Aerobiologia最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of pollen allergy prevalence and exposure pattern in relation to aerobiological data: Cross-sectional study in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan","authors":"Saba Naseer,&nbsp;Aqsa Iftikhar,&nbsp;Mehwish Jamil Noor,&nbsp;Shazia Iram","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09927-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09927-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pollen allergy is a prevalent clinical concern. In Rawalpindi/Islamabad, the information about the association between pollen exposure and clinical manifestations is limited. Therefore, this research investigates the factors influencing clinical pollen allergy sensitizations among 400 consented patients at the Allergy Center. Questionnaire-based data were assessed for sociodemographic and clinical factors by descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test at a 0.05 significance level. The participants were 41.8% males and 58.3% females. Frequencies of asthma, atopic history, and food allergy were 53.5%, 45.4%, and 30.3%, respectively. Non-smokers (95%) and non-drug addicts (99%) were more prevalent and had significant associations with each other and with food allergies (<i>p value</i> &lt; 0.05). Self-reported pollen allergy cases were 57%. Pollen concentration was high in March, April, and August. Allergy symptoms were frequently reported by patients during March (34.0%) and April (29.6%). Seasonal pollen exposure was significantly related (p value &lt; 0.05) to clinically reported symptom severity during spring and the whole year. The most experienced symptoms were sneezing, itchy eyes, running nose, cough, and breathing difficulty. The nasal (62.5%, <i>p value</i> &lt; 0.001), respiratory (59%, <i>p value</i> &lt; 0.05), and ocular symptoms (41%, <i>p value</i> &lt; 0.001) were significantly more reported than skin (27.8%, <i>p value</i> 0.33) manifestations. Skin prick test (SPT) was received by 95.3% of patients for allergy diagnosis, compared to the IgE blood test (20.8%). Grass (41%) and Pine (48%) pollen were predominantly self-reported for pollen allergy sensitization. These findings highlighted the interlinked nature of allergy-causing variables, including pollen concentration, and need to be addressed to reduce the public health burden.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal variation and long-range transport of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores in a bowl-shaped basin of Eastern Anatolia (Türkiye)","authors":"Can Turkoglu,&nbsp;Omer Solak-Amet,&nbsp;Adem Bicakci,&nbsp;Aycan Tosunoglu","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09921-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09921-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spores of <i>Cladosporium</i> and <i>Alternaria</i> are significant airborne allergens and major agricultural pathogens. This study evaluates the seasonal, intra-diurnal, and transport-related dynamics of these taxa over a two-year period (2018–2019) in Bingöl, eastern Anatolia. Atmospheric sampling was conducted using a Hirst-type volumetric trap, and the influence of meteorological factors and air mass transport was assessed using statistical analyses and HYSPLIT back-trajectory modeling. <i>Cladosporium</i> was approximately four times more abundant than <i>Alternaria</i>, and both taxa exhibited peak concentrations in May. <i>Alternaria</i> exceeded the clinical allergy threshold (100 spores/m³) on six days, whereas <i>Cladosporium</i> remained below its critical threshold (3000 spores/m³) throughout the study period. Mean temperature was identified as the primary meteorological driver of spore concentrations, and a significant delayed response to precipitation was observed, with concentrations increasing following a 1–3-day lag. A clear intra-diurnal pattern was observed, with <i>Alternaria</i> peaking in the morning predominantly under northerly winds, whereas <i>Cladosporium</i> reached maximum levels in the afternoon mainly under southerly air masses. HYSPLIT analysis indicated that peak episodes were associated with air masses originating from the southern sector, particularly over the Mesopotamian plains. An anomalous early-season peak of <i>Alternaria</i> in February, occurring during periods of local dormancy and snow cover, was associated with air masses originating from the southern sector. Vertical trajectory profiles showed that air masses approached the study area at low altitudes with a consistent descending pattern. These findings highlight the combined influence of local meteorology, basin morphology, and regional air mass transport on airborne spore dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10453-026-09921-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of loss of viability and morphological alterations in pollen of Fraxinus uhdei exposed to particulate matter (PM10) in the Valley of Mexico","authors":"Alberto Díaz-Morales,&nbsp;María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro,&nbsp;Hilda Adriana Guerrero-Parra","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09917-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09917-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the viability and morphological changes of <i>Fraxinus uhdei</i> pollen grains exposed to particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (ZMVM) were experimentally