Judney Cley Cavalcante, Bento João da Graça Azevedo Abreu, Wigínio Gabriel de Lira-Bandeira, Mauro Bezerra Montello, Nicol Zielinska, Łukasz Olewnik
{"title":"Three-headed duplicated omohyoid muscle in a human cadaver.","authors":"Judney Cley Cavalcante, Bento João da Graça Azevedo Abreu, Wigínio Gabriel de Lira-Bandeira, Mauro Bezerra Montello, Nicol Zielinska, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.25.118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The omohyoid is a digastric muscle that crosses the neck from the superior border of the scapula to the body of the hyoid bone. Variations in the omohyoid muscle are common, but a double omohyoid is considered rare and may have important clinical implications. The anatomical dissection of the neck of a middle-aged male cadaver revealed an abnormal three-headed duplicated omohyoid muscle. Behind the clavicle, the intermediate head bifurcated and fused with the medial and lateral heads, forming a small plexus that gave rise to two separate bellies, one lateral, and one medial. The bellies ascended in a superomedial direction before inserting into the hyoid bone next to each other. The intermediate tendon was rudimentary in the lateral belly and absent in the medial one. The anatomical variation described here has not been previously reported and may have clinical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing anatomy education using anatomical sign language: expanding its expressive capabilities to the upper and lower extremities, face, and brain structures.","authors":"Mi-Sun Hur, Dong-Su Jang, Chang-Seok Oh","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.275","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various information technologies have been introduced for anatomy education in the current digital era, including three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality, mobile augmented reality, and 3D printing. While these technologies enhance educational effectiveness, their high cost often restricts their accessibility. Conversely, low-cost methods using everyday items have proven effective in anatomy education. The anatomical sign language (ASL) method has been introduced, and uses the fingers, hands, and arms to represent anatomical structures to leverage muscle memory to aid the retention and understanding of complex anatomical structures and provide a comprehensive and interactive approach to anatomy education. This study was performed to expand ASL to include the expressive capabilities of the upper and lower extremities, and the face and brain. The results indicate that ASL effectively illustrates the anatomy of various structures. The educational benefits of ASL for anatomy and radiologic anatomy education are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"173-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Concurrent variations of left testicular vessels.","authors":"Satheesha Badagabettu Nayak","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.198","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knowledge of variations of the testicular vessels is essential for urologists, radiologists, and surgeons in general, as iatrogenic injuries of these vessels may affect the spermatogenesis severely. Though variations of testicular vessels are common, combined variations of these vessels are rare. We observed concurrent variations of left testicular vessels in an adult cadaver aged 70 years. There were two gonadal arteries on the left side, both of which arose from the abdominal aorta. The superior one among them hooked around the left renal vein and the left suprarenal veins. There were three testicular veins at the deep inguinal ring, but they formed a plexus of veins at the posterior abdominal wall, which reduced into two veins. These two testicular veins terminated into the left renal vein independently. The deep inguinal ring was congested with the presence of five vessels. This variation could increase the possibility of varicocele.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"299-302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142942820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ki-Hoon Park, Youngbuhm Huh, Hyung-Joo Chung, Hiroyuki Konishi, Junyang Jung, Na Young Jeong
{"title":"Peripheral neuroprotective potential and toxicological profile of fascaplysin in zebrafish models.","authors":"Ki-Hoon Park, Youngbuhm Huh, Hyung-Joo Chung, Hiroyuki Konishi, Junyang Jung, Na Young Jeong","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.290","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fascaplysin is a bioactive compound derived from marine sponges, which have anticancer properties and potential neuroprotective effects mediated by mitigation of oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. This study investigated the concentration-dependent effects of fascaplysin in zebrafish models, focusing on embryonic survival, cardiac function, melanocyte formation, and peripheral nerve health. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to fascaplysin at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 100 μM, and developmental parameters were assessed. At higher concentrations (≥1 μM), fascaplysin significantly decreased embryo survival rates, delayed hatching, impaired cardiac function, and caused morphological abnormalities, including disruption of melanocyte formation and structural deformities. By contrast, lower concentrations (10 nM and 100 nM) did not exhibit significant toxicity. In adult zebrafish, fascaplysin at 100 nM reduced the expression of superoxide-producing enzymes and preserved peripheral nerve integrity following injury, as demonstrated by maintenance of fluorescence in transgenic zebrafish with expression of green fluorescent protein in Schwann cells. These findings suggest that fascaplysin exhibits peripheral neuroprotective effects at low concentrations, potentially through the reduction of oxidative stress and preservation of Schwann cell function. However, the toxicity observed at higher concentrations highlights the importance of dose optimization. Fascaplysin is a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies for peripheral neuropathies, and further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and validate its efficacy in mammalian models.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"274-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chun-Ai Li, Zhe-Wu Jin, Yohei Honkura, Ai Hirano-Kawamoto, Gen Murakami, Jose Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez, Yukio Katori
