Shock Waves最新文献

{"title":"High-fidelity simulations of shock initiation of an energetic crystal–binder system due to flyer impact","authors":"S. Roy,&nbsp;P. K. Seshadri,&nbsp;C. Okafor,&nbsp;B. P. Johnson,&nbsp;H. S. Udaykumar","doi":"10.1007/s00193-025-01260-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-025-01260-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mesoscale simulations of energy localization at hotspots provide closure models for multiscale frameworks of shock-to-detonation transition (SDT). Validation of such mesoscale calculations is challenging as direct comparison with experiments is constrained both by limitations of data acquisition in the experiments (e.g., of temperature fields) and modeling over-simplifications in the simulations. To address the latter problem and bring modeling closer to experiments, we advance a high-fidelity mesoscale computational framework for interface-resolved reactive calculations of shock initiation in plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs). Accurate resolution of shock and interfacial dynamics is achieved through higher-order (fifth-order WENO) schemes, and sharp-interface treatments are implemented for physically accurate material–material interactions. Recently obtained atomistics-consistent material models are used for HMX, with the grid resolution taken down to atomistic scale (<i>O</i>(nm)). The crystal geometries are obtained directly from experiments via nano-CT imaging. The impacting flyer plate, energetic crystal, and binder are tracked as distinct phases, and flyer–binder impact and separation are simulated, capturing the flyer deformation and the effects of relief waves from the flyer surface. By integrating these high-fidelity modeling components, we evaluate how closely simulations can approach experimental data, identify the modeling aspects that most significantly influence mesoscale metrics of interest, and highlight areas for further improvement. We show that the treatment of boundary conditions for flyer impact plays an important role in producing physically correct shock wave and hotspot characteristics, which are not obtained by imposing phenomenological boundary conditions, which mimic impact conditions. Another key finding of this study is that the atomistics-consistent material model and temperature-dependent relation for specific heat together play a pivotal role in accurately capturing the elastoplastic response of HMX—demonstrating consistency with molecular dynamics by resolving shear dislocations under weak shock conditions and with experimental data through well-matched hotspot temperatures during strong shock initiation.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-025-01260-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147752419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shock tube ignition studies of a mixed powder of DAP-4 and nanometric boron","authors":"L. Zhang,&nbsp;C. Zhao,&nbsp;Z. Xu,&nbsp;Y. Shi,&nbsp;E. An,&nbsp;J. Liang,&nbsp;X. Cao","doi":"10.1007/s00193-025-01255-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-025-01255-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Boron (B) is considered as a high-energy additive for solid propellants owing to its high mass and volumetric calorific values. DAP-4, a novel solid energetic material, exhibits excellent detonation performance and strong oxidizing properties, making it a promising high-energy oxidizer for solid propellants. To explore the ignition and combustion characteristics of DAP-4-based boron-containing high-energy materials, mixed powders of DAP-4 and nanometric boron (nano-B) materials with varying mass ratios were prepared through mechanical blending. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the DAP-4/nano-B mixed powder and the absence of additional compounds or phases. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations revealed that nano-B particles effectively adhered to the surface of the DAP-4 particles, with the density of attached nanometric boron increasing as its content in the samples increased. Elemental mapping and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) further validated this surface modification. TG-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated good compatibility between DAP-4 and nano-B, with minimal mutual influence during thermal decomposition under heating. The ignition and combustion characteristics of the DAP-4/nano-B mixed powders were investigated using a shock tube at temperatures of 2200–3100 K and pressures of 0.1 MPa and 0.5 MPa. Results showed that both ignition delay time and burn time decreased with increasing temperature, whereas pressure had a negligible effect. As the boron content increased from 0 to 30%, the ignition delay time decreased, while the burn time initially decreased and then increased. Overall, the addition of nano-B effectively enhanced the combustion of DAP-4/nano-B mixed powders. In practice applications, the ignition and combustion performance of DAP-4 can be tailored by adjusting the mass fraction of boron powder.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The feasibility of high-resolution distributed acoustic sensing (HR-DAS) for measuring blast waves","authors":"J. W. Denny,&nbsp;R. Critchley,&nbsp;T. Lee,&nbsp;M. Beresna,&nbsp;G. Brambilla,&nbsp;A. Masoudi","doi":"10.1007/s00193-025-01259-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-025-01259-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Experimental measurement of explosive blast wave overpressures is demanding, requiring specialist instrumentation that can survive extreme pressures (&gt; 1 MPa) over short durations (&lt; 5 ms), yet sensitive enough to resolve spatial and temporal features that vary in the mm and <span>(upmu )</span>s range, respectively. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an alternative approach that measures dynamic strain histories at multiple locations along a single optical fibre. This study investigates the capability of a high-resolution DAS (HR-DAS) system to capture strain responses induced by side-on (incident) blast overpressures, compared to a reference piezoelectric pressure sensor. While explosive events can produce overpressures exceeding 1 MPa, lower overpressure regimes (40–72 kPa) were adopted in this study for proof-of-concept demonstration of the HR-DAS methodology. Strain histories measured by the HR-DAS displayed reasonable qualitative agreement with overpressure histories measured using piezoelectric sensors, with the blast wave positive phase durations showing close quantitative agreement. Better correlation was observed between the measurements when HR-DAS sensors were mounted perpendicular to the blast wave propagation, validating the system’s efficacy under uniform loading conditions. However, discrepancies were observed for sensors aligned parallel to the wave direction, highlighting the limitations of the spatial resolution of the HR-DAS and fibre orientation when subjected to a dynamic, spatially varying loading scenario. Findings emphasise the importance of sensor placement and configuration for distributed pressure analysis. Proof of concept results and recommendations from this study highlight an interesting opportunity for developing a novel blast pressure metrology, enabling multiple measurement points from a single optical fibre, that is small, flexible, and relatively low cost, addressing several limitations with conventional pressure instrumentation methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-025-01259-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved monotonicity-preserving WENO scheme for the Euler equations","authors":"Y. Tang,&nbsp;M. Li,&nbsp;S. Tang","doi":"10.1007/s00193-025-01256-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-025-01256-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces an innovative fifth-order monotonicity-preserving (MP) scheme that not only achieves remarkable resolution but also preserves monotonicity by skilfully integrating the strengths of the MP and weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes. A novel MP limiter that accommodates a broader range of numerical solutions is proposed, along with several innovative optimization and hybrid techniques designed to enhance the MP scheme’s resolution and robustness. In the context of efficient filtering, the hybrid limiter incorporates a flexible selection process. The proposed scheme switches between the MP5 and WENO5 methods depending on whether the interface values fall within the parameters of the MP limiter. Therefore, the final interface values are derived either from the MP5 scheme or through rigorous post-processing of the WENO5 method and further an optimization procedure by a convex combination technique. This approach maintains both consistency and accuracy in data processing, thereby ensuring more reliable and trustworthy outcomes. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical experiments indicate that the new scheme outperforms WENO-JS/Z, TENO, MP-R, and MPWENO, delivering superior resolution and exceptional robustness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the effect of unit Reynolds number on unsteady pressure growth behind the reflected shock wave in a shock tube","authors":"K. Yoshikawa,&nbsp;A. T. Bicak,&nbsp;H. Ozawa","doi":"10.1007/s00193-025-01254-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-025-01254-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shock tubes have been widely used to obtain a uniform flow and/or a gas with high pressure and high temperature for aerodynamic, chemical, and combustion studies. Under the ideal condition, the flow properties, such as pressure and temperature, are kept constant during the test time, but in the real world, this may not happen due to the viscous effect, such as the boundary layer development, which depends on the unit Reynolds number. To investigate the effect of the unit Reynolds number on the pressure growth at the end-wall during the test time, experiments were conducted under a range of unit Reynolds numbers from <span>(1.7times 10^{textrm{6}})</span> to <span>(8.1 times 10^{textrm{6}})</span> 1/m at the incident shock Mach numbers from 2.0 to 2.3. The schlieren visualization showed that the Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction (SWBLI) occurred in the test section and that the structure under bifurcated shock waves varied with the unit Reynolds number. The pressure growth was observed for all the test conditions conducted, and the growth rate of pressure was also varied with both the unit Reynolds number and the incident shock Mach number. The growth rate of pressure at the end-wall decreased from 34 to 9.3 %/ms as the unit Reynolds number increased and the incident shock Mach number decreased.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive model for rotating detonation engine wave structure","authors":"R. F. Burke,&nbsp;T. Rezzag","doi":"10.1007/s00193-026-01263-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-026-01263-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The internal flow field of the rotating detonation engine is unique and complex due to the curvature of the annular combustion channel and pressure relief at the exit of the combustor. Despite this complexity, there are several prominent flow field features: the detonation wave front, the refill zone, the trailing oblique shock, and the shear layer. This paper studies the detonation wave structure, developing a model that can predict the wave structure and the wave mode based solely on the dimensions of the engine and the inlet flow conditions. The results from this model are compared to a combination of experimental and computational data in the literature. Further analysis is made with various propellants to extrapolate the effects of engine operation on the wave structure. Further work on the wave structure could lead to predicting engine performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and testing of a novel low-cost C(_2)H(_2)–O(_2) combustion driver for shock tubes","authors":"M. R. Noé,&nbsp;J. Albert Gil,&nbsp;K. A. Heufer","doi":"10.1007/s00193-026-01265-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-026-01265-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel combustion driver is designed and tested to replace conventional helium drivers for the hypersonic shock wind tunnels. Stoichiometric acetylene and oxygen were chosen to minimize the production of water to prevent major corrosion in facilities not made of stainless steel. A single-burst diaphragm mechanism was employed, which was found to generate a reproducible shock tube process even in the presence of small variations in diaphragm scribe depth. The driver gas mixture was proven to burn entirely deflagrative