Pathogenic bacteria in air samples: an appraisal of the African studies versus other continents

Abstract

Pathogenic infections especially those caused by organisms resistant to antimicrobials pose a critical challenge to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), particularly in Africa. The environment is also indicated as a significant vector for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination. Unfortunately, the air is the least monitored environment or reported for AMR. This study reviews the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and resistomes in African air samples, comparing them with global reports. Using PubMed and Google Scholar, publications from 2013 to 2023 on biomonitored air samples were reviewed; the regional occurrence of bacteria, their antibiotic resistance profiles, and the knowledge gaps in this area across the African continent and between other continents are highlighted. West African region had the highest research output and publications, predominantly from Nigeria (46.6%). Most of the African studies focused on indoor air environments, especially in hospitals, employing passive air sampling. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently reported bacteria, with tetracycline resistance being the most common. Only three studies in Africa clearly reported antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the air, a stark contrast to the numerous global studies employing molecular methods. The review highlights the lack of indigenous solutions for air treatment and underlines the need for improved surveillance, funding, and policy enforcement to mitigate AMR and strengthen public health systems across the continent.