ruales , Cintia Gómez-Serrano , Ainoa Morillas-España , Marianna Garfí , Cynthia Victoria González-López , Ivet Ferrer","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae can contribute solving global challenges, including energy, climate, resource depletion, and food demand. A multi-product biorefinery approach can enhance profitability by generating cost-effective and valuable bio-based products. This study evaluated the potential of <em>Scenedesmus</em> sp. microalgal biomass grown in a demonstrative raceway pond to produce valuable bioproducts (biostimulants) and biogas. Bioassays using watercress, mungbeans, and wheat confirmed the plant biostimulant potential of microalgal biomass extracts, showing effects similar to gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins. Mesophilic biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests demonstrated that extracting biostimulants from microalgae biomass increased the methane yield by 20 % (from 244 to 293 mL CH<sub>4</sub>·g<sup>−1</sup> VS), and improved the kinetics of the process, which was attributed to the disruption of the microalgal cell wall during metabolite extraction. This novel biorefinery approach demonstrated valuable biostimulants production and bioenergy recovery from residual biomass. These findings provide new insights to optimise the valorisation of biomass in microalgal biorefineries, fostering environmentally friendly and economically viable agricultural practices aligned with circular economy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenbo Chai , Zhengfang Wang , Ping Yao , Bing Zhao , Chunzhi Zhao , Bei Lu , Hui Zhang , Yongjun Zhao
{"title":"Effect of abscisic acid concentration on nutrient and antibiotics removal performance by different microalgae-based system treating bullfrog aquaculture wastewater","authors":"Wenbo Chai , Zhengfang Wang , Ping Yao , Bing Zhao , Chunzhi Zhao , Bei Lu , Hui Zhang , Yongjun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically evaluated the performance of diverse microalgae-based systems supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA) in treating bullfrog aquaculture wastewater, focusing on nutrient (COD, TN, TP) and antibiotic removal. Four experimental setups were established: single culture of <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> (Treatment 1), co-cultures of <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> with <em>Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides</em> (Treatment 2) or <em>Curvularia moringae</em> J-26 (Treatment 3), and a tri-culture system combining all three microorganisms (Treatment 4), each treated with ABA concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. Results revealed that the Treatment 4 system with 0.05 mg L<sup>−1</sup> ABA demonstrated superior efficiency, achieving removal rates of 90.51 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 88.72 % for total nitrogen (TN), and 92.51 % for total phosphorus (TP) over a 10-day treatment period. For six target antibiotics—including enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), florfenicol (FFC), and doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX)—removal efficiencies ranged from 79.69 % (ENR) to 98.64 % (DOX), with photosensitive antibiotics like DOX showing the highest degradation. This study provides empirical evidence for the synergistic efficacy of ABA-regulated microalgae-bacteria-fungi systems, offering a sustainable and efficient strategy to address the complex pollution challenges in bullfrog aquaculture wastewater and facilitating the development of eco-friendly wastewater treatment technologies for the aquaculture industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104310"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling metabolic diversity through phylogenetic analysis and carbohydrate composition of microalgae isolated from mangroves in Brazil","authors":"B.B. Borrego , F.L. Oliveira , L.B.U. Melo , L.H. Gracioso , G.S. Hentschke , V.M. Vasconcelos , A. Grandis , M.S. Buckeridge , N.S. Caetano , E.A. Perpetuo","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangroves play a crucial ecological and ecosystem role, strongly linked to their microbial communities. However, their photoautotrophic members, particularly microalgae, remain largely unexplored. The unique natural characteristics of these ecosystems, combined with frequent anthropogenic impacts, impose selective pressures on the local microbiota, yielding strains with significant biotechnological potential. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and biochemically characterize the biomass of five microalgae from a mangrove in Baixada Santista (São Paulo, Brazil), focusing on a comprehensive analysis of carbohydrates. The isolated microalgae were identified using conventional genetic markers (18S and ITS), and their biochemical composition was evaluated after cultivation under stressful conditions. The non-structural and structural carbohydrates were characterized through soluble sugars (1.28–2.35 %), starch (11.90–22.39 %), non-cellulosic cell wall monosaccharides (11.57–18.85 %), and cellulose (0.10–6.53 %). All isolates belonged to the phylum Chlorophyta; one strain was identified as <em>Chlorella,</em> while the others were novel species within <em>Micractinium</em> genus <em>(M. brasiliense and M. mangrovii)</em>. Three strains exhibited phylogenetically similar characteristics, but their carbohydrate profiles showed distinct metabolic differences, prompting discussions on diversity and genomic regulation mechanisms. Notably, <em>M. brasiliense</em> strain B2 accumulated 46 % total carbohydrates, with significant fractions being starch (19 %) and non-cellulosic wall monosaccharides (18 %). The responses observed under stressful conditions highlighted relevant aspects of cell wall characteristics, particularly in the genus <em>Micractinium</em>, thereby contributing to a still underexplored field. These findings underscore the biorefinery potential of these microalgae, particularly the applicability of their polysaccharide fractions, and highlight mangroves as promising sources of microbial strains with high biotechnological value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative study of the treatment of dark fermentation effluent by purple-phototrophic bacteria and microalgae with focus on substrate to biomass conversion","authors":"Lois Regueira-Marcos , Octavio García-Depraect , Raúl Muñoz","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of dark fermentation effluents from food waste was evaluated in two photobioreactor systems: a purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) reactor and a microalgae-bacteria consortium (MBC) reactor. Experiments were performed at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 5 and 10 days (P1 and P2, respectively) to maximize biomass yield for wastewater valorization.</div><div>At the microbiological level, the PPB reactor exhibited a decrease in PPB abundance with longer HRTs, favoring other genera. In contrast, the MBC reactor showed a marked reduction in microalgae under both conditions, with PPBs predominating in P1 and a diverse microbial community in P2. The increase in HRT from 5 to 10 days improved pollutant removal but did not enhance biomass concentration, which stabilized at 0.61 ± 0.08 g/L (PPB) and 1.37 ± 0.16 g/L (MBC) at 5-day HRT.</div><div>The highest biomass yield (1.03 ± 0.07 gC<sub>biomass</sub>/gTOC<sub>removed</sub>) was achieved in the MBC reactor at 5-day HRT, where preferential consumption of lactate and butyrate occurred, leaving acetate less assimilated. Despite the lower overall pollutant removal at 5-day HRT (TOC: 56.0 ± 3.5 %, TN: 60.3 ± 9.0 %, PO₄<sup>3−</sup>: 20.4 ± 7.4 %), this condition allowed for higher conversions of dissolved carbon into biomass rather than full mineralization. This trade-off is advantageous when targeting biomass valorization over complete pollutant removal, especially considering the commercial value of the residual organic acids. These results highlight the potential of short HRT operations in MBC systems for industrial application, enabling efficient resource recovery from fermentation effluents through selective assimilation, while maximizing biomass productivity and minimizing loss of valuable organics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanzhao Li , Jun Zhou , Xin Wang , Jie Zhang , Xin Fan , Jun Jin , Xin Quan , Mingyang Ma , Mingcan Wu
{"title":"Metabolic reprogramming driven by specific carbon sources modulates morphological plasticity and enhances high-value metabolite accumulation in mixotrophic Euglena gracilis","authors":"Yanzhao Li , Jun Zhou , Xin Wang , Jie Zhang , Xin Fan , Jun Jin , Xin Quan , Mingyang Ma , Mingcan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae are recognized as promising sustainable bioresources, and their metabolic plasticity is pivotal for environmental adaptation and biotechnological applications. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which distinct carbon sources regulate microalgal metabolic networks and the associated morphological plasticity remain inadequately understood. In this study, <em>Euglena gracilis</em> was employed as a model organism. We utilized untargeted metabolomics to comprehensively compare growth performance, morphological characteristics, pigment content, paramylon accumulation, and metabolic profiles under photoautotrophic (PT), ethanol-mixotrophic (MTE), and glucose-mixotrophic (MTG) cultivation conditions. Our findings reveal significant metabolic plasticity in <em>E. gracilis</em>. Glucose supplementation resulted in the highest specific growth rate and paramylon accumulation, with the volumetric paramylon yield increasing by 125.13 % compared to the PT group. Cell morphology exhibited dynamic alterations throughout the cultivation period; mixotrophic conditions markedly increased the proportion of elongated cells, particularly within the MTG group, where elongated cells ultimately represented 92 % of the population. Metabolomic analysis indicated that ethanol primarily stimulated growth via the activation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid metabolism. In contrast, glucose enhanced biomass accumulation through more direct sugar metabolic pathways, augmented paramylon synthesis, and more extensive reconstruction of signaling networks. Significant alterations in lipid metabolism were identified as the molecular basis for the dynamic transitions in cell morphology, thereby corroborating our proposed “metabolism-morphology-function” three-dimensional regulatory model. This investigation provides the first metabolomic elucidation of the adaptive response mechanisms of <em>E. gracilis</em> to different carbon sources. It offers novel insights into microalgal metabolic plasticity and establishes a theoretical foundation for optimizing cultivation strategies to improve paramylon yield, holding considerable implications for the advancement and application of microalgal biotechnology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104308"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing-Ye Tee , Fiona Seh-Lin Keng , Fong-Lee Ng , Gill Malin , Choon-Weng Lee , Siew-Moi Phang