for a single spark plug configuration. This is a major advantage compared to other combustion-driven shock tube designs found in the literature using oxyhydrogen diluted with helium, which requires a carefully designed ignition system in order to avoid the formation of pressure oscillations induced by local autoignition or detonation in the driver. High levels of dilution using argon were shown to maximize the available test time to approximately 5.5 ms for low-enthalpy conditions (<i>h</i>₀ <span>(=)</span> 1.12 MJ kg^-1). Inhomogeneities in the driver temperature caused by the combustion in a closed vessel were correlated to the observed post-reflected-shock pressure traces in the experiments. However, the negative effects can be compensated for the given experimental setup by ignition at a single location near the diaphragm and conducting experiments at slightly undertailored interface conditions. The result of the present study is a novel, functioning combustion driver capable of replacing conventional helium drivers for low-enthalpy conditions with minimal modifications on the existing facility, which enables an experimentation at a fraction of the gas costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-026-01265-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of exterior blast attenuation using louver systems","authors":"I. E. Edri","doi":"10.1007/s00193-026-01264-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-026-01264-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Blast wave mitigation is a critical issue whenever the protection of occupants and content within a structure is considered to avoid the destructive effects of explosive events at the structure exterior vicinity. This research focuses on louver systems mounted at the exterior window openings, aiming at evaluating their effectiveness in attenuating blast wave parameters, such as peak pressure and impulse, at the exterior building façade. A comprehensive numerical methodology was developed using an advanced CFD code to simulate blast propagation through louvers with specific geometric configurations under varying conditions of charge weight and scaled distance. The study focuses on the blast characteristics behind the louver and identifies significant spatial variability in attenuation effectiveness, emphasizing the importance of continuous spatial analysis rather than focusing on discrete point measurements. Symmetrical louver configurations demonstrated superior performance compared to asymmetrical designs, providing critical insights that may assist in optimizing mitigation solutions through further studies. Additionally, preliminary evaluations of the effect of the opening size within which the louver is installed revealed its impact on attenuation factors, warranting further dedicated research. A methodology for interpolation and extrapolation was proposed, enabling the estimation of attenuation factors for unexplored parameter combinations, significantly reducing computational effort. These findings contribute to significantly advancing the state of the art, enhancing the understanding of blast wave mitigation mechanisms, and illuminating the effectiveness of the examined louver-based protective solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-026-01264-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-dimensional numerical simulation of imploding detonations","authors":"L. Shi,&nbsp;E. Fan,&nbsp;C.-Y. Wen","doi":"10.1007/s00193-026-01261-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-026-01261-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to contribute to the understanding of imploding detonations from a numerical perspective, focusing primarily on the detailed transient and wave structures during implosion that are challenging to capture experimentally. An inviscid perfect gas model with a single-step Arrhenius reaction is employed. Imploding detonations are initiated by collisions of multiple small hot spots, and both two-dimensional circular and polygonal implosions are examined, with attention to the effects of obstacles and varying ignition pressures. For circular implosions, a slight acceleration of detonation velocity is observed at ignition, with significant acceleration occurring only in the final stages. Near the implosion center, local wave velocities exceed twice the Chapman–Jouguet velocity, yet the wave front maintains cellular instabilities until the collapse is complete. Additionally, the merging of transverse waves is observed during the implosion. In polygonal cases, a small number of “ignition edges” allows regular reflection, preserving the initial wave front geometry, while increasing the number of ignition lines leads to Mach reflection and the formation of a circular wave front. When obstacles are introduced, the detonation reflects off the obstacle, causing localized delays in the wave front that cannot be fully compensated, as transverse waves are unable to propagate sufficiently in the circumferential direction to smooth out disturbances. Similar effects are noted for implosions with non-uniform ignition pressures. It should be noted that the findings are based on a simplified model and do not account for real gas effects or additional physical processes present in actual detonation implosions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00193-026-01261-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147336161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel method for rock blasting using biomass waste","authors":"Z. He,&nbsp;H.-H. Ma,&nbsp;L.-Q. Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00193-025-01258-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00193-025-01258-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This note introduces a novel method for mining and tunnel blasting. The new system includes a blast tube, natural accumulation biomass powder, high pressure oxygen, and a high energy ignitor. The detonation performance of sawdust was tested, demonstrating the feasibility of such a material for blasting. Subsequently, the new method was demonstrated at a blasting site for cushion blasting. Finally, the advantages of the biomass blasting technology are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":775,"journal":{"name":"Shock Waves","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147338906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}