African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development最新文献

{"title":"Factors associated with stunting among children aged below 60 months from rural Malawi: a matched case-control study","authors":"R. Fungo, R. Zulu, J. Munthali, M. Mutua, E. Birachi","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.125.23685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.125.23685","url":null,"abstract":"Stunting currently affects 37% (1.1 million) of Malawian children and causing unfavorable impact for both children and their households. Identifying risk factors to stunting would go a long way in developing appropriate interventions. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors of stunting among children aged below 60 months from Balaka, Dedza and Mzimba districts in Malawi. A matched cross-sectional case-control study was conducted among 913 (446 controls; 467 cases) children aged below 60 months from three regions of Malawi. Household demographic, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, food security, and morbidity information were collected. Case-Control Stepwise multiple logistic regression models are used to determine risk factors of stunting. The following were identified as risk factors for stunting including; age of child (AOR= 6.3; 95% CI: 2.9, 8.9), polygamy (AOR= 8.9; 95%, CI: 3.3, 13.03), maternal education (AOR= 9.9; 95%, CI: 2.8, 20.1), access to markets (AOR= 1.3; 95%, CI: 0.2, 2.4), childhood infections (AOR= 2.11; 95%, CI: 1.4, 4.2) and presence of oedema (AOR= 2.5; 95%, CI: 1.3, 4.1). Also, lack of food any month (AOR= 1.31; 95%, CI: 1.01, 4.9), purchasing food on credit (AOR= 1.48; 95%, CI: 1.4, 1.7), begging for food (AOR= 1.55; 95%, CI: 1.2, 2.1), mothers or caregivers consuming less than 5 food groups (MDD-W) (AOR = 4.83; 95% CI: 1.9, 16.4), exclusive breastfeeding (AOR= 5.45; 95%, CI: 4.33, 7.61) children weaned on plain water (AOR= 1.6; 95%, CI: 1.6, 2.41), powdered milk (AOR= 0.63; 95%, CI: 0.4, 1.32), juices (AOR= 0.44; 95%, CI: 0.12, 0.96) and children fed on sugary food (AOR= 0.66; 95%, CI: 0.4, 0.99) were significantly related to stunting. Stunting is associated with increasing age of children, boys, polygamous households, lack of education by mothers or caregivers, inaccessible markets, childhood infections and presence of oedema, food insecurity, breastfeeding and complementary feeding among children and dietary diversity of mothers or caregivers. These results suggest that interventions against childhood stunting should be designed according to the factors that significantly affect stunting. Key words: child growth, Malawi, stunting and complementary feeding, Regression, Food Security and Health","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"63 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of indigenous Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phyto-accumulation in Carica papaya hybrids","authors":"JW Muiruri, FK Rimberia, R. Mwashasha, A. Kavoo","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.125.23380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.125.23380","url":null,"abstract":"Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fruit with a resilient and distinctive aroma. The consumption of the fruit is global due to its high nutritive and medicinal values. However, there has been low production of quality papaya fruits due to unavailability of crucial mineral elements in the soils. The current study therefore, focuses on the effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biofertilizer on the quality of papaya fruits. In order to verify AMF effectiveness on papaya fruits, four treatments were used: AMF inoculum only, composted farm yard manure (FYM) only, combination of AMF inoculum and compost FYM and control where only soil and sand media were used at a ratio of 1:1. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and Malkia papaya hybrids were used. The papaya seeds from JKUAT and Malkia papaya hybrids were sown in trays and transplanted at 3 leaves stage into 5 litre pots within a green house. The AMF spores were bulked using sorghum plants to obtain the AMF inoculum. The treatments were added into the soil media of the papaya plantlets at a ratio of 1:3, every 4 weeks after first transplanting until they were 20 weeks old. They were then transplanted to 100 litre containers, where completely randomized design was used and replication of six papaya plants for each treatment and hybrid. Watering, weeding and cooling the green house with water fumes was carried out when necessary; as the papaya plants grew until the fruits attained physiological maturity. The fruits were separately harvested and ripened to a predetermined stage. They were then analysed for moisture content, crude fibre, minerals (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc), ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and total polyphenols. Data obtained was subjected to two-way ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05 significance level; means were separated using Tukey's HSD test in Genstat's 15th edition. JKUAT hybrid with AMF inoculum treatment had 3.07%crude fibre and 8.42mg/100g phosphorous content while JKUAT hybrid with both AMF inoculum and manure treatments had 4.9 % crude fibre and 9.88 mg/100g phosphorous content. Malkia and JKUAT hybrids with compost FYM treatment had potassium content of 98.31mg/100g and 109.4 mg/100g respectively while the controls had 31.58 mg/100g and 35.32mg/100g respectively. Incorporating soil