Anatomy & Cell Biology最新文献

{"title":"Revisiting the arcade of Struthers: a cadaveric study to explore this debatable anatomical structure as a possible site causing chronic compressive changes in the ulnar nerve.","authors":"Apurba Patra, Gargi Kapatia, Priti Chaudhary, Adil Asghar, Ravi Kant Narayan, Rohini Motwani","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.401","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study examines the gross morphology, morphometry, and histological architecture of the arcade of Struthers (AoS) and its anatomical interaction with the ulnar nerve (UN) to evaluate the possible role of the AoS as a site with features suggestive of chronic compressive changes in UN in cadaveric specimens. Forty-six upper limbs from 23 adult formalin-fixed cadavers (17 males and six females) were dissected to identify the AoS. Histological architecture was examined using Masson's Trichrome staining, with image analysis quantifying the composition of muscle and collagen fibres. The AoS was identified in 37 limbs (80.43%). Structurally, 23 (62.16%) were muscular, 11 (29.72%) aponeurotic, and 3 (8.11%) mixed. The mean arcade length was 5.23±1.13 cm. The UN passed beneath the arcade in 27 (72.97%), superficially in 7 (18.92%), and alongside in 3 (8.11%). Features suggestive of chronic compressive changes were observed in seven cases (all involving aponeurotic tissue), with histology revealing perineural and epineural fibrosis, increased collagen deposition, and endoneural fibrosis. Trichrome staining confirmed structural variation: muscular arcades showed 80%-90% muscle fibres, aponeurotic arcades had 85%-95% collagen, and mixed arcades had a balanced composition. The AoS is a prevalent anatomical structure, most commonly muscular, with the UN frequently passing beneath it. The aponeurotic arcades demonstrated a higher likelihood of causing chronic compressive changes in UN, confirmed by histological evidence to reflect a suggestive association with compression neuropathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"271-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical study of the dorsal scapular artery in cadavers and its clinical significance.","authors":"Akshaya Saikannan, Chitra Nagaraj, Ganesan Vinitha, Santhini Arulselvi Kaliyaperumal","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.280","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dorsal scapular artery (DSA) is one of the key arteries supplying the muscles of the upper back, along with the Suprascapular artery and the Subscapular artery. It lies close to the brachial plexus, making its variations important during regional blocks and flap surgeries. Variations in its origin, course, and relationships in different population groups, as well as its surgical and anaesthetic significance, emphasise its need for study. This descriptive study was performed following a standard dissection manual on 40 bilateral sides of embalmed human cadavers. The origin of the DSA was identified, and its relation to the brachial plexus was noted. DSA was traced until its termination. DSA originated from the subclavian artery in 95% and from the Thyrocervical trunk in 5% of specimens. The course of the artery varied with its origin. It passes through either between the superior and the middle trunk or between the middle and the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus when it arises from the Subclavian artery. It is always tracked above the superior trunk of the brachial plexus when arising from the Thyrocervical trunk. No significant sexual differences for laterality or course was observed. The artery terminated supplying the rhomboids in all the specimens. Knowledge of the anatomical course of the DSA will help improve the design of regional flaps involving the vessel, in diagnosing conditions such as thoracic outlet syndrome. The knowledge of the relationship between the DSA and the brachial plexus improves the effectiveness of nerve block.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"256-261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147472533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vape flavoring chemicals and oral fibroblast viability.","authors":"Minsoo Kang, Junseo Lee, Yu Hui Wang, Won Huh, Sehyeon Chung, Lauren Kim, Vitta Rebeccah Zarembo, Hanna Yim, Hing Yeung Alexandre Lin, Yafei Wang, Amanda Joyce Robles, Joshua Yoo","doi":"10.5115/acb.26.047","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.26.047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of electronic cigarettes is due to the variety of appealing flavor additives marketed to consumers. Although perceived as a less harmful alternative to traditional smoking, emerging evidence suggests that inhaled e-cigarettes aerosol poses multiple risks on oral health. Oral fibroblasts which maintain the extracellular matrix and support wound repair, may be vulnerable to chemical injury. While the toxic effects of base e-liquid components such as nicotine have been investigated, limited research has addressed how added flavoring chemicals influence oral fibroblast survival and stress responses. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed studies evaluating the biological impact of flavored e-cigarette exposure on human oral fibroblasts. Collective findings revealed consistent mechanistic trends: flavoring chemicals, especially aromatic aldehydes such as cinnamaldehyde and vanillin, induced adverse cellular responses, increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species, and triggering oxidative modifications. These oxidative injuries such as protein carbonylation promote pro-inflammatory responses in oral fibroblasts, specifically heightened secretion of cytokine interleukin-8 and lipid mediator prostaglandin E₂, which contribute to tissue breakdown. Increased apoptosis, impaired cell survival, and senescence were reported following longer exposure durations. In contrast, menthol and fruit flavors produced moderate responses, while unflavored aerosols showed little toxicity. These results emphasize that flavored e-cigarette products may accelerate oral tissue deterioration, undermining fibroblast health, and limiting the capacity for tissue repair. As flavored aerosol use remains prevalent among the youth, understanding its toxicity is crucial to advancing public health policies and the regulation of vaping products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"247-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive morphometric analysis of the jugular foramen and its septations in cadavers and dry skulls.","authors":"Suphatsorn Hathaidechadusadee, Vilai