assessed. Samples of both anthers and air were collected and examined using viability tests (TTC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrated a notable reduction in pollen viability in areas with elevated PM₁₀ levels, particularly in the north (Ecatepec) and east (Iztapalapa), compared to the west (Cuajimalpa) and south (Coyoacán). Significant structural disruptions in the exine and dense accumulation of particles on the surface of airborne pollen were also observed. Elemental analysis indicated the presence of silicon, calcium, aluminum, and iron, linked to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. These findings confirm the potential of <i>F. uhdei</i> as a sensitive bioindicator of air quality and emphasize the ecological and health implications of urban air pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10453-026-09917-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term changes in the timing and intensity of the pollen season in Slovenia (2002–2024)","authors":"Rene Markovič,&nbsp;Vladimir Grubelnik,&nbsp;Anja Simčič,&nbsp;Andreja Kofol Seliger,&nbsp;Urška Razboršek,&nbsp;Marko Marhl,&nbsp;Uroš Lešnik","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09924-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09924-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is reshaping pollen season dynamics across Europe, with significant implications for allergic populations. This study presents the first comprehensive long-term analysis of pollen season trends in Slovenia, a region characterized by high phytogeographic diversity at the intersection of Mediterranean, Alpine, Dinaric, and Pannonian climatic influences. Daily airborne pollen concentration data from three monitoring stations were analyzed for 14 allergenic taxa over 23 years (2002–2024). Pollen season timing was determined using a normalized cumulative-sum approach, and linear regression quantified temporal trends in season onset, termination, duration, and total annual pollen load. Results reveal general advancement in season onset across most taxa, particularly pronounced for arboreal species in the Mediterranean region. Season termination exhibited asymmetric patterns: earlier endings for spring-flowering trees and delayed termination for herbaceous taxa, especially Poaceae. Notably, trees showed compressed seasons due to faster advancement of season end relative to onset, potentially leading to more intense allergen exposure despite shorter duration. Significant increases in annual pollen load were detected for Poaceae, Urticaceae, and <i>Plantago</i>, while <i>Artemisia</i> showed widespread decline. The coastal Mediterranean site exhibited significantly earlier onset, later termination, and longer seasons compared to continental stations, which showed strong inter-site synchrony. These findings demonstrate asymmetric seasonal responses to climate forcing across small spatial scales, with important implications for region-specific public health strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10453-026-09924-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a 40-kDa pectin methylesterase as a candidate pollen allergen from Parthenium hysterophorus","authors":"Sreenivasulu Reddy Boreddy,&nbsp;Christina Mary Mariaselvam,&nbsp;Sathya Babu,&nbsp;Mahesh Padukudru Anand,&nbsp;Thirumurthy Madhavan,&nbsp;Vir Singh Negi","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09920-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09920-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The magnitude of people acquiring respiratory allergies by pollen allergens is on the rise worldwide. The pollen from <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> is a proven allergen, and its allergens trigger allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in atopic individuals. Despite several clinical reports available worldwide, substantive characterization of allergens of <i>P. hysterophorus</i> has been lacking. This study aimed to analyse the molecular, structural, and immunological characterization of <i>P. hysterophorus</i> pollen allergens.</p><p>A total of 484 patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma were screened for sensitization to P. <i>hysterophorus</i> by skin prick test. Proteins from pollen of <i>P. hysterophorus</i> were extracted. Immunoblotting and immunoinhibition assays were carried out using sera from sensitized patients to identify the specific allergen. Molecular characterization of the specific pollen allergen was carried out by sequencing, and its structural details were analysed using bioinformatic tools.</p><p>Out of the eighteen patients who tested positive by skin prick test (SPT), only five had a history of direct exposure to <i>P. hysterophorus</i> with significantly elevated levels of total IgE. Immunoblotting and immunoinhibition analysis of <i>P. hysterophorus</i> antigenic extract revealed that a 40 kDa protein was allergenic. The molecular characterization and in silico analysis revealed that the allergen was pectin methylesterase.