media with manure and AMF inoculum improved the nutritive quality of papaya fruits and this was contingent on papaya hybrids. Key words: biofertilizer, inoculum, mineral elements, nutritive quality, physiological maturity","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"47 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the agricultural food security pack programme in Zambia: the case of Mpulungu District","authors":"E. Kibuka-Sebitosi, Royd Tembo","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.125.23150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.125.23150","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural food programmes are one of the means to improve household food security for vulnerable small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. In Zambia, household food insecurity is entrenched among small-scale farmers. Despite the implementation of the food security pack programme by the Zambian government, there is scanty scientific information on the performance of the programme. The study reviewed the effects of the food security pack programme on land cultivation and maize crop productivity in Mpulungu district using a mixed-methods design. Using a simple random sampling and Slovin’s Formula, 147 beneficiaries and 152 non-beneficiaries were selected as questionnaire respondents. The study purposely selected two government officials, one traditional leader, and five focus groups for interviews and focus group discussions. Descriptive data were generated using SPSS and content analysis. The study revealed that 66% of the beneficiaries, cultivated between a quarter (0.25) and half (0.50) a hectare compared to the non-beneficiaries, whose 61% cultivated less than a quarter (<0.25) hectare. Similarly, 70.1% of the beneficiaries, harvested more than 20 (50kg) bags of maize grain on average, per 0.25 hectares of land compared to 8% of the non-beneficiaries for three farming seasons reviewed. The land cultivated by the beneficiaries had a larger mean (M ₌ 2.00) than the land cultivated by the non-beneficiaries (M ₌ 1.59). Maize crop productivity by the beneficiaries had a larger mean (M ₌ 4.25) than the non-beneficiaries (M ₌ 2.45). There was a statistically significant difference in land cultivation and maize crop productivity between the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, with the former having more land cultivated and higher maize crop productivity than the latter. Administrative challenges in programme implementation were noticed. Farming inputs were received late and outside the planting period due to the centralised purchase system despite the beneficiaries performing better than the non-beneficiaries. Funds for the purchase of agricultural inputs were released late by the Zambian government. The study concluded that the food security pack programme had a significant positive effect on land cultivation and maize crop production for benefiting households. The study recommends decentralisation of the supply of farming inputs to the districts for timely delivery to the beneficiaries, increasing the number of beneficiaries, and timely release of funds for the purchase of farming inputs by the Zambian government. Key words: Agriculture, food security, small-scale farmer, empowerment, vulnerable farmers","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"55 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineral composition and nutritive value of fresh and supplemented rice straws preserved in manual stacking, balling, and wrapping storage methods","authors":"Khalil Khalil, Dwi Ananta, A. Andri, Hermon Hermon","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.125.23900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.125.23900","url":null,"abstract":"Rice straws are underutilized as feed due to cattle’s preference for fresh straw. Rice straws have low nutritional value and are easily susceptible to microbial spoilage during traditional storage of loose stacking or manual open-air balling. Supplementing fresh rice straws with some minerals, energy, and protein could improve the nutritional value and storage stability under different preservation methods. The present study aimed to determine the effect of supplementing fresh rice straws with minerals, molasses, and urea, stored under three manual treatments: loose stacking, open-air balling, and airtight wrapping. Fresh rice straws were treated with 1% calcite-based mineral mixture, 0.6% molasses, and 0.05% urea and stored for 60 days. The supplemented rice straws were chopped and mixed with a basal diet composed of 55% elephant grass and 20% concentrate. Four experimental diets were then developed from the composite. That is the basal diet + fresh rice straw (FRS), basal diet+stacking supplemented rice straw (SSRS), basal diet+balling supplemented rice straw (BSSR), and basal diet+wrapping supplemented rice straw (WSRS). The experimental diets were fed to young Pesisir bulls using a 4x4 Latin Square design for eleven days. Fresh and supplemented rice straws were analyzed for dry matter, mineral content, blood hematology profile and protein content. The fresh rice straw had a relatively high potassium, iron, and manganese content but was low in calcium, sodium, phosphorus, copper, and selenium. Supplementation significantly increased the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, copper, and selenium in the preserved rice straw. Rice straw preserved in the wrapping way had the highest copper, cobalt, and selenium content. Feeding