Aerobiologia最新文献

{"title":"Exploratory assessment of site-specific differences in pollen protein and IgE-reactive profiles of Ailanthus altissima in Berlin","authors":"Fateme Mousavi,&nbsp;Christiane Hilger,&nbsp;Kyra Swiontek,&nbsp;Karl-Christian Bergmann,&nbsp;Matthias Werchan","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09938-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09938-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban environments exhibit pronounced spatial heterogeneity in atmospheric and ecological conditions driven by variations in traffic intensity, land use, vegetation structure, and pollution levels. These gradients influence human exposure to biological aerosols such as allergenic pollen; however, environmental variability is rarely incorporated into pollen allergen characterization. This exploratory study investigated whether contrasting urban microenvironments within a single city modulate the protein composition and IgE-reactive profiles of <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> (Mill.) Swingle pollen. Pollen was collected from male trees located at a high-traffic roadside and a low-traffic urban park in Berlin. Total protein content, protein profiles, and IgE-binding patterns were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with sera from pollen-allergic individuals. Pollen from the low-traffic park exhibited higher total protein content and a more complex protein and IgE-binding profile compared to roadside pollen. Distinct site-specific differences in IgE-reactive proteins were observed, indicating environmentally driven variability in allergen expression at a fine spatial scale. These findings suggest that urban environmental heterogeneity can modulate pollen allergen composition and thereby influence spatial variability in allergen exposure. Given the exploratory design and limited sampling, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence requiring validation across multiple trees and urban environments. Incorporating site-specific environmental context into pollen allergen studies may improve biometeorological exposure assessment, allergy diagnostics, and climate-sensitive urban health research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycological study on prevalence and molecular diversity within airborne Cladosporium cladosporioides complex in Cairo, Egypt","authors":"Mohammed S. Abdulrahman,&nbsp;Hamido M. Hefny,&nbsp;Moselhy S. Mansy,&nbsp;Amal A. I. Mekawy,&nbsp;Ahmed F. Basyony","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09935-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09935-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Outdoor airborne spores in Cairo, Egypt, are dominated by <i>Cladosporium</i> species, ecologically significant fungi that considerably influence ecosystem dynamics and public health. Therefore, understanding their molecular diversity and seasonal behavior is essential for assessing allergy risks and environmental quality. This study investigates the seasonal variation and molecular genotyping of airborne <i>Cladosporium</i> species in Cairo, Egypt. Airborne fungi were collected across four metropolitan districts in Cairo throughout all four seasons using passive settling plates, and isolates were identified through combined macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular approaches, including ITS-PCR/RFLP, Microsatellite Primed-PCR (MP-PCR), and Universally Primed PCR (UP-PCR). Based on macroscopic and microscopic investigation as well as molecular typing, <i>Cladosporium</i> accounted for 21.3% of the total mycobiota. Five <i>Cladosporium</i> species were identified: <i>C. cladosporioides</i> complex (30; 33.3%), <i>C. herbarum</i> (24; 26.6%), <i>C. sphaerospermum</i> (18; 20%), <i>C. macrocarpum</i> (9; 10%), and <i>C. oxysporum</i> (9; 10%). Seasonal variation analysis revealed significantly higher abundances in the summer and autumn. Molecular characterization was conducted using Internal Transcribed Spacer-PCR (ITS-PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using <i>Msp</i>I and <i>Cfo</i>I restriction enzymes; Microsatellite Primed-PCR (MP-PCR) employing (AG)₈C and (AGG)₅ primers; and Universal Primed PCR (UP-PCR) using the L45 primer. ITS-RFLP analysis of 30 <i>C. cladosporioides</i> complex strains—the most abundant—identified 8 unique genotypes with <i>Msp</i>I and 5 with <i>Cfo</i>I. In addition, MP-PCR of the <i>C. cladosporioides</i> complex revealed substantial intraspecific diversity, detecting 17, and 10 genotypes with the respective primers—(AG)₈C and (AGG)₅ primers—supporting a clear climatic distribution pattern. UP‑PCR with L45 primer further revealed high molecular diversity among <i>C. cladosporioides</i> complex isolates from Cairo, identifying 18 genotypes with seasonal clustering. These findings highlight dynamic population structure and cryptic diversity of airborne <i>Cladosporium</i> in Cairo, Egypt, emphasizing their importance for aerobiological monitoring and allergen risk assessment. Understanding the ecological drivers, allergenic potential, and public health implications of these common urban fungi is made possible by the integration of morphological and molecular data, which reveals a complex population structure made up of both season-specific variants and persistent genotypes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the