Shock Waves最新文献_第3页

Characteristic timescales for detonation-based rocket propulsion systems 基于爆炸的火箭推进系统的特征时标

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01174-5

R. T. Dave, J. R. Burr, M. C. Ross, C. F. Lietz, J. W. Bennewitz

{"title":"Characteristic timescales for detonation-based rocket propulsion systems","authors":"R. T. Dave, J. R. Burr, M. C. Ross, C. F. Lietz, J. W. Bennewitz","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01174-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-024-01174-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Characteristic timescales for rotating detonation rocket engines (RDREs) are described in this study. Traveling detonations within RDREs create a complex reacting flow field involving processes spanning a range of timescales. Specifically, characteristic times associated with combustion kinetics (detonation and deflagration), injection (e.g., flow recovery), flow (e.g., mixture residence time), and acoustic modes are quantified using first-principle analyses to characterize the RDRE-relevant physics. Three fuels are investigated including methane, hydrogen, and rocket-grade kerosene RP-2 for equivalence ratios from 0.25 to 3 and chamber pressures from 0.51 to 10.13 MPa, as well as for a case study with a standard RDRE geometry. Detonation chemical timescales range from 0.05 to 1000 ns for the induction and reaction times; detonation-based chemical equilibrium, however, spans a larger range from approximately 0.5 to <span>(200~upmu )</span>s for the flow condition and fuel. This timescale sensitivity has implications regarding maximizing detonative heat release, especially with pre-detonation deflagration in real systems. Representative synthetic detonation wave profiles are input into a simplified injector model that describes the periodic choking/unchoking process and shows that injection timescales typically range from 5 to <span>(50~upmu )</span>s depending on injector stiffness; for detonations and low-stiffness injectors, target reactant flow rates may not recover prior to the next wave arrival, preventing uniform mixing. This partially explains the detonation velocity deficit observed in RDREs, as with the standard RDRE analyzed in this study. Finally, timescales tied to chamber geometry including residence time are on the order of 100–10,000 <span>(upmu )</span>s and acoustic resonance times are 10–<span>(1000~upmu )</span>s. Overall, this work establishes characteristic time and length scales for the relevant physics, a valuable step in developing tools to optimize future RDRE designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating evidence supporting the relevancy of 4 psi as a blast overpressure value associated with brain health and performance outcomes following low-level blast overpressure exposure 评估支持 4 psi 爆炸超压值与低水平爆炸超压暴露后大脑健康和性能结果相关性的证据

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01170-9

S. S. Sloley, S. M. Turner

{"title":"Evaluating evidence supporting the relevancy of 4 psi as a blast overpressure value associated with brain health and performance outcomes following low-level blast overpressure exposure","authors":"S. S. Sloley, S. M. Turner","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01170-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01170-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evidence suggests that low-level blast (LLB) overpressure exposure from military heavy weapons training is associated with subclinical adverse brain health and performance (H &P) outcomes. Existing DOD safety policies related to blast overpressure exposure are not specific to LLB-related brain health effects. This study sought to synthesize the available literature and analyze the relevancy of a specific blast metric to LLB exposures and the manifestation of adverse brain H &P outcomes. A literature search yielded 311 unique articles, from which 220 were identified as human studies on LLB published from 2010 to 2021. After more exhaustive exclusion criteria were applied, 14 articles met the criteria for inclusion. Findings on brain H &P changes were examined in relation to quantified LLB measurements (e.g., peak overpressure) to identify trends. Overall, the included studies suggested that alterations of reaction time, a metric for neurocognitive performance, as well as symptom reporting can occur following cumulative LLB exposures above 4 psi (27.6 kPa). Biomarkers and neurosensory changes have not demonstrated consistent associations with LLB exposures. These findings suggest that cumulative blast overpressure exposures above 4 psi (27.6 kPa) based on current measurement methodologies for body-worn sensors may be associated with adverse brain H &P outcomes. Current research efforts seek to better quantify LLB exposure, the relationships between LLB (e.g., intensity, duration, dose) and brain health, as well as to assess brain H &P domains more comprehensively. These efforts will serve to promote a better understanding of the interaction between LLB exposures and adverse brain H &P outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 4","pages":"293 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantitative proteomic profiling in brain subregions of mice exposed to open-field low-intensity blast reveals position-dependent blast effects 暴露于开阔地低强度爆炸的小鼠大脑亚区域的定量蛋白质组特征分析揭示了位置依赖性爆炸效应