cattle with supplemented rice straw preserved in the wrapping method, decreased the blood monocyte value equivalent to that of the fresh straw. Supplementation of fresh rice straws with calcite-based minerals, molasses, and urea has the potential to increase some essential mineral content and maintained the nutritional value of rice straw preserved in an air-tied wrapping method. Key words: Calcites, Hematology, Mineral, Pesisir cattle, Rice straw, Storage, Supplementation","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"54 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the benefits of agroforestry beyond food security among households in Isingiro district, South-western Uganda","authors":"M. Kamugisha, H. Mutembei, T. Thenya","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.125.23215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.125.23215","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, agroforestry and its capacity to offer a high yielding system are well known as a pathway for providing multiple benefits of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to the households. In Uganda, household farmers adopt on-farm trees for various benefits such as soil erosion prevention, maintaining soil fertility, provision of shade, windbreaks, and climate regulation among others beyond food security. The study aimed at assessing the benefits of agroforestry beyond food security in Isingiro District. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. The number of household participants was 284. Multiple Linear Regression to analyse the association between dependent variable and numerous independent variables were employed. The study used Chi-Square tests to find out the statistical value of variables and their effect on agroforestry adoption. The study also used Multiple Regression Model to determine the degree to which selected variables were accountable for influencing agroforestry benefits beyond food security. The results indicated that 41% households in Kabaare, 37.0% in Kikokwa, and 22.0% in Kigyendwa practiced agroforestry. These percentages mean that agroforestry adoption is below the average (50%). The low adoption is attributed to factors such as land shortage, limited financial capacity, poor attitudes and perceptions. Of all the agroforestry adopters, only 21% of the households indicated that they had benefited from on-farm trees. This implies that majority 79% of those who did not practice agroforestry realized no benefits. The socio-economic factors that were positive and insignificant with a positive influence on household agroforestry benefits were the main occupation and income (0.001) while the family size and land size (0.288), land acreage used for food production and household size (0.553), land acreage and marital status (0.182) were insignificant. The study recommends intensive studies on household attitude, and perceptions about agroforestry practice in relation to other factors. The local government needs to review land policy, and strengthen its support to households in utilising their resources productively through on-farm tree adoption to attain diversified benefits. Key words: Agroforestry, Benefits, Food security, Governance, Livelihood, Policy review, Household","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"57 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market analysis of added-value chain products and employability of young people in North Benin","authors":"MF Assogba, P. Vroeg, M. F. Assogba","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.125.23735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.125.23735","url":null,"abstract":"The challenge of young people employability in Africa and particularly in Benin continues to rise with acuity. The majority of young people are affected by underemployment, or are without decent jobs. This is the reason why the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) implemented the Youth Employment project for the Improvement of Food Security in northern Benin (EJASA). This study aimed to analyze the added-value chains (AVC) from different agricultural sectors in order to assess their ability to ensuring the employability or professional integration of young people. This study analyzed six (06) added-value chains divided into three (03) sectors as follows: AVCs from market gardening sector (tomato fruit and fresh chilli pepper), AVCs from soybean sector (soybean grain and soybean cheese) and AVCs from the poultry sector (local chicken and guinea fowl). The results obtained showed that the overall demand of the selected AVC products was generally satisfied only at the level of 10 to 40% in the targeted municipalities, which suggests opportunities for positioning and entrepreneurship for young people. All the AVCs analyzed are profitable with the best rates of return (RNE/CT ratios) recorded for the AVC of guinea fowl (4.7), chilli pepper (1.6), tomato (1.1) and soybean grain (0.9), while the best wealth creation rates (VA/CI) observed for AVC guinea fowl (6.2), chilli pepper (4.5), tomato fruit (2.4) and soybean grain (1.6). The strong demand for AVC products, the existence of sales markets for all AVCs, the permanent support from technical and financial partners, and support structures for access to financing are all opportunities available to young people to ensure their employability and improve their income. The access to a well-paid job in one of the AVCs will help young people to improve their income and consequently to