Chentanez","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.373","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The jugular foramen (JF) is a complex anatomical region transmitting cranial nerves IX-XI and the internal jugular vein, where variations in its dural and bony septations can influence tumor spread, venous drainage, and surgical access. This study examined the morphology and morphometry of the JF using 200 dry skulls and 39 formalin-fixed cadavers. Extracranial features, including bony septation (BS), jugular dome, and JF-stylomastoid foramen distance, were evaluated in skulls, while intracranial dural septation (DS), sigmoid sinus (SS) diameter, and JF-internal acoustic meatus distance was measured in cadavers. BS was identified in 42.8% of foramina, most commonly Type I (37.3%), followed by Type II (5.0%) and Type III (0.5%). Type I BS predominantly originated from the temporal bone. The jugular dome was bilaterally present in 52.5% of skulls and was significantly deeper in males. The JF was consistently larger on the right in both length and width, while the JF-stylomastoid foramen distance was greater on the left. DS was present in all cadavers, with Type I predominating (89.7%), followed by Type III (3.9%) and Type IV (6.4%), whereas Type II (absence of septation) was not observed. The SS was significantly larger on the right and in males, and the mean JF-internal acoustic meatus distance measured approximately 6 mm bilaterally. These findings highlight distinct JF morphology in the regional anatomical collections emphasizing the importance of understanding anatomical variation for improving radiologic interpretation and ensuring safe skull base surgical approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"279-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147832674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative morphogenesis of mouse and rat mandibular first molars (M1): a review of developmental timing, structure, and signaling pathways.","authors":"Maryam Hameed Alwan","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.354","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodents have been studied widely to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanism of tooth development, although significant differences exist between them that impact how the researchers design their experiment. The mandibular first molar M1 is the most studied tooth in both species and provides a model for crown morphogenesis, root initiation, periodontal ligament organization, and the tooth eruption. In mice the M1 development is rapid, the crown complete at birth and the tooth eruption postnatal P20-21, while in rats the tooth development events are delayed, with larger tooth germs and tooth eruption at P17. However, rats provide advantages for microinjection, histology and biochemical assays due to their larger molar compared to mice. In comparison, mice provide an excellent model for genetic related studies. However, systematic side-by-side analysis is limited, leaving a gap in understanding how timing, genetic signaling, and eruption are related among species. This review focuses on current knowledge of rat-mouse M1 development and compares the two models to help the researcher to determine model selection, and experimental design, particularly when translating the finding to human development or pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"238-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147353756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of the denticulate ligaments: application to surgery of the craniocervical junction and spine.","authors":"Andrew T Casteel, Lauren M Dumont, Rarinthorn Samrid, Yoko Tabira, Kazzara Raeburn, Kathleen Bubb, Noritaka Komune, Aaron S Dumont, Miguel Angel Reina, Joe Iwanaga, R Shane Tubbs","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.376","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The denticulate ligaments (DLs) are lateral pial extensions that tether the spinal cord to the dura mater and serve as important anatomical and surgical landmarks. Despite their long-standing description in anatomical literature, substantial controversy remains regarding their number, morphology, attachments, function, and clinical significance. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and updated synthesis of the gross anatomy, histology, development, variations, biomechanics, imaging characteristics, pathology, and surgical relevance of the DLs. Classical and contemporary cadaveric studies demonstrate marked regional differences in DL morphology, thickness, and dural attachment patterns, with distinct features at cervical, thoracic, and intracranial levels. Histological evidence confirms a collagenous core with region-specific fiber orientation and leptomeningeal continuity. Developmental and pathological studies further reveal variability, including absence, duplication, hypertrophy, and abnormal attachments, which may contribute to neurological symptoms or complicate surgical approaches. Biomechanical data suggest a limited but region-dependent role in spinal cord stabilization. Clinically, the DLs are critical landmarks in spinal and craniocervical surgery and may influence operative strategy in conditions such as tumors, Chiari malformations, tethered cord, and spasmodic torticollis. A precise understanding of DL anatomy is therefore essential for safe and effective neurosurgical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"230-237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of relevant anatomy for cervical erector spinae plane block using paediatric computed tomography scans.","authors":"Adri Nel, Albert-Neels van Schoor, Farhana Ebrahim Suleman, Adrian T Bösenberg, Sabashnee Govender","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.326","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary aim of this study was to provide foundational anatomical knowledge that may be valuable when performing a cervical erector spinae plane block (ESPB) with or without ultrasound guidance in a paediatric sample. This included measuring the distance from the spinous process to the tip of the transverse process at the C6 and C7 vertebral levels, the depth from the skin to the most medial points of the erector spinae muscle, and the most posterior points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the C6 and C7 vertebral levels. Ninety axial computed tomography (CT) images were randomly selected from the database of radiographic images at the Department of Radiology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital. The age and sex of the patients were recorded. The 90 axial CT scans consisted of 30 scans for each of the age groups defined by the American Medical Association, <i>i.e.