Asha Krishnamurthy, Anand Verma, Sayan Biswas, Praisy Joy
{"title":"Concurrent mutations in <i>DNAH5</i> and <i>FOXE3</i> genes: a unique occurrence in infancy.","authors":"Asha Krishnamurthy, Anand Verma, Sayan Biswas, Praisy Joy","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.317","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 3-month-old female infant from South India presented with microphthalmia and features suggestive of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). She was born to a third-degree consanguineous couple and showed signs of breathing difficulty at birth, frequent respiratory infections, bilateral microphthalmia, hypertelorism, a flat nasal bridge, rounded lips, crackles in the lungs, and situs inversus. Whole exome sequencing revealed homozygous pathogenic mutations in two genes: a frameshift mutation in Dynein Axonemal Heavy Chain 5 (<i>DNAH5</i>), linked to PCD, and a null mutation in Forkhead Box E3 (<i>FOXE3</i>), associated with eye developmental disorders such as microphthalmia and primary aphakia. <i>FOXE3</i> encodes a forkhead transcription factor critical for lens development, while <i>DNAH5</i> is essential for the function of motile cilia. Both variants were classified as pathogenic per American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. The recurrence risk was estimated at 25% in future pregnancies and genetic counselling was provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"348-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bilateral aberrant buccal arteries, hypoplastic facial arteries, and a fenestrated maxillary artery.","authors":"Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Corneliu Toader, Petrinel Mugurel Rădoi, Răzvan Costin Tudose","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.355","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bilateral hypoplastic facial arteries terminating as submental arteries were identified on computed tomography angiography, accompanied by rare compensatory vascular patterns. The right maxillary artery exhibited a triangular fenestration between the maxillary tuberosity and inferior orbital fissure, from which an aberrant buccal artery arose and descended to supply the inferior lip. The left side demonstrated a common buccoalveolar trunk bifurcating into the inferior alveolar artery and an aberrant buccal artery with a previously unreported transmandibular trajectory, entering at the lingula and exiting through a retromolar foramen before continuing tortuously to vascularize the cheek and lower lip. These anatomical variants present significant surgical hazards during regional anesthesia procedures targeting the maxillary tuberosity, pterygomandibular space, and mandibular lingula, as well as during facial reconstructive surgery. Comprehensive preoperative angiographic evaluation is essential when facial artery hypoplasia is encountered to identify compensatory networks and prevent inadvertent vascular injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"335-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Two cases with fenestrations in the left renal veins for the passages of the renal, gonadal, and suprarenal arteries.","authors":"Yuine Watanabe, Mio Matsuura, Tetsuhito Kigata, Yasushi Kobayashi","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.218","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fenestrations in the left renal vein (RV) were detected in two Japanese cadavers: a 96-year-old male (Case 1) and an 81-year-old female (Case 2). In Case 1, four left RVs emerged anterior to the renal arteries at the hilum. Fenestration 1 (0.5 cm) was found in the second highest vein. Fenestration 2 (1.0 cm) was found in the third highest vein. Three left renal arteries originated from the abdominal aorta and the inferior branch passed through fenestration 1. The left testicular artery arising 3.5 cm distal to the second-highest renal artery traversed fenestration 2. In Case 2, a fenestration was observed 4.5 cm distal to the left RV drainage into the inferior vena cava. The left middle suprarenal and left ovarian arteries originating from the abdominal aorta at L1/L2 and L2, respectively, passed through the fenestration. These rare variations enhance understanding of the development of the renal, gonadal, and suprarenal arteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"343-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147430257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perception and determinants of willingness for voluntary body donation in a tertiary-care population in North-East India: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Praveen K, Muralidhar Reddy Sangam, Dibyajyoti Saikia, Vinay G, Momota Wahengbam","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.388","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadaveric dissection remains vital in early medical education, yet India faces persistent cadaver shortages. Main objectives of this study were to estimate awareness and willingness toward body donation and to identify independent determinants of willingness among adults attending a tertiary-care outpatient department in North-East India. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of adult patients and attendants at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati (March-May 2025). The main outcome was willingness to donate one's body after death. Predictors included demographics, residence, education/occupation, morbidity, comfort discussing voluntary body donation, information sources, knowledge (\"where to donate,\" \"who can consent,\" \"importance of body donation\"), perceived family agreement, and advocacy. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 309 respondents (mean age 35.3±10.5 years; 64.1% male), the most frequently cited barrier to willingness was the desire to fulfil religious rites after death (52.3%). In the adjusted model (n=233), family agreement (aOR 15.50; 95% CI: 6.29-38.22) and encouraging others (aOR 7.90; 95% CI: 2.97-21.02) were the only independent positive predictors. Urban residence (aOR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.36-1.29) and knowing where to donate (aOR 1.97; 95% CI: 0.97-4.00) showed suggestive, non-significant trends. Willingness for body donation depends mainly on expected family approval and peer influence but not demographic profile or knowledge. Efforts should focus on helping families accept donation and empowering local advocates, alongside respectful cultural engagement and clear donation logistics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"329-334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ai Hirano-Kawamoto, Masahito Yamamoto, Yohei Honkura, Gen Murakami, Shogo Hayashi, Yukio Katori
{"title":"Distinct delayed development of the basisphenoid-ethmoid interface in human fetuses: a histological study using human fetuses.","authors":"Ai Hirano-Kawamoto, Masahito Yamamoto, Yohei Honkura, Gen Murakami, Shogo Hayashi, Yukio Katori","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.299","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In non-human primates, the presphenoid-ethmoid synchondrosis (PSept) functions as a major growth center of the midline skull base, yet whether humans possess a developmental analogue remains unresolved. To clarify whether a human counterpart exists, we re-examined the basisphenoid-ethmoid (SPH-ETH) junction using sagittal histological sections from 20 human fetuses (11-39 weeks) preserved in the Akita University collection. At 15-16 weeks, chondrocytes in the anterior portion of the SPH-immediately anterior to the pituitary fossa-became slender or irregularly shaped with increased extracellular matrix, forming a distinct low-density zone (<8 cells per 0.1 mm<sup>2</sup>) compared with adjacent SPH cartilage (>15 cells per 0.1 mm<sup>2</sup>). In late-term fetuses (≥29 weeks), this zone expanded vertically to reach both the superior and inferior perichondria and appeared less basophilic, often containing fibrous or mesh-like structures. Notably, two late-term fetuses (35 and 39 weeks) displayed an additional anterior ossification center immediately in front of this low-density zone, creating a bipolar ossification pattern analogous to that of the PSept in non-human primates. In these specimens, parallel collagen bundles oriented supero-inferiorly were also observed across the interface. Taken together, these findings identify a reproducible, sparsely populated, fiber-containing cartilage region at the human SPH-ETH junction, frequently associated with an anterior ossification center. We propose that this region represents the human analogue of the PSept and that the \"transient presphenoid\" becomes incorporated into the definitive ethmoid during late fetal development.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"318-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji-Hyun Moon, Ah La Choi, Hye Jeong Ahn, Nam Seob Lee, Young Gil Jeong, Jaeku Kang, Min-Jeong Choi, Jin-Kyoung Hong, Seung Yun Han
{"title":"Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy ameliorates fibrosis and renal function in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Ji-Hyun Moon, Ah La Choi, Hye Jeong Ahn, Nam Seob Lee, Young Gil Jeong, Jaeku Kang, Min-Jeong Choi, Jin-Kyoung Hong, Seung Yun Han","doi":"10.5115/acb.26.008","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.26.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the potential therapeutic effects of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using a preclinical mice model, which was established by high adenine diet. Four experimental groups were formed: normal (NL), NL+Li-ESWT (NL+ESWT), CKD, and CKD+Li-ESWT (CKD+ESWT), and received appropriate interventions over a period of 3 weeks. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed significant upregulation of HSP70 expression, a marker for cells affected by mechanical stimulus, in the NL+ESWT group, confirming successful delivery of Li-ESWT to kidney tissues. Body weight, kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine values showed no significant differences between the NL and NL+ESWT groups, indicating that Li-ESWT alone did not affect these parameters. However, in the CKD+ESWT group, although kidney weight did not significantly differ from the CKD group, both body weight and renal function parameters showed marked improvement compared to the CKD group, suggesting a positive impact of Li-ESWT on general condition and renal function in CKD. The following histological examination showed that the CKD+ESWT group exhibited significantly reduced tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis compared to the CKD group, further supporting the therapeutic potential of Li-ESWT in CKD management. To reveal potential modulation of ESWT on the upstream of fibrosis, fibrosis-related gene expressions, <i>i.e.</i>, Acta2, Col1a1, Col3a1, and Fn1, were examined. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the expression of fibrosis-related genes in the CKD+ESWT group compared to the CKD group, highlighting the molecular effects of Li-ESWT in mitigating CKD-associated fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"308-317"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observation of the internal structure of the mandible related to implant placement in the mandibular anterior region.","authors":"Kazuki Koguchi, Rika Uchiyama, Chihaya Matsumoto, Akinobu Usami, Masaki Takatsu","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.316","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Placing an implant between the mental foramina can cause nerve paralysis and subcutaneous bleeding from the floor of the mouth. In this study, we performed macroscopic anatomical measurements of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal and three-dimensional observations of the anterior loop, mandibular incisive canal, and lingual foramen using dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to understand the morphology of the anatomical structures between the mental foramina. The specimens comprised 13 donated bodies. After CBCT imaging, the cortical bone anterior to the mental foramen was removed to isolate the anterior loop. After taking a picture, the anterior loop was measured using the image data. Additionally, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the CBCT images was performed to observe the anatomical structures between the mental foramina. The vertical distance from the superior margin of the mental foramen to inferior border of the mandibular canal was 7.34 mm and that from the inferior border of the mandibular canal to inferior border of the mandible was 8.90 mm. The anteroposterior distance from the anterior margin of the mental foramen to the anterior border of the loop was 3.42 mm. No significant differences were found in any of the measurements between male and female. In segmented CBCT images of the interforaminal region, the mandibular incisive canal could be observed and the lingual foramen was also observed in the cortical bone. To prevent complications, paying close attention to the anterior loop, mandibular incisive canal, and lingual foramen when placing an implant between the mental foramina is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"287-292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145951136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Calcitriol provides neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of the SIRT1 pathway.","authors":"Sepideh Hallajpour, Yousef Asadi-Fard, Zeinab Vahidinia, Abolfazl Azami Tameh, Shokouh Rahmatipour","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.330","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke, caused by arterial blockages, is a major global cause of mortality and long-term disability. Current treatments primarily aim to restore cerebral blood flow through the use of anticoagulant therapy and thrombectomy. Recent research has explored vitamin D3, particularly its active form, calcitriol, as an adjunctive treatment due to its neuroprotective effects. However, the exact mechanisms by which calcitriol mitigates ischemia-induced brain injury remain unclear. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of calcitriol in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using a rat model. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 1 hour of ischemia followed by 72 hours of reperfusion to establish an I/R injury model. The rats then received calcitriol treatment for three days. Neurobehavioral deficits and cerebral infarct volume were evaluated 72 hours post-ischemia. Oxidative stress markers-including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)-were quantified. Additionally, RT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA expression levels of SIRT1 and PGC1-α. The study demonstrated that calcitriol administration significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and improved neurological outcomes following I/R injury. Treatment with calcitriol effectively decreased oxidative stress markers, as evidenced by reduced MDA and NO levels, while simultaneously enhancing TAC. Notably, calcitriol treatment substantially upregulated mRNA expression of SIRT1 in ischemic brain tissue. Our results demonstrate that calcitriol exhibits neuroprotective effects against I/R injury. These benefits appear to be mediated through two key mechanisms: (1) attenuation of oxidative stress and (2) activation of the SIRT1/PGC1-α signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"298-307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147269463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anatomical variation of the sciatic nerve division in the cadaver studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Worku Abie Liyew, Soressa Abebe","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.139","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extent and patterns of variability in the sciatic nerve (SN) division are not well documented in cadaver studies. This review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and distribution patterns of anatomical variations in the SN division, from existing cadaveric studies, and to explore their potential clinical implications. Articles were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, and other relevant sources. Stata 14 software was used for data analysis. The prevalence was calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q test and the I<sup>2</sup> values of a forest plot. Publication bias was checked using funnel plots and Egger's test. Twenty cadaver studies were used for this systematic review and meta-analysis. In this study, the pooled prevalence of the anatomical variation of the SN division was approximately 31.01% (95% CI: 16.24-45.78). The subgroup analysis demonstrated the highest variability within the popliteal fossa (21.17%; 95% CI: -2.01-44.34), followed by the pelvic region (11.13%; 95% CI: 5.85-16.40), the middle third of the thigh (7.11%; 95% CI: 3.67-10.55), the gluteal region (4.86%; 95% CI: 2.03-7.69), and the upper third of the thigh (4.74%; 95% CI: 1.71-7.76). In this study, the anatomical variation of the SN division was high, and one in three divisions was outside the typical pattern. The variation of SN division may affect intramuscular injections and surgical procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"219-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147479554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabrielle Dituri, Noritaka Komune, Nicolás E Ottone, Nikola Vučinić, Carmine Antonio Donofrio, Filippo Badaloni, Antonio Fioravanti, Joe Iwanaga, C J Bui, Joseph Lockwood, Aaron S Dumont, R Shane Tubbs
{"title":"Comprehensive review of the cerebral aqueduct: anatomy, embryology, imaging, genetics, molecular, and pathology.","authors":"Gabrielle Dituri, Noritaka Komune, Nicolás E Ottone, Nikola Vučinić, Carmine Antonio Donofrio, Filippo Badaloni, Antonio Fioravanti, Joe Iwanaga, C J Bui, Joseph Lockwood, Aaron S Dumont, R Shane Tubbs","doi":"10.5115/acb.25.347","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.25.347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebral aqueduct (CA), or aqueduct of Sylvius, is the narrowest portion of the ventricular system, connecting the third and fourth ventricles and providing an essential conduit for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. Despite its small caliber, the CA transmits over 500 ml of CSF daily, and its vulnerability to obstruction makes it central to the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the CA across developmental, anatomical, and clinical dimensions. We examine its embryological formation and the contribution of structures such as the subcommissural organ and Reissner's fiber, highlighting comparative features across species, and evaluate the dynamic physiology of CSF flow in relation to age and disease states. Advances in imaging modalities, including high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and fetal ultrasound, are summarized in the contexts of both research and clinical practice. Pathological considerations are addressed, ranging from congenital anomalies (<i>e.g.</i>, aqueductal webs, Chiari malformations, cavernomas, and forking) to acquired lesions (<i>e.g.</i>, gliosis, neoplasia, and trauma-induced stenosis). The genetic underpinnings of aqueductal stenosis are reviewed, emphasizing <i>L1CAM</i> mutations and broader molecular pathways implicated in congenital hydrocephalus. Surgical strategies, including endoscopic third ventriculostomy, aqueductoplasty, and transaqueductal stenting, are critically appraised in terms of efficacy, complication profiles, and long-term outcomes. Overall, this review underscores the CA as a nexus of neurodevelopment, neuropathology, and neurosurgical innovation, and identifies gaps in knowledge that merit future investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":" ","pages":"207-218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147832720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}