fight poverty and improve their food and nutrition security situation. Key words: Food value chains, youth employment, Improved income, Food security, Nutrition","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical characteristics of homemade ice cream with mustard green (Brassica juncea) powder or puree","authors":"IA Saidi, R R, N Efendi, SD Kartika","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.124.23195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.124.23195","url":null,"abstract":"Ice cream is a product of high sensory acceptance because of the countless flavor options and their combination. It has become one of the most popular desserts and its production is increasing year by year and highly accepted by children, adolescents, adults, as well as the elderly public. A number of studies have been carried out in developing new functional ice creams with ingredients such as fruits like avocado, dragon fruit, banana, passion, guava, lemon and soursop. The present study was, therefore, carried out to assess the possibility of producing homemade ice cream with enhanced nutritional value with mustard green leaves. This research explored the utilization of powdered and fresh mustard green leaves in the form of puree as nutritional enrichment for homemade ice cream. Homemade ice cream ingredients in this experiment consisted of 100 g solids and 150 ml water. The solids consisted of 74 g full cream milk powder, 15 g sugar, 10 g skimmed milk powder, 0.5 g emulsifier, and 0,5 g Carboxy Methyl Cellulose. Mustard green powder was added in accordance to treatments, namely 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% from the 100 g solids. Whereas mustard green puree were added as replacement of 100 ml water from the total of 150 ml water in the formula. Control treatment was made with no mustard green powder or puree. The chemical and physical characteristics were determined in three replicates using randomized completely blocked design. Data was submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and further tested using Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). Based on the results of this study, the addition of mustard green powder and puree on homemade ice cream had significant increase in ash content, total chlorophyll, melting rate, viscosity, and yellowness, but a decrease in overrun, lightness, and redness. The higher the concentration of mustard green powder or puree, the higher the increase of ash content, total chlorophyll, melting rate, viscosity and yellowness. On the other hand, the higher the concentration of mustard green powder or puree the higher the decrease of overrun, lightness, and redness. Mustard green powder gave higher ash content and total chlorophyll than the puree, but mustard green puree gave brighter colour indicated by higher lightness, greenness, and yellowness. Key words: ice cream, homemade, mustard green, powder, puree, enrichment","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human feces compost as an organic fertilizer for sweet corn cultivation in volcanic soil of Mt. Merapi, Indonesia","authors":"G Budiyanto, I Prabasari","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.124.20990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.124.20990","url":null,"abstract":"Volcanic material sedimentation of Mt. Merapi causes changes in surface soil's physical and chemical properties that reduce soil fertility. The eruption of the mountain also builds volcanic soil layers, which are generally porous and have a low water-holding capacity. The chemical properties of this layer have low nutrient content and organic matter. Solid human feces composted for 30 days has a water content of 51.62%, carbon 15.62%, nitrogen 1.50%, and phosphorus 6.45%. The potential of nutrients possessed by human feces compost has the opportunity to be used as a source of fertilizer for plants because the plant, animal biomass, and human excreta are essential components of material and energy flow in ecosystems. However, the human feces compost as an organic fertilizer has not yet been widely utilized. Therefore, the research aims are to study the potential of sanitized human feces composts to improve the fertility of volcanic soil from Mt. Merapi Indonesia and find its optimum dosage for sweet corn cultivation. Volcanic soil from Mt Merapi was brought to the greenhouse from the mountain area and used as media to cultivate sweet corn plants. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments consisting of four dosages of human feces compost and one control treatment using cattle manure. The four dosages of composted human feces were applied in the volcanic soil with the dose of 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons/hectare. Organic fertilizer from cattle manure with a dose of 20 tons/hectare was used as a control. The result showed that human feces compost has similar potential as cattle manure (control treatment) in increasing the growth and yield of sweet corn. Furthermore, the result also showed that the optimum dosage of organic fertilizer from human feces compost to increase sweet corn's productivity was 15 tons per hectare. Key words: human feces, soil quality, sweet corn, organic fertilizer, Indonesia","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potting media and seed pre-sowing treatments influencing emergence and early seedling growth of bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) under humidity chamber environment","authors":"SC Aba, CB Onah, OO Ndukwe, KP