D. Knittel, W. Saus, Susanne Dipl Ing Hoger, E. Schollmeyer
{"title":"Färben in überkritischem CO2: Bestimmung von Einflußgrößen auf das strukturelle Verhalten von Polyethylenterephthalat‐Fasermaterial","authors":"D. Knittel, W. Saus, Susanne Dipl Ing Hoger, E. Schollmeyer","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052180106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052180106","url":null,"abstract":"Die Beeinflussung von Merkmalen der Polymerstruktur durch Behandlung mit uberkritischem CO2 wird anhand von Polyesterfasermaterial untersucht. Das uberkritische System verursacht eine Absenkung der Glastemperatur und bewirkt die Ausbildung netzwerkstabilisierender Kristallite in den fehlgeordneten Bereichen des Fasermaterials, die denen entsprechen, die ohne Gegenwart eines uberkritischen Fluids erst bei deutlich hoheren Behandlungstemperaturen gebildet werden. Die Bedeutung der Polymerstruktur fur Fabung bzw. Impragnierung von Fasermaterial in uberkritischen Systemen wird diskutiert. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The effect of dyeing in supercritical fluids on characteristics of the polymeric structure is investigated using poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. The supercritical fluid (CO2) causes a decrease in the glass transition temperature and the formation of a network of stabilizing crystallites, which — without the use of a fluid — can only be obtained at significantly higher temperatures. The implications of fiber structure for successful dyeing or impregnation of fibrous material in supercritical systems are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"46 1","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74507423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. K. Chaki, R. Despande, A. Majali, V. Tikku, A. Bhowmick
{"title":"Electron beam initiated grafting of methyl methacrylate onto polyethylene: Structure and properties","authors":"T. K. Chaki, R. Despande, A. Majali, V. Tikku, A. Bhowmick","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170107","url":null,"abstract":"Polyethylene (PE, 100 parts by weight) was mixed with methyl methacrylate (MMA, up to 5 parts by weight) at 120°C and subsequently exposed to electron radiation of different doses (up to 20 Mrad) to prepare PE/MMA graft copolymers. Successful grafting was verified by IR spectroscopy. Gel formation indicated crosslinking. Grafting increased with increasing MMA concentration and increasing irradiation dose. Crystalline melting temperature and percent crystallinity were lower than those of untreated PE. Tensile strength, elongation at break and dielectric constant of grafted samples were measured and discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Polyethylen (PE, 100 Gew.-Teile) wurde mit Methylmethacrylat (MMA, bis zu 5 Gew.-Teilen) gemischt und anschliesend mit Elektronen (bis zu 20 Mrad) bestrahlt, um PE/MMA-Pfropfcopolymere herzustellen, deren Bildung mittels IR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen wurde. Gelbildung wies auf eine Vernetzung wahrend der Bestrahlung hin. Zunehmende MMA-Konzentration und hohere Bestrahlungsdosen verringerten die Kristallit-Schmelztemperatur und den Kristallisationsgrad des PE. Zugfestigkeit, Bruchdehnung und Dielektrizitatskonstante wurden gemessen und diskutiert.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"35 1","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91182876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eigenschaften von binären mischungen aus polyethylenen hoher dichte mit ultrahoher und normaler molmasse","authors":"M. Grigorova, M. Michailov","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170105","url":null,"abstract":"Untersucht wurden binare Mischungen von Polyethylenen hoher Dichte rnit normaler und ultrahochmolekularer Molmasse, die auf zweierlei Weise—in Pulverform oder durch Walzen im Schmelzezustand—homogenisiert und bei Temperaturen zwischen 140 und 220°C geprest waren. Es wurde festgestellt, das die Art der Homogenisierung der Komponenten praktisch keinen Einflus auf die Eigenschaften bei Prestemperaturen ≥ 160°C hat. Von besonderem Interesse sind die Eigenschaften der Systeme, in welchen das ultrahochmolekulare Polyethylen die Rolle der Matrixkomponente spielt. The study is on two component blends of high density polyethylenes, having normal and ultra-high molecular weight. The polyethylenes were homogenized by two routes: in powder state or by rolling in melt, then pressed at temperatures in the range from 140°C to 220°C. Comparative studies showed that the way of homogenizing of the components does practically not affect the main mechanical properties of the blends when pressed at temperatures ≥ 160°C. Of special interest are the characteristics of those systems where ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is the matrix component.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"5 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78665459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymers with acyloxime ester in the main chain: Synthesis, characterization and initiator properties of an azo‐containing ester initiator","authors":"A. Onen, S. Denizligil, Y. Yagcı","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170109","url":null,"abstract":"For application as initiator, a new polymeric azo-acyloxime ester (AOE) was synthesized by condensation of 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid chloride) (ACPC) with 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanedione-2-oxime (HPO). The initiator structure was confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The kinetics of the free-radical polymerization of styrene initiated by AOE was investigated and the kinetic parameters evaluated. The initiation of polymerization of styrene by means of AOE yields polymers with photoactive acyloxime groups in the main chain. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Durch Polykondensation von 4,4′-Azobis-(4-cyanpentansaurechlorid) (ACPC) mit 1 -(4-Hydroxyphenyl)- 1,2-propandion-2-oxim (HPO) wurde ein neuer polymerer Azo-Acyloxim-Ester (AOE) hergestellt und auf seine Eignung als Initiator fur die radikalische Polymerisation untersucht. Die Struktur des Initiators wurde durch IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie uberpruft. Die Kinetik der mit AOE initiierten Styrolpolymerisation wurde untersucht, und die kinetischen Parameter wurden berechnet. Mit dem AOE-Initiator wurden Styrolpolymere mit photoaktiven Acyloximgruppen in der Hauptkette erhalten.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"23 1","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89223086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of polyunsaturated xylitol carbonate methacrylates","authors":"I. Zaks, P. Penczek, A. Rot, R. Perniķis","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170101","url":null,"abstract":"Xylitol carbonate methacrylates were synthesized from 2-methacryloyloxyethyl chloroformate and xylitol. The composition of the products was investigated by HPLC. Optimum conditions for obtaining the polyfunctional monomer containing 92% penta-substituted xylitol were determined. Photopolymerization of the monomers was carried out. The polymers show an extremely low birefringence index. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Xylit-Carbonatmethacrylate wurden aus 2-Methacryloyloxyethylchlorformiat und Xylit synthetisiert. Die Zusammensetzung der Produkte wurde mit der Flussigkeitschromatographie untersucht. Die optimalen Bedingungen zur Darstellung von polyfunktionellen Monomeren mit einem Gehalt an pentasubstituiertem Xylit von uber 92% wurden ermittelt. Die Photopolymerisation der Monomeren wurde durchgefuhrt. Die vernetzten Polymeren zeichnen sich durch eine auserst niedrige optische Doppelbrechung aus.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75413781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aryl ether-ketone segmented polypyromellitimides","authors":"N. Bıçak, Güneş Koza","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170108","url":null,"abstract":"Aromatic ether-ketone segments have been incorporated into polyimide backbone to impart the well-known thermoplastic properties of polyether ketones. For this purpose three aromatic diamines containing ether and ketone connecting groups between aromatic rings have been prepared and polymerized with pyromellitic dianhydride to yield polyimides. The thermal behavior of the polyimide cast films has been investigated. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Aromatische Ether-Keton-Sequenzen wurden in eine Polyimidkette eingebaut, um diesen die thermoplastischen Eigenschaften der Polyetherketone zu verleihen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden drei aromatische Diamine mit Ether- und Ketongruppen zwischen den aromatischen Ringen hergestellt und mit Pyromellitsauredianhydrid kondensiert. Das thermische Verhalten von daraus hergestellten Polymerfilmen wurde untersucht.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"2 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72924443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antistatic modification of polyester with carboxyterminated poly(oxyethylene)","authors":"Yaoming Zhao, Junwu Chen, Y. Sano, Y. Kimura","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170113","url":null,"abstract":"Carboxy-terminated poly(oxyethylenes) (PEO-acid) with number-average molecular weights Mn = 8400, 3300, and 1000 were used for antielectrostatic modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The blend PET fibers containing 2.0 and 5.0 wt.-% of PEO-acids were melt-spun at 285°C with an ordinary extruder and then drawn about 4.5-fold at 80°C. The processabilities of spinning and drawing were excellent at higher molecular weights of PEO-acid. The anti-electrostatic properties of the blend fibers became also improved with increasing molecular weight of PEO-acid. Since little ester interchange reaction took place between PET and PEO-acid during meltspinning, the blend fibers could retain almost the same mechanical properties as the original PET fiber. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Carboxy-terminierte Polyoxyethylene (PEO-acid) mit zahlenmittleren Molekulargewichten Mn = 8400, 3300 und 1000 wurden zur antielektrostatischen Modifizierung von Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) verwendet. Fasern aus PET-PEO-acid-Blends mit 2,0 oder 5,0 Gew.-% PEO-acid wurden bei 285°C mit einem normalen Extruder aus der Schmelze gesponnen und anschliesend bei 80°C um das ca. 4,5fache verstreckt. Die Verarbeitbarkeit beim Verspinnen und Verstrecken war bei Verwendung von PEO-acid mit hohen Molekulargewichten ausgezeichnet. Die anti-elektrostatischen Eigenschaften wurden ebenfalls mit steigendem PEO-acid-Molekulargewicht besser. Da eine Umesterung beim Verspinnen nur in geringem Ausmas stattfand, blieben die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Blend-Fasern gegenuber den PET-Fasern nahezu unverandert.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"68 1","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86542250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phase behaviour and bistable effect of a mixture comprising a dye side chain liquid crystalline polymer and a low molecular weight liquid crystal","authors":"J. Hwang, G. Hsiue, R. Jeng","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170102","url":null,"abstract":"Phase behaviour and bistable effect of dye side chain liquid crystalline polymer (dye LCP)/low molecular weight liquid crystal (LC) mixtures have been investigated. The smectic dye LCP was observed to be miscible with the nematic LC over wide ranges of concentration and temperature. The electro-optical effects of the dye LCP/LC mixtures could be classified into the turbid and the transparent states upon a respective application of electric fields at low and high frequencies. Both transparent and turbid states of the mixture could be maintained stable, despite an electric field having been turned off. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Das Phasenverhalten und der bistabile elektro-optische Effekt von Mischungen eines flussigkristallinen Polymeren mit Farbstoff-Seitengruppen (LCP) und eines niedermolekularen Flussigkristallgemisches (LC) wurden untersucht. Das smektische Farbstoff-LCP ist mit dem nematischen LC in einem weiten Konzentrations- und Temperaturbereich mischbar. Die Mischungen lassen sich in einem elektrischen Wechselfeld bei niedrigen und hohen Frequenzen reversibel vom truben in den transparenten Zustand schalten. Beide Zustande sind auch bei ausgeschaltetem Wechselfeld stabil.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"81 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80122039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transesterification in blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and bisphenol‐A‐polycarbonate","authors":"N. Wings, G. Trafara","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170110","url":null,"abstract":"By means of differential calorimetric and X-ray examinations it was shown that poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (PC) are only compatible in the melt if they stay in the melt for a short period of time. During mixing in the melt, transesterification begins and block copolymers are formed. A characteristic glass transition temperature is observed for each individual blend. Butylene terephthalate (BT)-blocks are crystallizable; however, with an increasing share of bisphenol-A-carbonate (BPAC) the specific melting enthalpy of the BT-blocks decreases. Within copolymers with a high BPAC content, the BPAC segments crystallize considerably faster than in pure PC. By means of diffraction measurements with synchrotron radiation, the mechanism of stress-induced α-β-modification change in pure PBT and in block copolymers with high BT-contents could be explored. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Differentialkalorimetrische und rontgenographische Messungen ergeben, das Poly(butylenterephthalat) (PBT) und Bisphenol-A-Polycarbonat (PC), wenn sie aus einer gemeinsamen Losung gefallt werden, unvertraglich sind. In der Schmelze beginnt wahrend des Durchmischens der Komponenten Umesterung. Es bilden sich Blockcopolymere, die einen Glasubergang rnit einem fur jede Zusammensetzung charakteristischen Tg-Wert zeigen. Die Butylenterephthalat (BT)-Blocke in den Copolymeren sind kristallisierfahig; jedoch wird ihre spezifische Schmelzenthalpie mit zunehmendem Bisphenol-A-carbonat (BPAC)-Massenanteil kleiner. In den Copolymeren mit hohen BPAC-Massenanteilen kristallisieren die BPAC-Segmente erheblich schneller als im reinen PC. Mit Hilfe von Rontgenbeugungsuntersuchungen mit Synchrotronstrahlen konnte der Mechanismus fur die spannungsinduzierte α-β-Modifikationsumwandlung im reinen PBT und in den Blockcopolymeren mit hohem BT-Gehalt aufgeklart werden.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"263 1","pages":"91-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79507589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Elvira, A. Macías, J. L. Oteo, Joaquín Royo, J. Rubio
{"title":"Behaviour of a silica filler surface‐modified with boron‐amine groups","authors":"M. Elvira, A. Macías, J. L. Oteo, Joaquín Royo, J. Rubio","doi":"10.1002/APMC.1994.052170111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/APMC.1994.052170111","url":null,"abstract":"The behaviour of silica fillers modified with primary boron-amine groups has been studied under different reaction conditions. The filler with the best reinforcing properties was used to compare two different vulcanization systems: an efficient vulcanization system, EV, which is the recommended ISO Standards method to study the reinforcing behaviour of new silicas, and a conventional vulcanization system. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The results indicate that the best properties are obtained with silica treated for 3 h at 500°C, reaction conditions which fix most of the primary boron-amine groups. Using the EV system, the properties of this modified silica are similar to those of silane-modified silica, and in some cases better than those obtained with a conventional vulcanization system. In all cases, the boron-amination treatment significantly improves the behaviour of precipitated silica as a reinforcing filler. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Das Verhalten von mit primaren Boramingruppen modifizierten Silikat-Fullstoffen wurde unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen untersucht. Der Fullstoff mit den besten Verstarkungseigenschaften wurde eingesetzt, um zwei unterschiedliche Vulkanisationssysteme zu vergleichen: ein wirksames Vulkanisationsverfahren (EV), das nach ISO als Methode zur Untersuchung des Verstarkungsverhaltens neuer Silikate empfohlen wird, sowie ein konventionelles Verfahren. Die besten Ergebnisse werden mit Silikat erhalten, welches 3 h bei 500°C behandelt wurde; unter diesen Bedingungen werden die meisten der primaren Boramingruppen fixiert. Die Eigenschaften des nach dem EV-Verfahren modifizierten Silikats ahneln denen von mit Silan modifizierten Silikaten und sind in einigen Fallen besser als jene, welche nach dem konventionellen Verfahren erhalten werden. In allen Fallen wird die verstarkende Wirkung von gefallten Silikat-Fullstoffen durch die Boraminbehandlung verbessert.","PeriodicalId":7808,"journal":{"name":"Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie","volume":"79 1","pages":"107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80900818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}