</p><p>Sensitization to <i>P. hysterophorus</i> pollens was evident by SPT in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma from Puducherry. Immunoblotting and immunoinhibition studies in the sensitized patients revealed that a 40 kDa protein was allergenic. Using molecular and bioinformatics tools the allergenic protein was identified as pectin methylesterase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short communication: Influence of height, atmospheric conditions, and criteria pollutants on the airborne fungal load in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area","authors":"Héctor Iván Duéñez Garza,&nbsp;Ulrico Javier López Chuken,&nbsp;Evangelina Ramírez Lara,&nbsp;Julia Griselda Cerón Bretón,&nbsp;Pilar del Carmen Morales San Claudio,&nbsp;Jesús Alberto Gómez Treviño,&nbsp;Aldo Isaac Ramírez Castillo","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09925-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09925-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parameters such as height, temperature, relative humidity and the presence of air criteria pollutants (particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead (Pb)) significantly influence the Colony Forming Units (CFU) for various airborne fungal strains. Categorized as biological contaminants, these fungi are known to induce various health issues. As urban centers continue to expand vertically, it becomes crucial to determine whether fungal loads decrease at higher altitudes, potentially offering safer environments at greater heights. To observe these fluctuations through a whole year, sampling was conducted at two different locations with different heights (146 m and 60 m) comparing them to ground-level fungal loads; abiotic data was measured in real time, while data on criteria pollutants was taken from the Sistema Integral de Monitoreo Ambiental (SIMA) stations. Distinct seasonal shifts in fungal genera were observed throughout the year, fungal loads at the 60 m and 146 m sites were 24.3% and 23.2% lower, respectively against surface level loads. Furthermore, the results indicate that high relative humidity correlates with increased CFU counts, whereas high concentrations of criteria air pollutants tend to suppress them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of meteorological parameters on airborne rice pathogens and predictive aerobiological models","authors":"Abdul Zul’Adly Mohaimin,&nbsp;Bazilah Fakhri,&nbsp;Pooja Shivanand,&nbsp;Hussein Taha","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09923-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09923-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) is susceptible to diseases that can cause significant yield losses. Therefore, rice disease management is of great importance to increase rice production. Although several predictive models have been developed for disease prediction, they may not be applicable universally due to different bioclimatic regions. This study aims to evaluate the relationships between meteorological parameters and airborne rice pathogens and to develop predictive aerobiological models for potential use in early disease prediction. Sampling was conducted using a Burkard 7-day volumetric spore trap at Wasan rice field, Brunei Darussalam (4.78840 N, 114.82210 E) on a raised ground area from 7th July 2022 until 31st August 2022 and from 2nd May 2023 until 31st August 2023. We applied Spearman’s correlation test and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the influence of meteorological parameters on the airborne rice pathogens. The highest correlation variables from the Spearman results were integrated for predictive aerobiological model development using multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression (PCR). Further, disease inspection was conducted to determine the disease severity. Generally, PCA results showed the negative influence of RH, rain, and WS on airborne spore concentration, while temperature and dew mostly showed positive correlations. Our developed models showed satisfactory performance using PCR (R² ~ 0.542–0.999) compared to MLR (R² ~ 0.313–0.779). The root mean square error (RMSE), variance of factor (VIF), Durbin-Watson (DB), Shapiro–Wilk normality test (SW), and Breusch-Pagan (BP) are within an acceptable range. Further, average weekly spore thresholds were determined: <i>Alternaria</i> sp. with 43 spores/m³, <i>Bipolaris</i> sp. with 100 spores/m³, <i>Curvularia</i> sp. with 104 spores/m³, <i>Fusarium</i> sp. with 262 spores/m³, <i>Nigrospora</i> sp. with 207 spores/m³, and <i>Pyricularia</i> sp. with 25 spores/m³, which can be used as an indirect signal to anticipate disease infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148173060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phototrophy improves the aerial fitness in a photoheterotrophic Methylobacterium isolated from clouds","authors":"Frédéric Mathonat,&nbsp;Federico Mazzei,&nbsp;Marie Prévot,&nbsp;Virginia Vernocchi,&nbsp;Elena Gatta,&nbsp;Muriel Joly,&nbsp;Mariline Théveniot,&nbsp;Anne-Catherine Lehours,&nbsp;François Enault,&nbsp;Barbara Ervens,&nbsp;Pierre Amato","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09916-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09916-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A diverse microbiome from surface ecosystems is transported in the atmosphere, where fluctuating environmental conditions and limited nutrients challenge its survival and functioning. Among the viable bacteria frequently recovered from air are potential photoheterotrophs usually associated with vegetation. Such a specific biological trait is known to be beneficial to survival in oligotrophic environments, and we postulate here that this may contribute to the maintenance and survival during aerial transport. In this study, aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria isolated from clouds (<i>Methylobacterium</i> sp. R17b-9) and expressing or lacking bacteriochlorophyll pigment, i.e., phototrophic capabilities ([Bchl +] or [Bchl-] phenotype, respectively), were injected into an atmospheric simulation chamber and monitored for their abundance, viability, cultivability and ATP content while exposed to different light intensities as aerosols. We demonstrate that phototrophy strongly enhances bacterial viability during aerial transport: whereas the fraction of cultivable cells devoid of phototrophic pigment sharply decreased under exposure to light, halving every 2 h or less, no significant loss could be observed in phototrophic cells, which also exhibited higher ATP content. The phototrophic phenotype also directly influenced the aerial dispersal range of bacteria by shortening Bchl + cells’ atmospheric residence time by a factor of 1.7, with half-times of ~ 152 min versus ~ 89 min, due to ~ 8% larger size. Our results imply that atmospheric transport selects bacteria for specific phenotypes. This may have implications for biogeochemical processes in the atmosphere (C and N cycles), and participate in the ecology, maintenance and evolution of this ancient and widespread biological function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148173439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne fungal exposure and nasal deposition among workers in biomass-based energy production","authors":"Victor Carp Kofoed,&nbsp;Hassan Al-Saidi,&nbsp;Jeppe Lund Nielsen,&nbsp;Anne Mette Madsen","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09919-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09919-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for sustainable energy alternatives has substantially increased employment in biomass-based energy production. However, solid biomass, including wood and straw, can harbor fungi that become airborne during handling and processing. Thus, workers may face elevated inhalation exposure to fungal bioaerosols with potential implications for respiratory health. This study aimed to characterize the airborne fungal exposure and nasal deposition among workers in biomass-based energy production to support occupational risk evaluation of fungal bioaerosols. We measured 48 whole-workday personal exposures, and collected 36 nasal lavage (NAL) samples from workers at four facilities that combust straw, wood chips, or wood pellets. Fungi were quantified and identified to species level using MALDI-TOF MS; the aerodynamic diameter of fungal bioaerosols was measured using size-fractionated sampling; and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> isolates were tested for azole resistance using broth microdilution. Fungal concentrations and species compositions differed significantly between biomass facilities in personal exposures and NAL samples. Airborne exposure was positively associated with nasal deposition, while the two sample types showed distinct species compositions. Risk group 2 fungi were abundant in workers’ exposures, and three <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> isolates recovered from the straw facility were resistant to itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. The findings indicate that the type of biomass affects workers’ fungal exposure and nasal deposition in terms of concentrations and species, and highlight additional concerns related to airway deposition and antifungal resistance. Finally, the study demonstrates the utility of NAL as a tool in exposure assessment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10453-026-09919-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linden (Tilia sp.) pollen allergy: Insights and challenges in the era of the allergy epidemic","authors":"Milena Despotovic,&nbsp;Vladimir Despotovic,&nbsp;Branka Djordjevic","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09918-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09918-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pollen allergies are an increasing global health concern. Linden pollen has traditionally been considered low-allergenic, leading to the widespread planting of linden trees in urban green spaces. However, this allergenic potential may be underestimated, resulting in linden pollen allergy being unrecognized. This review aims to identify and analyze the available literature on linden pollen allergy and provide, for the first time, a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge. The reviewed studies offer evidence on the allergenic potential of linden pollen, its prevalence, associated clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches. However, significant knowledge gaps remain, including scarce epidemiological data, the absence of well-characterized linden pollen allergens, limited understanding of potential cross-reactivity, and undefined threshold exposure levels that may impact human health. The existing body of literature indicates that linden pollen has the potential to cause sensitization and allergic symptoms, thereby challenging its long-standing classification as low-allergenic pollen. The identified research gaps highlight the need for further interdisciplinary studies, spanning immunology, epidemiology, botany, and environmental science, to deepen our understanding of linden pollen allergenicity and its impact on human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}