</i>, neonates (age range: 0-2 months), infants (age range: 2 months-2 years), and children (age range: 2-12 years). Gridlines were placed over the tips of the left and right transverse processes to ensure that points were perpendicular to the structure, and various measurements were taken bilaterally. Significant differences were observed between the majority of the measurements for the different age groups. Statistically significant differences were observed between the measurements for males and females in some instances. These results provide pediatric anesthesiologists with useful anatomical reference data when performing a cervical ESPB at vertebral level C6 or C7, particularly where ultrasound guidance is not available.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"262-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From <i>pectus</i> to breast: anatomical and semantic gendering of the thorax.","authors":"Hun Kim, Kun Hwang, Seung-Ho Han","doi":"10.5115/acb.26.058","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.26.058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anatomical terminology is often assumed to be structurally precise and historically stable. However, the anterior thoracic region demonstrates significant semantic transformation across time. In classical Latin, <i>pectus</i> referred broadly to the chest without sexual specification. In modern English, the term \"breast\" predominantly denotes the female mammary gland. This study investigates how a structurally stable anatomical region underwent progressive linguistic gendering. A qualitative historical-anatomical analysis was conducted integrating: (1) philological examination of classical Latin and Greek texts, including the <i>Aeneid</i>; (2) review of medical writings attributed to Hippocrates and Galen to assess early structural differentiation between thorax and mammary gland; (3) comparative analysis of medieval to 19th-century anatomical atlases to evaluate visual and terminological separation of thoracic and mammary structures; and (4) conceptual review of contemporary clinical framing in thoracic trauma and breast reconstruction. No human subjects were involved. Classical terminology (<i>pectus</i>, <i>stēthos</i>) denoted the anterior thorax without inherent sexual coding, while <i>mastos</i> specified mammary tissue. Renaissance dissection reinforced structural separation between thoracic wall and glandular appendage. Despite increasing anatomical precision, vernacular English progressively narrowed \"breast\" toward female mammary meaning. Modern anatomical standards maintain structural neutrality, but linguistic asymmetry persists in clinical and cultural discourse. The thorax has remained anatomically stable, whereas its linguistic representation has undergone gender-specific specialization. The transition from <i>pectus</i> to \"breast\" illustrates how anatomical regions may acquire cultural coding independent of structural change.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"293-297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147873090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical and expressive significance of the brachioradialis in Michelangelo's <i>Moses</i>.","authors":"Kun Hwang","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.276","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Michelangelo's <i>Moses</i> (1513-1515), created for the tomb of Pope Julius II, is celebrated for its expressive intensity and anatomical precision. While psychoanalytic and neuroaesthetic studies-from Freud's classic interpretation to contemporary imaging research-have highlighted its psychological power, less attention has been given to the anatomical structures that embody such restraint and authority. This essay focuses on the brachioradialis muscle in the right forearm of <i>Moses</i>, examining its role as both a functional anatomical detail and a sculptural symbol of controlled energy. Anatomically, the brachioradialis originates on the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and inserts on the distal radius. Though located in the extensor compartment and innervated by the radial nerve, it primarily functions as an elbow flexor, especially in semi-pronation. Michelangelo's rendering captures this paradoxical muscle in a state of isometric contraction: the elbow flexed to 70-80 degrees, the forearm semi-pronated, and the hand gripping the tablets. The resulting bulge conveys readiness to act yet deliberate restraint, a visual translation of <i>terribilità</i>. Comparative analysis with Pollaiuolo, Leonardo, and Verrocchio reveals Michelangelo's unique synthesis of anatomical accuracy, biomechanical plausibility, and expressive intent. Psychoanalytic interpretations align with this physiological truth: the tension in the forearm symbolizes suppressed anger and moral discipline. From a modern perspective, the sculpture offers lessons for anatomical pedagogy and surgical practice, illustrating how structural knowledge and dynamic function converge in expressive form. The brachioradialis of <i>Moses</i> thus exemplifies the Renaissance integration of dissection-based anatomy and artistic imagination, sustaining its relevance across both art and medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"353-357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique double headed plantaris that could be a potential source of neurovascular entrapment: a case report.","authors":"Sharanya Rao, Bincy Muthukattu George, Sonal Nayak, Aamna Kausar, Satheesha Badagabettu Nayak","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.234","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During dissection of an adult female cadaver, an unique variation of the plantaris muscle was noted in the right lower limb. The plantaris had two heads of origin. The lateral head was fleshy and the medial head was aponeurotic. The lateral head took origin from the lateral supracondylar line. The medial aponeurotic head took origin from the capsule of the knee joint, oblique popliteal ligament and the fascia covering popliteus muscle. The two heads joined each other behind the main neurovascular bundle and the narrow gap between these two heads was traversed by tibial nerve, popliteal vein and popliteal artery. The tendon of plantaris divided into medial and lateral slips. The medial slip merged with the anterior surface of the tendocalcaneus and the lateral slip merged with the deep fascia, lateral to the insertion of the tendocalcaneus.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"339-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147300726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}