monthly fluctuation of fungal load in the air of a tropical dry deciduous forest","authors":"Sourav Gorai,&nbsp;Subrata Raha","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09937-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09937-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Few aeromycological studies were conducted in Indian forest environments to determine the monthly variation of fungal spores in the air. A one-year aeromycological study was conducted to analyse the fluctuation of airborne fungi in the atmosphere of the tropical dry deciduous forest in the Purulia district of West Bengal, India. The airborne fungi were isolated through exposure of Petri plates containing potato dextrose agar with chloramphenicol as an isolation medium. In this study, 19 fungal taxa were isolated, of which 2 belonged to the Mucoromycota and 17 to the Ascomycota. A total load of 16,257 CFU m⁻² of fungi was found during this aeromycological investigation. <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (9.79%), <i>Curvularia</i> sp. (8.51%), <i>Alternaria</i> sp. (8.05%), <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. (7.67%), and <i>Fusarium</i> sp. (6.83%) were identified as the most prevalent in the air. The winter months of December (12.37%) had the highest atmospheric fungal load, followed by January (12.31%) and November (10.70%). Simultaneously, the environmental parameters were also recorded to detect the environmental influence on airborne spore load. The information gained from the current study also contributes to our understanding of the fungal genera that are present in the air of tropical dry deciduous forests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Comparative aerobiological study between two stations located at different points in a coastal city in Southern Spain","authors":"R. Ruiz‑Mata,&nbsp;M. M. Trigo,&nbsp;M. Recio,&nbsp;E. de Gálvez‑Montañez,&nbsp;A. Picornell","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09931-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09931-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical implementation of Artificial Intelligence for airborne pollen monitoring in Japan through the Human-in-the-Loop machine learning","authors":"Ryoma Hayashi,&nbsp;Takuya Itaki,&nbsp;Ayumu Miyakawa,&nbsp;Kazuhide Mimura,&nbsp;Chie Oshikawa,&nbsp;Eiko Koto,&nbsp;Reiko Kishikawa","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09922-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09922-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pollen allergy has become a significant public health concern. Although Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based automatic pollen identification has already demonstrated high accuracy with idealized test data, efforts toward practical application remain inadequate in Japan. In this study, we developed and implemented an AI-based airborne pollen monitoring system utilizing a Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) machine learning (ML) framework. A general pollen model trained on modern pollen images (Pre model) demonstrated high accuracy, precision, and recall scores during test data validation. However, the Pre model showed markedly different values compared with manual counting when deployed on actual airborne pollen slides collected at the National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, especially for the main spring airborne pollen of Japanese cedar and cypresses. In contrast, fine-tuned models successfully distinguished these pollen taxa and resulted in substantially higher similarity indices between the manual pollen counts, which were attributed to active learning within the HITL ML framework. AI-based pollen monitoring shows promising potential for its practical implementation in the treatment of pollen allergies through effective and efficient strategies for active learning within the HITL ML process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosol in a neonatal intensive care unit","authors":"Dayana Agudelo-Castañeda,&nbsp;Stephanie De la Hoz,&nbsp;Jhorma Medina-Altahona,&nbsp;Gabrielle Pellegrin,&nbsp;Wendy B. Morgado-Gamero","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09928-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09928-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In developing countries, indoor air quality in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) remains an overlooked aspect of hospital safety, despite heightened awareness during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study applied a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) to evaluate occupational risks posed by airborne, antibiotic-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in a public NICU in Colombia. Mean airborne concentrations of <i>S. aureus</i> were 24.73 CFU/m³, and particles predominantly ranged from 0.6–7.0 µm, suggesting deposition throughout the respiratory tract, including the alveoli.Query Isolated strains exhibited resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin G). To characterize uncertainty in risk estimates, a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations was performed, with probability distributions assigned to all key input parameters. Annual infection probabilities exceeded the U.S. EPA tolerable risk threshold of 10⁻⁴ across all occupational