American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Computed tomography-derived liver volume is not detectably lower in dogs with histopathologic findings compatible with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein.","authors":"Yasufumi Teramura, Young Tae Park, Masahiro Murakami","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare CT-derived liver volume and noncontrast attenuation variables between dogs with histopathologic findings compatible with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV) and dogs without liver disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs with abdominal CT and liver histopathology compatible with PHPV. Controls were 121 dogs without liver disease from a published CT reference cohort and were not matched by breed, age, sex, or body weight. Liver volume was evaluated with allometric regression of log-transformed liver volume on log-transformed body weight and group. A body weight-restricted sensitivity analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>26 dogs with PHPV-compatible histopathology and 121 controls were analyzed. Affected dogs were substantially lighter than controls (median body weight, 2.13 vs 38.0 kg). In the primary allometric model, the adjusted geometric mean ratio for liver volume in affected dogs versus controls was 0.887 (95% CI, 0.751 to 1.047; P = .156). The body weight-restricted sensitivity analysis was similar (0.923; 95% CI, 0.769 to 1.107; P = .377). Noncontrast hepatic attenuation did not differ significantly between groups, and qualitative CT abnormalities were uncommon.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After allometric adjustment, CT-derived liver volume was not detectably lower in dogs with PHPV-compatible histopathology. This finding should be interpreted cautiously because groups differed substantially in body weight and closely body weight-matched controls were unavailable.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These findings do not support using absence of CT-detectable microhepatia to exclude PHPV. Computed tomography volumetry should be interpreted with body size, vascular imaging, clinical findings, and histopathology, especially when controls are not closely matched by body weight.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic oxidative stress, selected nonenzymatic exogenous and endogenous antioxidants, and hematologic and biochemical alterations in bitches with pyometra.","authors":"Cevdet Peker, Eyyüp Hakan Uçar, Gamze Sevri Ekren Aşıcı, Bayazıt Musal","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0255","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde [MDA] and total oxidant status [TOS]), selected nonenzymatic endogenous (glutathione [GSH], albumin, and bilirubin), and, for the first time, exogenous (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol) antioxidants together with hematobiochemical alterations in canine pyometra.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>33 bitches were classified into pyometra (n = 17) or control (16) groups based on clinical and hematological evaluations. Ascorbic acid was measured by the phosphotungstate method; GSH, MDA, β-carotene, and retinol spectrophotometrically; α-tocopherol by ELISA; and TOS by a colorimetric assay. Hematobiochemical variables were analyzed using automated analyzers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bitches with pyometra had higher MDA and TOS than controls (36.30 ± 13.95 µmol/L vs 24.61 ± 4.80 µmol/L and 27.78 ± 15.51 µmol H2O2 Eq/L vs 13.13 ± 1.84 µmol H2O2 Eq/L; Hedges' g = 1.08 and 1.27, respectively). Glutathione tended to increase in pyometra (12.04 ± 10.80 nmol/g Hb vs 6.40 ± 2.97 nmol/g Hb; Hedges' g = 0.68), whereas the other antioxidants were similar between groups. Pyometra was also associated with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, decreased erythrocyte counts and Hct, and increased ALP, ALT, and cholesterol.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Canine pyometra is accompanied by systemic oxidative stress and hematobiochemical alterations. However, circulating nonenzymatic antioxidants remained largely unchanged, suggesting complex antioxidant regulation rather than simple depletion. Increased GSH may reflect a thiol-based compensatory response to increased oxidative burden.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Nonenzymatic antioxidant regulation in canine pyometra may be more complex than simple depletion. Further studies incorporating disease-severity stratification and tissue-level assessments of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized controlled trial of intravenous magnesium sulfate shows no analgesic or anti-inflammatory benefit in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar disk herniation surgery.","authors":"Guillaume Mallet, Luis Gaitero, Andrea Sanchez, Fiona M K James, Geoffrey Wood, Gabrielle Monteith, Francesca Samarani","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of intraoperative IV magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) continuous rate infusion in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>30 client-owned dogs presented at the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre were enrolled from October 2022 through October 2023. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial dogs received either MgSO4 (magnesium group) or an equal volume of saline (control group) intraoperatively. All dogs followed standardized anesthesia and analgesia protocols. The primary outcome measures were postoperative pain assessed using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form at recovery and 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery and serum IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations measured preoperatively and 1 hour postoperatively to assess anti-inflammatory effects. Serum magnesium concentrations were measured as a secondary outcome to monitor for potential toxicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in the pain scores and the IL-6 levels between the 2 groups. Tumor necrosis factor-α levels were undetectable in most dogs and were not analyzed statistically. The placebo group did not significantly require additional pain medication. Magnesium sulfate administration provided smoother anesthesia recoveries. Serum magnesium concentrations were significantly higher in the magnesium group immediately and 1 hour postoperatively but not at 24 hours.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intraoperative IV MgSO4 did not significantly improve postoperative analgesia or decrease inflammation compared to placebo in dogs undergoing surgery for IVDE.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>There was no significant evidence to use intraoperative IV MgSO4 to improve postoperative analgesia or decrease inflammation in dogs undergoing surgery for IVDE. However, no adverse effects were reported.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in metabolomic profile in dogs with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to congenital portosystemic shunt suggests mitochondrial homeostasis disturbances.","authors":"Ana Fernandez Gallego, Jair Marques, Dominic Kurian, Federico Diez, Richard J Mellanby, Adam G Gow, Alexander von Kriegsheim, Kiterie M E Faller","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.04.0184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.04.0184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify specific metabolomic changes in dogs showing signs of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) compared to those not showing obvious neurological signs and to follow these changes following medical treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, we recruited 10 client-owned dogs diagnosed with congenital portosystemic shunt (from March 2021 through October 2022). The sera of dogs with or without signs of HE at the time of diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunt and following medical treatment for more than 4 weeks were analyzed by UPLC-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dogs showing signs of HE at the time of diagnosis (n = 6) had significantly lower serum concentrations of taurine (fold change [FC], 0.44), creatine (FC, 0.32), and guanine (FC, 0.45) and higher serum concentrations of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (FC, 2.51) than their counterparts not showing signs of HE (4). A marked albeit nonsignificant decrease in serum stearate concentrations was also observed in the HE group (FC, 0.12). Following medical treatment, which improved neurological signs, the concentrations of these metabolites, particularly taurine, normalized to concentrations similar to the non-HE group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dogs with HE exhibit a different serum metabolomic profile compared to dogs without signs of HE. The main changes are suggesting disturbances in mitochondrial homeostasis in dogs suffering from HE.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Supporting mitochondrial function could form the basis of new therapeutic strategies in HE and merits further investigations in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tendotonometry allows noninvasive in vivo biomechanical evaluation of the patellar tendon in sedated dogs in a study assessing intrauser variability.","authors":"Kayla C Caturay, Nicole S Amato, Samuel D Stewart, Chand Khanna, Heather Wilson-Robles, David M Schmidt, Mitchell T Roske, Kurt Schulz","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the use and determine the feasibility and user reliability of a commercially available digital palpation device, a myotonometer, on the canine patellar tendon (PT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective clinical feasibility study, client-owned dogs with no history of pelvic limb lameness were eligible for study enrollment from September through December of 2025 and included if their stifles were considered normal based upon physical examination and radiographic findings. Dogs were sedated, and a myotonometer was used to measure tone, stiffness, elasticity, relaxation, and creep of the PT. For each PT, a single user obtained 2 measurement series consisting of 5 individual measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>20 dogs were enrolled, and 400 total tendotonometric measurements were collected. No adverse events were observed. There were no statistically significant differences for any of the 5 biomechanical parameters between series within each side nor between left and right groups. There was good to excellent intraobserver repeatability between series and moderate to poor repeatability between sides.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This clinical study demonstrated feasible myotonometer use as a novel method to obtain biomechanical data for the canine PT in a cohort of sedated dogs with normal stifles.