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01169-2

M. Jackson, S. Chen, P. Liu, M. Langenderfer, C. Li, H. R. Siedhoff, A. Balderrama, R. Li, C. E. Johnson, C. M. Greenlief, I. Cernak, R. G. DePalma, J. Cui, Z. Gu

{"title":"Quantitative proteomic profiling in brain subregions of mice exposed to open-field low-intensity blast reveals position-dependent blast effects","authors":"M. Jackson, S. Chen, P. Liu, M. Langenderfer, C. Li, H. R. Siedhoff, A. Balderrama, R. Li, C. E. Johnson, C. M. Greenlief, I. Cernak, R. G. DePalma, J. Cui, Z. Gu","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01169-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01169-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The neurological consequences of combat blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) pose important clinical concerns for military service members and veterans. Previous studies have shown that low-intensity blast (LIB) results in BINT with multifaceted characteristics in mice exposed to open-field blast in prone position. Although the prone position is natural for rodents, experimental models of blast using this position do not represent common scenarios of human standing while being exposed to blast during deployment or military training. In this study, we used our previously developed BINT mouse model of open-field LIB with mice in an upright position and then used quantitative proteomics and multiple bioinformatic approaches to analyze brain tissue taken from multiple subregions during the acute post-injury phase. We identified: (1) region-specific BINT-induced proteome changes, which were significantly and differently influenced by animal positioning (upright vs. prone): the upright positioning caused more significant protein alterations in cortex and cerebellum, which were less significant in striatum as compared to prone position; (2) synapse- and mitochondrion-related damage contributed to BINT in both positions; and (3) some molecular signatures were exclusively and/or oppositely regulated in two positions. This study delineates the molecular signatures of the position-dependent blast effects, indicating the importance of brain–body position for BINT translational studies and for modeling the location and extent of position-related blast injuries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 4","pages":"381 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Blast injury model estimates from multiple overpressure measurement locations on a single person-borne device 从单人携带装置上的多个超压测量位置得出爆炸伤害模型估计值

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01166-5

J.-P. Dionne, J. Levine, A. Makris

{"title":"Blast injury model estimates from multiple overpressure measurement locations on a single person-borne device","authors":"J.-P. Dionne, J. Levine, A. Makris","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01166-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01166-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Towards a better characterization of the increasing blast overpressure threat, person-borne sensors are being considered for large military population segments potentially subjected to explosive blast and firing of crew served weapons. Training and field data, tracked longitudinally across a soldier’s entire career, can help with the diagnosis of blast injuries and the improvement of standard operating procedures for both explosive forced entry and large weapons firing. However, a current challenge with person-born blast dosimeters resides with the position of the overpressure sensors themselves. Often, the sensors are not fully exposed to the blast locally, resulting in pressure measurements not representative of the blast conditions surrounding an individual. While fielding multiple individual and uncoupled dosimeter units around the body increases the likeliness of catching the representative blast exposure, issues arise from differences in internal clock, potential partial triggering, and the complexity of merging data from different sources. Instead, integrating multiple overpressure sensors pointing in different directions, within a single device that captures and records all data simultaneously, proves highly beneficial for data analysis and interpretation. This paper presents algorithms that combine the overpressure data collected from such multiple coupled sensors for each blast event to minimize the effect of blast directionality. In particular, an algorithm estimating the equivalent <i>side-on</i> blast overpressure is presented, facilitating injury estimates from existing established blast injury models adapted for the outputs from the blast dosimeters. An algorithm is also presented that estimates the orientation or provenance of an explosive blast relative to the soldier.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 4","pages":"339 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140661972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a vapor-based method for seeding alkali metals in shock tube facilities 在冲击管设施中开发基于蒸汽的碱金属播种方法