groups. Median annual risk was highest among male nurses (0.949 pppy; 90% credibility interval: 0.306–1.000), followed by physicians and cleaning staff. Risk varied by gender, age, and job function, with higher estimates observed in men and staff with prolonged exposure times. Sensitivity analysis identified the dose–response parameter k as the dominant source of model uncertainty, followed by airborne concentration. It should be noted that these estimates reflect infection risk in an environment where circulating strains are antibiotic-resistant, rather than the specific probability of developing a resistant infection. These findings highlight the urgent need for bioaerosol-specific occupational health guidelines and improved ventilation control strategies in NICUs, particularly in under-resourced healthcare systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne fungal spores over Pannonian Plain – full season measurements following the standard Hirst volumetric method","authors":"Branko Sikoparija,&nbsp;Isidora Simović,&nbsp;Marijana Vasić,&nbsp;Ljiljana Janjušević,&nbsp;Ljiljana Šašić Zorić","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09932-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09932-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although airborne fungal spores are known allergens and plant pathogens, a whole season aerobiological assessment of fungal spores has not previously been conducted in Serbia. The aims of this study are to describe seasonality and diurnal patterns of concentrations of fungal spores measured over one full year, relate them to meteorological factors and set the foundation for representative sampling for molecular-based exploration of taxonomic and functional diversity of airborne fungi. This study revealed that <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Alternaria</i> and Agaricaceae-morphotype accounted for on average over 80% of total airborne fungal spores. A clear seasonality in the quantity of airborne fungal spores is observed, with the intensive season being in the period May–November. For several identified airborne spores there is a distinctive diurnal pattern, i.e., <i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i> and <i>Epicoccum</i> are more abundant during daytime while <i>Ganoderma</i> and Agaricaceae-morphotype are more abundant at night. There is a statistically significant correlation between fungal spores and meteorology, mostly determined by spores that favor dry conditions. Detected airborne spores cannot be identified beyond genus level solely by morphological characteristics. On average, more than a third of detected spores are either unidentified or correspond only to a morphology class. This implies a need for more specific molecular identification (i.e., metabarcoding or metagenomics) if full diversity of airborne fungal spores is to be revealed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambrosia pollen season dynamics and meteorological drivers in Zagreb (2020–2024): evidence from zero-inflated count models","authors":"Alen Čuljak,&nbsp;Barbara Stjepanović,&nbsp;Ivana Ćosić","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09934-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09934-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ragweed (<i>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</i> L.) pollen represents a major aeroallergen in urban environments across Central and Southeastern Europe, yet quantitative assessments of its seasonal dynamics and meteorological drivers remain limited for many regions. This study examines the characteristics of the ragweed pollen season and daily meteorological drivers in Zagreb, Croatia, utilizing five consecutive years of monitoring data (2020–2024). Daily airborne pollen concentrations were analysed alongside local meteorological variables using a main pollen season (MPS) definition using the 5–95% cumulative sum method. To account for the highly skewed and zero-inflated nature of pollen data, negative binomial (NB) and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression models were applied, complemented by nonparametric correlation analysis and multivariate ordination. Ragweed pollen seasons in Zagreb were consistently confined to a narrow late-summer window, with minimal interannual variability in timing and durations of approximately 30–36 days. In the context of a consistent phenological structure, atmospheric temperature was identified as the primary meteorological factor influencing daily fluctuations in pollen levels, showing a clear positive correlation with concentrations. In contrast, relative humidity and precipitation showed negative associations during the flowering period, whereas wind speed displayed weaker and context-dependent relationships. ZINB models enabled separate modelling of structural zeros and daily pollen concentration intensity. Multivariate analyses independently confirmed a dominant thermal–humidity axis supporting a dominant thermal–humidity association underlying pollen variability. These findings demonstrate that ragweed pollen dynamics in Zagreb are governed by a stable and highly concentrated seasonal structure, within which short-term meteorological variability, particularly temperature, controls daily exposure levels. The integration of phenologically informed MPS definitions with zero-inflated