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study introduces tendotonometry into the clinical setting as a novel modality for in vivo evaluation of orthopedic soft tissues using the PT as a test case. Beyond the canine PT, future tendotonometry studies may allow for the generation of noninvasive, rapid, and objective biomechanical data in tendon repair and healing, soft tissue reconstruction for orthopedic conditions, and treatment response in neuromuscular disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subcutaneous medetomidine at the governing vessel 20 acupuncture point provides faster early sedation than intramuscular administration without altering intraocular pressure in cats.","authors":"Ayşe Gölgeli Bedir, Latif Emrah Yanmaz, Yasemin Akçora, Çağlar Özkalipçi, Tuğçe Kartal, Sıtkıcan Okur","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0233","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare sedation, intraocular pressure (IOP), mean pupil diameter, and recovery profiles after IM or SC administration at the governing vessel 20 (GV20) acupuncture point of medetomidine in cats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study was conducted at the Animal Hospital of Ataturk University in April and May of 2026. Cats undergoing elective castration received medetomidine (70 µg/kg) either IM or SC at GV20. Sedation score, IOP, and mean pupil diameter were recorded before and 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after injection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>16 cats completed the study, with 8 cats in each group. Governing vessel 20 produced higher sedation scores at 5 minutes (GV20, 10 [range, 8 to 11]; IM, 5 [range, 4 to 8]; r = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.97) and 10 minutes (GV20, 11 [range, 11 to 12]; IM, 8 [range, 8 to 11]; r = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.98), with comparable scores thereafter. Intraocular pressure did not differ significantly between groups or over time. The mean pupil diameter was larger in the GV20 group than in the IM group from 10 to 30 minutes, with the greatest difference 30 minutes after medetomidine administration (GV20, 9.35 ± 0.98 mm; IM, 6.94 ± 1.78 mm; mean difference, 2.41 mm).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GV20 administration produced faster early sedation than IM medetomidine without clinically detectable IOP alteration or clinically relevant changes in mean pupil diameter, although early recovery should be monitored.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>GV20 administration may be useful when rapid early sedation is desired in healthy cats, but early recovery should be monitored.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent hemodialysis yields the highest baclofen elimination among 5 extracorporeal devices in equine whole blood ex vivo.","authors":"Zsofia Vigh, Carley-Martin Macfarlane, James L Yeatts, Ronald Baynes, Lexi S Land, Yu Ueda, Jiwoong Her","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare baclofen removal by 5 devices across 3 modalities-intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) with low- and high-efficiency dialyzers, prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), and 2 hemoperfusion (HP) devices-in ex vivo equine blood. We hypothesized that IHD would be the most effective in baclofen elimination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Heparinized equine whole blood was spiked with reference baclofen and treated with low-efficiency IHD, high-efficiency IHD, PIRRT, carbon HP, polymer HP, and control. Each modality ran for 2 hours, targeting 20 times the assigned blood volume. Plasma baclofen was measured by UPLC-MS-MS at baseline and every 20 minutes. Elimination rate constants (k), reduction ratios, and extraction ratios were calculated from duplicate runs from April 29 through May 2, 2026.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baclofen was eliminated the fastest by IHD (k, almost equal to 2.7 h-1 for both dialyzers; half-life, almost equal to 15 minutes), then PIRRT (k, 2.3 h-1), and most slowly by HP (1.7 and 1.3 h-1 for carbon HP and polymer HP). Between-run variability was lowest for PIRRT (coefficient of variation, 6%) and highest for carbon HP (coefficient of variation, 77%). Reduction ratios were 99.4% (both IHD), 98.9% (PIRRT), 92.7% (polymer HP), and 89.2% (carbon HP).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All modalities substantially reduced baclofen in equine blood ex vivo. Based on the elimination rate constant, IHD was the most effective modality for baclofen elimination.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Intermittent hemodialysis achieves the most rapid removal. In vivo studies are warranted to compare the performance and efficacy of each modality across clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149126219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular effects of increasing doses of glycopyrrolate in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits.","authors":"Jocelyn J M Marchiori, Andrea Sanchez, Hugues Beaufrère, William Hawker, Sonja Fonfara, Yu Gu, Alexander Valverde, Ron Johnson","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.04.0187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.04.0187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize the cardiovascular effects of 3 increasing doses of glycopyrrolate in healthy rabbits anesthetized with isoflurane.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>9 healthy 1-year-old female New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane and received increasing doses of glycopyrrolate at low dose (LD; 0.025 mg/kg), medium dose (MD; 0.05 mg/kg), and high dose (HD; 0.1 mg/kg) IV. Heart rate was recorded at baseline and 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after administration of each dose. An arterial blood sample was collected to measure plasma glycopyrrolate concentrations at baseline and 3 and 30 minutes after administration of each dose. Analysis of plasma glycopyrrolate concentrations was performed using LC-MS-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The HD led to a significantly higher heart rate δ value than LD and MD only at 3 minutes (all P < .003). The HD caused significantly higher systolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure δ values at 3, 5, 20, and 30 minutes (P < .05) and diastolic arterial pressure at 3, 20, and 30 minutes (P < .05) than LD. The MD caused a significantly higher diastolic arterial pressure δ value at 20 and 30 minutes (P < .05) and mean arterial pressure at 5, 20, and 30 minutes (P < .05) than LD. The mean plasma concentration that elicited a significant increase in heart rate was 62 ± 16.11 ng/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A brief increase (< 5 minutes) in HR in nonbradycardic rabbits was observed with 0.1 mg/kg of glycopyrrolate during isoflurane anesthesia.