{"title":"Branched ends of Reichert's cartilage in the ear: a histological study using human near-term fetuses.","authors":"Chun-Ai Li, Zhe-Wu Jin, Yohei Honkura, Ai Hirano-Kawamoto, Gen Murakami, Jose Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez, Yukio Katori","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.220","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is little information regarding whether the styloid process \"inserts\" deeply into the temporal bone petrosa. We examined the involvement of Reichert's cartilage (RC) in the petrosa using sagittal or horizontal histological sections of the heads from 17 near-term fetuses (25-40 weeks). The cranial part of RC usually carried two short branches or protrusions (T-shaped appearance). One of the branches ended in or adjacent to the future tympanic cavity, while another branch ended near the facial nerve canal. Near the latter end, a part of the RC was usually fused with the petrosa, but it was rarely separated from the latter. When a bar toward the tympanic cavity was short or absent, RC displayed a reversed J-shaped course near the facial nerve canal and ended at the attachment to the petrosa (3 of 17 specimens). Overall, considerable variations were evident in the shape, length and topographical relation of RC in the ear. Therefore, an intra-otic root of the styloid process, if identified in adults, seemed not to be a simple bar inserting between the tympanic cavity and the vertical portion of the facial nerve canal. Considerable variations in the RC head suggested that the shape was likely to be determined by mechanical loads from the developing petrosa and/or tympanic bone. Those observations were clearly contrast to the degenerating Meckel's cartilage that induces protrusions of the petrosa ant tympanic bone. After birth, endochondral ossification of the petrosa appeared to expand antero-inferiorly to involve all branches of RC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"200-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hussein Abdellatif, Ruqaiya Al Jabri, Halima Albalushi, Mohamed Al Mushaiqri
{"title":"Liver oval cells in response to HDAC1 inhibitor trichostatin A: immunohistochemical characterization using OV-6 hepatic expression.","authors":"Hussein Abdellatif, Ruqaiya Al Jabri, Halima Albalushi, Mohamed Al Mushaiqri","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.231","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver regeneration is intricate, involves many cells, and necessitates extended research. This study aimed to investigate the response of liver oval cells (bipotent liver progenitors) to the epigenetic modifier trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC1 inhibitor, and to develop a scoring system for assessing the response of these cells. Three groups of equally divided rats (n=24) were selected: control (A, dimethyl sulfoxide treated); oval cell induction (B, acetylaminofluorene [2-AAF] to block hepatocyes/carbon tetrachloride [CCL4] to induce oval cell response); and epigenetic modulation (C, TSA post 2-AAF/CCL4 injury). The oval cell response was quantified using immunoreactivity to the OV-6 antibody, and the ductular response was measured by calculating the bile duct (BD) to portal vein (PV) ratio and the percentage of individual oval cells in liver sections. The expression level of HDAC1 was also analyzed. The administration of TSA significantly enhanced oval cell proliferation and the ductular response (6.13±0.28). The control group exhibited limited immunoreactivity to OV-6, while group B showed significant induction of ductular response with distinct morphology (4.13±0.28). The expression levels of HDAC1 were elevated in both the oval cell induction group and the epigenetic modulation group compared to the control group. This study developed a precise method for quantifying liver oval cells and analyzing their response to TSA. TSA administration enhanced oval cell proliferation, suggesting its significance in regulating hepatic progenitor cell dynamics. The findings support the use of epigenetic modifiers in liver regeneration and propose a scoring system for assessing the response of liver oval cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"247-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David V Rasicci, William C Weirich, Natalie K Yoshioka, Obadah Tolaymat, Najam Siddiqi
{"title":"A constellation of anatomical variation: middle scalene, wrist extensor, and aortic arch variants share embryological origins in cervical somites.","authors":"David V Rasicci, William C Weirich, Natalie K Yoshioka, Obadah Tolaymat, Najam Siddiqi","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.239","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During dissection of a 70-year-old male donor, several anatomical variations were observed, highlighted by a bilateral variant middle scalene muscle in the superolateral thoracic wall. The variant scalene muscle was traced from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the fourth rib with a pronounced fascial slip. The elongated middle scalene muscle was thick in girth and abnormally wide at its insertion (56.0 mm), which is hypothesized to reflect compensatory hypertrophy secondary to lung carcinoma. A bilateral wrist extensor variant also was observed as well as an anomalous left vertebral artery from the aortic arch with an abnormal entrance into the vertebral canal. Collectively, these findings represent a constellation of anatomical variations that may be interrelated through altered cervical somite development, providing a fascinating example of how anatomical variations may cluster based on common embryological origin. Clinically, these observations have implications in thoracic outlet syndrome, tendon transfer, and vascular surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"306-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Awal M Jimah, Ashley Taylor Goldstein, Melissa McCann, Claire Stoudemire