modelling provides an interpretable analytical framework for understanding urban ragweed pollen dynamics and supports evidence-based interpretation of aerobiological monitoring data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10453-026-09934-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal airborne fungal emissions from a horse stable as a localised source of environmental exposure","authors":"Kinga Plewa-Tutaj,&nbsp;Marta Rogos","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09929-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09929-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Airborne fungal contamination in equine facilities remains insufficiently understood despite their high organic matter load and seasonally restricted ventilation. This study examined the seasonal variability, species composition, and environmental relevance of culturable airborne fungi in a traditional English-style horse stable, with particular emphasis on the genus <i>Aspergillus</i>. A total of 180 indoor and 60 outdoor air samples were collected in autumn, winter, and spring via an MAS-100 impactor and three culture media (SAB, MEA, DG18). Fungal concentrations showed pronounced seasonality, with winter displaying the highest levels (up to 5,110 CFU/m³ indoors and 32,170 CFU/m³ outdoors on DG18), whereas spring presented the lowest values (921–1631 CFU/m³). The autumn concentrations were intermediate. Significant medium-dependent differences occurred only in spring (Friedman, <i>p</i> = 0.0038), where SAB produced the lowest counts. No significant correlations were found between total fungal concentrations and temperature or humidity across media and sample types, except for a strong positive correlation with temperature and a moderate negative correlation with humidity in winter (examined samples on MEA), and a very strong negative correlation with humidity in spring (control samples on SAB). <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. dominated across all the seasons, with <i>A. versicolor</i> (25%), <i>A. amoenus</i> (18.8%), and <i>A. fumigatus</i> (15.6%) forming the core mycobiota. The winter outdoor controls presented unexpectedly high fungal loads, indicating restricted atmospheric dispersion and supporting the role of the stable as a seasonal localised point source of airborne fungal aerosols. The persistent presence of allergenic and opportunistic pathogenic species such as <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> highlights shared exposure risks for horses, stable workers, and nearby populations. These findings demonstrate that equine stables represent overlooked contributors to local bioaerosol loads and underscore the need for routine monitoring within a One Health framework<b>.</b></p></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10453-026-09929-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal fluctuation of airborne bacterial dynamics and disinfectant resistance in hospital environment","authors":"Shabana Bano,&nbsp;Imran Hashmi,&nbsp;Muhammad Akhtar Khan,&nbsp;Aiza Javed,&nbsp;Nazish Iftikhar","doi":"10.1007/s10453-026-09926-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10453-026-09926-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Airborne bacterial contamination in hospitals poses significant risk, particularly for immunocompromised patients. This study investigated seasonal variation in airborne bacterial loads and disinfectant resistance across six sites of a public hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. Airborne samples were collected using passive sampling across four seasons while environmental parameters (carbon dioxide, temperature, and relative humidity) were recorded to assess associations with bacterial loads. Carbon dioxide exceeded Indoor Climate and Occupational Parameters Indoor Air Quality guidelines 2010 limits across seasons, while temperatures exceeded thresholds in summer and autumn seasons. Bacterial identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed predominant Gram-positive genera, particularly <i>Staphylococcus, Bacillus</i>, and <i>Corynebacterium</i>. Disinfectant resistance testing showed high resistance (65–80%) to phenol, formaldehyde, and isopropyl alcohol, while sodium hypochlorite exhibited 75–90% effectiveness. Site specific analysis indicated that outpatient department and emergency ward had highest bacterial loads (10,967 ± 6702 and 7439 ± 639 CFU/m³), exceeding Portuguese standard of 500 CFU/m³, while mechanically ventilated areas such as operation theater and intensive care unit showed lower loads throughout seasons. Although no statistically significant seasonal variation was detected, the highest bacterial load was observed in spring and the lowest in autumn season. Heat map analysis showed increased bacterial diversity in high occupancy areas, particularly in outpatient department, emergency ward, and outdoors. Principal component analysis identified human occupancy and temperature as major contributors to microbial variations. These findings highlight emergence of disinfectant-resistant bacteria and emphasize the need for seasonal monitoring and targeted environmental management strategies to mitigate hospital-acquired infections.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7718,"journal":{"name":"Aerobiologia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}