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01165-6

J. A. Vandervort, S. C. Barnes, C. L. Strand, R. K. Hanson

{"title":"Development of a vapor-based method for seeding alkali metals in shock tube facilities","authors":"J. A. Vandervort, S. C. Barnes, C. L. Strand, R. K. Hanson","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01165-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01165-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This note presents a vapor-based seeding apparatus, named the external alkali seeding instrument (EASI), which is designed to introduce alkali metal vapors into experimental facilities without using precursors or large auxiliary equipment. The device vaporizes small amounts of alkali metals, potassium in this work, which are then carried away by an inert gas. In a benchtop flow cell, carrier gas flow rate (6–<span>(200~hbox {cm}^3/hbox {s})</span>) and device temperature (150–<span>(250,^{circ }hbox {C})</span>) most strongly affected potassium-vapor concentrations. Higher values of either quantity lead to increased potassium-vapor concentrations. When using the EASI to seed a shock tube experiment, vapor-phase potassium was detected immediately after the incident and reflected shockwaves using a laser absorption diagnostic. Mole fraction time histories stay within a factor of 2 over the test time as compared with those from a precursor-based seeding approach, which may span multiple orders of magnitude. This suggests potassium is nearly homogeneously distributed throughout the test gas. This design can be extended to other low-vapor-pressure elements, such as other alkalis or sulfur, with minimal modifications. The EASI simplifies seeding for laboratory experiments targeting potassium and other alkali metals—enabling advances in fundamental spectroscopy, diagnostic development, and chemical kinetics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 1","pages":"61 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of shock impingement location on the fluid–structure interactions over a compliant panel 冲击撞击位置对顺应性面板上流体与结构相互作用的影响

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01162-9

A. Tripathi, J. Gustavsson, K. Shoele, R. Kumar

{"title":"Effect of shock impingement location on the fluid–structure interactions over a compliant panel","authors":"A. Tripathi, J. Gustavsson, K. Shoele, R. Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01162-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01162-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An experimental investigation was carried out to study the fluid–structure interactions on a compliant panel subjected to an impinging shock wave and an incoming turbulent boundary layer. These experiments were aimed at understanding the time-averaged and unsteady characteristics of fluid–structure interaction at Mach 2. Two shock impingement locations on the panel (aspect ratio of 2.82), namely the central and three-fourths of the panel length, were tested. The shock boundary layer interactions on a rigid flat plate served as a baseline case. Measurements include shadowgraph and surface oil flow visualizations, panel deflections using a capacitance probe, cavity acoustics using a pressure sensor, surface pressures using discrete pressure sensors, and pressure-sensitive paints. Results show that the interaction on the compliant panel is relatively three-dimensional as compared to a rigid plate with a nominally two-dimensional interaction. Pressure fluctuations on the compliant panel are significantly higher than on the rigid plate, and the fluctuation spectra are multi-modal. Strong coupling at some frequencies was observed between the shock and the panel for both shock impingement locations. The present study suggests that for a compliant panel, the shape of pressure spectra is sensitive to the measurement location on the panel, the panel modifies the pressure distribution around the interaction, and the energy in dominant modes depends on the shock impingement location.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Semi-confined blast loading: experiments and simulations of internal detonations 半密闭爆破加载：内部爆炸的实验和模拟