{"title":"Azygos lobe: exploring the bronchial supply and clinical implications.","authors":"Awal M Jimah, Ashley Taylor Goldstein, Melissa McCann, Claire Stoudemire","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.240","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An azygos lobe is a rare pulmonary variation that typically presents in the superior lobe of the right lung. Most literature on azygos lobe cases consists of radiologic X-ray or computed tomography findings, with only a few reports based on cadaveric dissections. Here, we report a cadaveric dissection of a right azygos lobe identified in a 77-year-old female anatomical body donor. The azygos lobe was medially located, superior to the hilum, and measured 8.5 cm in length and 4.0 cm in width. The lobe was solely supplied by a subsegmental bronchus from the apical segmental bronchus, which was further divided into two sub-subsegmental bronchial supplies. Prior reports indicate a potential relationship between the azygos lobe and cardiopulmonary pathology or genetic conditions, and further investigation of the bronchial supply may provide insight.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"311-315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celia V Mayne, Rarinthorn Samrid, Yoko Tabira, Kazzara Raeburn, Kathleen Bubb, Joe Iwanaga, Samir Anadkat, R Shane Tubbs
{"title":"Variant of the coracohumeralis muscle.","authors":"Celia V Mayne, Rarinthorn Samrid, Yoko Tabira, Kazzara Raeburn, Kathleen Bubb, Joe Iwanaga, Samir Anadkat, R Shane Tubbs","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.184","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Variant muscles of the cervicobrachial region are relatively uncommon. One rare variant muscle of this region is the cervicohumeralis, which arises from the cervical vertebrae and inserts onto the humerus. During routing dissection of the left neck region, a variant of the cervicohumeralis was identified. Most of the muscle was located in the posterior triangle of the neck but had distal attachments onto the corocoid process of the scapula and the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Such variant muscles are important to consider during image interpretation or surgical procedures in the neck and proximal upper limb. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of an additional attachment of the cervicohumeralis onto the scapula. This variant might be called the cervicoscapulohumeralis muscle and should be distinguished from other muscle variants in this region on medical imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"294-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damilare Adedayo Adekomi, John Olabode Fatoki, Titilayo Deborah Adesipe, Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale, Adesina Oloruntoba Adekeye, Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi, Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun, Babatunde Joseph Dare, Lukman Adeayo Yunus, Olumayowa Kolawole Idowu, Ismail Adetayo Lawal, Fatima Omowumi Hamzat
{"title":"Arsenic and vanadium co-exposure induced cerebellar neurotoxicity: aggravates apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and locomotor deficits in juvenile BALB/c mice.","authors":"Damilare Adedayo Adekomi, John Olabode Fatoki, Titilayo Deborah Adesipe, Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale, Adesina Oloruntoba Adekeye, Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi, Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun, Babatunde Joseph Dare, Lukman Adeayo Yunus, Olumayowa Kolawole Idowu, Ismail Adetayo Lawal, Fatima Omowumi Hamzat","doi":"10.5115/acb.24.116","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.24.116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this research, we studied the individual and combined effects of arsenic and vanadium on the cerebellum of mice. Mice were subjected to arsenic and vanadium individually and in combination for 21 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the mice were subjected to open field and rotarod tests after which the cerebellar tissues were harvested for biochemical analysis of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase. The hematoxylin and eosin stain was employed to explore histopathological event in the cerebellar tissue. The mice were either subjected to arsenic or vanadium or their combination showed significant short fall respectively in the open field and rotarod tests. There was an aggravated shortfall in the mice exposed to arsenic+vanadium combination. Furthermore, our data showed that exposure to the combination of arsenic and vanadium provoked synergistic neurotoxicity in the cerebellum of the mice subjected to arsenic+vanadium resulting into disturbance of locomotor and the production of neurodegenerative characteristics in the cerebellum. Relative to the control group, the levels of MDA, CAT, caspase-3, TNF-α, Nrf2, IL-1β, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase were adversely modulated in the arsenic-treated, vanadium-treated and in the group exposed to the combination of arsenic+vanadium. The histopathology of the cerebellum showed that exposure to arsenic, vanadium, and their combination produced neurodegenerative effects. The study conclude that exposure to arsenic and vanadium, as well as their combination, had a considerable influence on cerebellar tissue, culminating in a synergistic toxic effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"229-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}