{"title":"Effect of increased temperature on halocarbon emission and bioelectricity generation by Synechococcus sp. UMACC 371 in a biophotovoltaics device","authors":"Jing-Ye Tee , Fiona Seh-Lin Keng , Fong-Lee Ng , Gill Malin , Choon-Weng Lee , Siew-Moi Phang","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As interest in utilizing microalgae for biophotovoltaics (BPV) grows, assessing the environmental impacts, especially under varying temperatures, becomes crucial. This study examines how temperatures from 25 to 37 °C affect halocarbons emissions and bioelectricity generation by <em>Synechococcus</em> sp. UMACC 371 in a BPV device. Six halocarbons were investigated, with highest emission rates observed for CH<sub>3</sub>I (49.63 pmol mg<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>) and CHBr<sub>3</sub> (65.39 pmol mg<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>). Emissions of iodinated compounds (CH<sub>3</sub>I, CH<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>) increased at 37 °C and were positively correlated with temperature (<em>r</em> = 0.703 to 0.746, <em>p</em> < 0.01). Lower F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub> value and negative correlations between emissions and F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub> suggest that cell stress increases emissions. CHBr<sub>3</sub> and CHBr<sub>2</sub>Cl emissions were higher at lower temperatures and negatively correlated with temperature (<em>r</em> = −0.627 to −0.912, <em>p</em> < 0.01). Higher F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub> at lower temperatures suggests these emissions were enhanced under optimal conditions rather than temperature stress. The highest specific growth rate and chlorophyll-<em>a</em> content at 37 °C, contributed to the highest power density of 3.94 mW m<sup>−2</sup>. While temperature showed little correlation with normalized power output, a positive correlation between normalized power density and CH<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub> emission suggests an indirect link. Further studies are needed to understand the connection between halocarbon emissions and bioelectricity generation in BPV. This study reveals that temperature fluctuations affect halocarbon emissions and bioelectricity generation from <em>Synechococcus</em> sp. UMACC 371, addressing the effects of varying temperatures on these processes in tropical microalgae. This is particularly relevant considering the potential widespread deployment of microalgae-based BPV devices in outdoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lu Sun , Kaikai Liu , Xiaoyi Shi , Xia Fang , Daode Yu , Yongjiang Xu , Hui Wang , Jingjing Song , Yong Fan , Fuli Li
{"title":"Effects of the nervonic acid-rich microalga Mychonastes afer on the growth and reproductive processes of Oryzias melastigma","authors":"Lu Sun , Kaikai Liu , Xiaoyi Shi , Xia Fang , Daode Yu , Yongjiang Xu , Hui Wang , Jingjing Song , Yong Fan , Fuli Li","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aquaculture industry's expansion necessitates sustainable strategies to enhance aquatic animal health and production. This study evaluates <em>Mychonastes afer</em>—a microalga rich in nervonic acid—as a novel aquafeed supplement for marine medaka (<em>Oryzias melastigma</em>), focusing on growth, intestinal health, and reproduction. Fish fed high-concentration <em>M. afer</em> exhibited 10.04 % polyunsaturated fatty acid content, surpassing the 8.80 % in controls, alongside improved growth metrics. While <em>M. afer</em> enhanced gut microbial diversity, its primary reproductive benefits included an 8.86–9.33 % higher embryo fertilization rate compared to <em>C. sorokiniana</em> and blank groups. Under nickel exposure (5–20 mg/L), larvae from <em>M. afer</em>-supplemented environments demonstrated superior resilience: at 10 mg/L Ni, hatching rates in <em>M. afer</em> and <em>C. sorokiniana</em> groups remained stable, while controls dropped from 73 % to 52.84 %. Abnormalities were lowest in <em>M. afer</em> larvae (26 % vs. 30–37 % in other groups), with a 1-day delay in irreversible developmental damage. These findings highlight <em>M. afer's</em> ability to address nutritional gaps in conventional feeds, promoting growth, stress tolerance, and reproductive success in medaka. Nervonic acid in <em>M. afer</em> may further mitigate neurotoxicity and support neural regeneration, underscoring its potential as an eco-friendly aquafeed alternative to enhance aquaculture productivity under heavy metal stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 104305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}