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01161-w

M. Kristoffersen, F. Casadei, G. Valsamos, M. Larcher, K. O. Hauge, A. Minoretti, T. Børvik

{"title":"Semi-confined blast loading: experiments and simulations of internal detonations","authors":"M. Kristoffersen, F. Casadei, G. Valsamos, M. Larcher, K. O. Hauge, A. Minoretti, T. Børvik","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01161-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01161-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Far-field blast loading has been studied extensively for decades. Close-in, confined, and semi-confined detonations less so, partly because it is difficult to obtain good experimental data. The increase in computational power in recent years has made it possible to conduct studies of this kind numerically, but the results of such simulations ultimately depend on experimental validation and verification. This work thus aims at using reliable experiments to validate and verify numerical models developed to represent blast loading in general. Test rigs consisting of massive steel cylinders with pressure sensors were used to measure the pressure profiles of semi-confined detonations with different charge sizes. The experimental data set was then used to assess numerical models appropriate for simulating blast loading. In general, the numerical results were in excellent agreement with the experimental data, in both qualitative and quantitative terms. These results may in turn be used to analyse structures exposed to internal blast loads, which constitutes the next phase of this research project.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 1","pages":"37 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-024-01161-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Breakdown regime of a shielded vortex interacting with a standing normal shock: a numerical study 与静止法向冲击相互作用的屏蔽漩涡的破裂机制：数值研究

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01163-8

A. Kundu

引用次数: 0

Bilayer surrogate brain response under various blast loading conditions 双层代脑在各种爆炸加载条件下的反应

IF 1.7 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01158-5

C. Norris, B. Arnold, J. Wilkes, C. Squibb, A. J. Nelson, H. Schwenker, J. Mesisca, A. Vossenberg, P. J. VandeVord

{"title":"Bilayer surrogate brain response under various blast loading conditions","authors":"C. Norris, B. Arnold, J. Wilkes, C. Squibb, A. J. Nelson, H. Schwenker, J. Mesisca, A. Vossenberg, P. J. VandeVord","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01158-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-024-01158-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Variations in the experimental constraints applied within blast simulations can result in dramatically different measured biomechanical responses. Ultimately, this limits the comparison of data between research groups and leads to further inquisitions about the “correct” biomechanics experienced in blast environments. A novel bilayer surrogate brain was exposed to blast waves generated from advanced blast simulators (ABSs) where detonation source, boundary conditions, and ABS geometry were varied. The surrogate was comprised of Sylgard 527 (1:1) as a gray matter simulant and Sylgard 527 (1:1.2) as a white matter simulant. The intracranial pressure response of this surrogate brain was measured in the frontal region under primary blast loading while suspended in a polyurethane spherical shell with 5 mm thickness and filled with water to represent the cerebrospinal fluid. Outcomes of this work discuss considerations for future experimental designs and aim to address sources of variability confounding interpretation of biomechanical responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"34 4","pages":"357 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-024-01158-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A simple, self-sufficient approach for the design of shock tube driver insert 设计冲击管驱动器插件的简单、自给自足的方法

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

Shock Waves Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00193-024-01157-6

Y. Tan, Z. Li, R. Mével

{"title":"A simple, self-sufficient approach for the design of shock tube driver insert","authors":"Y. Tan, Z. Li, R. Mével","doi":"10.1007/s00193-024-01157-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-024-01157-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experimental data obtained in shock tubes, including ignition delay-time and species concentration profiles, are among the most significant parameters in combustion studies. Although shock tubes are widely considered as a quasi-ideal reactor for high-temperature studies, it involves a number of non-ideal effects such as a time-dependent pressure increase within the test section. This non-ideal pressure rise induces inaccuracy in the shock tube measurements. To overcome this issue, the driver insert strategy has proven to be successful. Nevertheless, the approaches presented in the literature to design such a driver insert either are not self-sufficient, i.e., they rely on external software, or lack flexibility. In this study, a simple, self-sufficient, fully analytical approach implemented in a MATLAB code has been developed to design a driver insert for the control of the rate of pressure rise in the test volume. The tip and end positions of the insert, as well as the effect of area change ratio on pressure behind reflected shock are obtained by the code. Extensive validation is performed against previous results from the literature and new data generated with several numerical codes.</p>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"45 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0