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Even at HDs, clinical effects of glycopyrrolate in rabbits appear very short lived.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149126141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atropine and glycopyrrolate significantly raise the heart rate of Sonoran Desert toads (Incilius alvarius).","authors":"Kaycee N Moyer, João Brandão, Hugues Beaufrère, Andrea Sanchez, Julianne E McCready","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0215","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.26.05.0215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on the heart rate (HR) of Sonoran Desert toads (Incilius alvarius).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In part 1, toads received 0.1 mg/kg atropine IM, 0.025 mg/kg glycopyrrolate IM, 0.05 mg/kg glycopyrrolate IM, saline, or negative control in a randomized crossover study. Heart rate was monitored at baseline and 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes. In part 2, toads received 10 mg/kg alfaxalone IM followed by 0.05 mg/kg glycopyrrolate or saline. Heart rate was monitored at baseline and 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, and 120 minutes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In part 1 (n = 19), all 3 anticholinergic protocols significantly increased the HR between 3 and 15 minutes versus both controls. Atropine significantly increased the HR versus saline between 3 and 30 minutes. Both glycopyrrolate doses significantly increased the HR versus saline at 60 minutes. In part 2 (n = 10), glycopyrrolate significantly increased the HR versus saline at 10 minutes (mean HR difference 6.8 beats/min, SE of the difference 1.467 [95% CI, 1.024 to 12.58]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Atropine and glycopyrrolate significantly increased the HR in conscious toads, with glycopyrrolate having longer efficacy. The effective period of glycopyrrolate was briefer in alfaxalone-sedated toads.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Performing safe, effective anesthesia can be challenging in amphibians given their unique physiology. Anticholinergic drugs are commonly used in veterinary medicine to address anesthesia-induced bradycardia. Additional studies are indicated to further evaluate the clinical efficacy of anticholinergics in amphibians.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148688451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horses undergoing supramaximal fixed-speed treadmill exercise after administration of furosemide experience less severe acidosis and slower onset of fatigue.","authors":"Hanna L Meyer, Yanan Tang, Yuan Wang, Janene K Kingston, Jennifer A Brown, Raymond H Sides, Warwick M Bayly","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.03.0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.03.0143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To document changes in acid-base and ion balance during exercise following furosemide administration and to relate them to performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>6 fit Thoroughbred horses received 0.5 mg/kg IV furosemide (F) or a placebo (C) in randomized crossover order 4 hours before galloping to fatigue on a treadmill at the speed equated with an oxygen demand of 1.15 X maximum oxygen consumption (V˙o2max). Arterial and mixed venous blood was sampled before treatment, preexercise, after 2-minute warm-up, at fatigue, and 1 minute postexercise. The pH, temperature-corrected Pco2, total CO2, and sodium, potassium, chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and lactate concentrations were measured, and strong ion difference (SID) was calculated. Run time to fatigue, V˙o2max, and CO2 production (V˙co2) were recorded. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model, and P ≤ .05 was significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Furosemide induced a preexercise hypochloremic alkalosis as concentrations of arterial and venous Cl- and Cl- were lower, and pH, SID, HCO3- concentrations and percent mixed venous total CO2 transported as mixed venous HCO3- were higher for all measurements from pre- to postexercise. The mixed venous Pco2 was lower at fatigue and postexercise following F when compared to C. Sodium, potassium, and lactate concentrations increased with exercise, but F and C values were not different. The V˙o2max (F, 73 ± 13 L/min; C, 70 ± 12 L/min) and peak V˙co2 (F, 100 ± 13 L/min; C, 99 ± 16 L/min) were not different. The time to fatigue was significantly longer for F (F - C = 15.4 s; 95% CI, 6.6 to 24.3 s).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Furosemide at 0.5 mg/kg IV 4 hours preexercise was associated with approximately equal to 2% weight loss and a mild alkalinizing effect characterized by higher pH, SID, and HCO3- concentrations and lower Pco2 from preexercise to postexercise. After furosemide administration, horses ran longer before fatiguing.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Preexercise furosemide administration was associated with improved treadmill performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148688428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}