Baiyeri","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.124.22760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.124.22760","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the enormous socioeconomic and therapeutic potentials of bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel), organized cultivation of the species is still very rare, owing to the scarcity of the seedlings predicated on seed dormancy challenges. This study aims to develop a workable protocol for seed germination of bitter kola using four growth media [including rice husk (RH), sawdust (SD), river sand (RS) and a soilless medium RH3:PM2:SD1 formulated in volume ratios of RH, poultry manure (PM), and SD]; and five seed pre-sowing treatments [decortication by coat removal, soaking seeds in water for 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h; plus the untreated control seeds]. Seedling emergence and early growth of bitter kola were studied across the treatments in factorial combinations under a humidity growth chamber in a completely randomized design (CRD) replicated in three plastic baskets containing 10 seeds each. Results showed that seedling emergence was significantly (p < 0.05) earliest in RH3:PM2:SD1 (69 days) and RS (74 days), followed by SD (81 days), and the latest in RH (104 days). Percentage emergence was high and statistically similar in RS (95.3%), SD (90.0%), and RH3:PM2:SD1 (86.8%) but significantly (p < 0.05) poor in the RH (55.9%) medium. The earliest seedling emergence was recorded in 49 days with the decorticated seeds sown in RS medium. Decorticated seeds with the 48 h and 72 h presoaked seeds recorded 100% emergence in RS. The decorticated seeds also had 100% emergence in SD and RH3:PM2:SD1. Seeds presoaked for 48 or 72 h and raised in RS produced the tallest seedlings. Across the seed treatments, seed decortication and the 48 and 72-h soaking durations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) produced seedlings with the highest number of leaves. Similarly, RS, SD and the soilless medium RH3:PM2:SD1 produced seedlings with a greater number of leaves compared to the RH medium. For prompt germination of bitter kola seeds with vigorous seedling growth, seed decortication or soaking for 48–72 h are the recommended pre-sowing treatments. Regarding the potting media, river sand gave the best results (in terms of emergence and early seedling growth); however, sawdust and the soilless nursery mix (RH3:PM2:SD1) are equally good for raising bitter kola seedlings under a warm humidity growth chamber. The use of high humidity growth chamber– a miniature greenhouse is a simple technology which can easily be adopted by local and peri urban farmers in commercial propagation of bitter kola. Key words: Garcinia kola, seed treatments, juvenile growth, controlled environment","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and functional properties of snacks produced from wheat flour fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder","authors":"A Famakinwa, A Shuttleworth, S Lubisi, O Olubi, OO Oguntibeju, A Obilana","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.124.23385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.124.23385","url":null,"abstract":"Healthy snacks are widely accepted and can be part of a daily diet since they can be eaten in different areas such as homes, offices, conferences, workshops, and most especially in schools. Snacks have become an essential commodity in every home for both young and old. There are several reasons why snacks are consumed. It could result from hunger, convenience, cravings, socializing, and emotional comfort. Various individual, societal, and environmental elements influence snacking behaviour. Furthermore, awareness of healthy snacks and self-esteem in selecting the \"right\" snacks are major predictors of snacking behaviour. Most snack foods are commonly referred to as \"junk food\" or \"empty foods\" because they include a large amount of calories from sugar or fat with minimal protein, vitamin, or mineral content. However, despite their role in the daily diet, these snacks are mostly energy dense and low in nutrients. Some research studies have been done on functional snacks, but more is yet to be explored. Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MoLP) has been helpful as a food fortificant in various products. This study has utilized it to fortify two varieties of snacks, namely Magwinya and Chinchin (wheat flour). The chemical and functional properties of these snack food products after fortification with MoLP at 0% (Control), 1% and 5% of the variants were determined. Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MoLP) (1% and 5%) had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the moisture (4.63 – 3.97%), ash (0.52 -1.09%), protein (11.36 – 13.40%), and total fat of both the dough (0.17 – 0.81%) and fried product (10.17 – 15.39%) of Magwinya samples. Chinchin fortified with MoLP had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher phenolic content (1.08 – 2.17 mg GAE/g), antioxidant activity (13.41 – 53.81 µmol TE/g), protein content (6.27 - 6.74%), oil uptake (1.89 - 7.12%), and ash (0.99 - 1.39%) consistently at 5% MoLP. These results show that these snacks fortified by MoLP can be advantageous to children and adults in Western and Southern Africa. Key words: Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder (MoLP), Wheat flour, Fortification, Chemical, Functional","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}