American Journal of Botany最新文献

{"title":"Leaf mass per area: An investigation into the application of the ubiquitous functional trait from a paleobotanical perspective","authors":"Matthew J. Butrim,&nbsp;Alexander J. Lowe,&nbsp;Ellen D. Currano","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16419","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16419","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a widely used functional trait in both neobotanical and paleobotanical research that provides a window into how plants interact with their environment. Paleobotanists have used site-level measures of LMA as a proxy for climate, biome, deciduousness, and community-scale plant strategy, yet many of these relationships have not been grounded in modern data. In this study, we evaluated LMA from the paleobotanical perspective, seeking to add modern context to paleobotanical interpretations and discover what a combined modern and fossil data set can tell us about how LMA can be best applied toward interpreting plant communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We built a modern data set by pulling plant trait data from the TRY database, and a fossil data set by compiling data from studies that have used the petiole-width proxy for LMA. We then investigated the relationships of species-mean, site-mean, and site-distribution LMA with different climatic, phylogenetic, and physiognomic variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that LMA distributions are correlated with climate, site taxonomic composition, and deciduousness. However, the relative contributions of these factors are not distinctive, and ultimately, LMA distributions cannot accurately reconstruct the biome or climate of an individual site.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The correlations that make up the leaf economics spectrum are stronger than the correlations between LMA and climate, phylogeny, morphospace, or depositional environment. Fossil LMA should be understood as the culmination of the influences of these variables rather than as a predictor.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought response strategies of vascular epiphytes in isolated pasture trees in a Costa Rican tropical montane landscape","authors":"Damon Vaughan,&nbsp;Cameron B. Williams,&nbsp;Nalini Nadkarni,&nbsp;Todd E. Dawson,&nbsp;Danel Draguljic,&nbsp;Rikke Reese Næsborg,&nbsp;Sybil G. Gotsch","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16423","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16423","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vascular epiphytes of tropical montane cloud forests are vulnerable to climate change, particularly as cloud bases elevate and reduce atmospheric inputs to the system. However, studies have generally focused on epiphytes in contiguous forests, with little research being done on epiphytes on isolated pasture trees. We investigated water relations of pasture-tree epiphytes at three sites located below and above the elevation of the average cloud base in Monteverde, Costa Rica.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We measured sap velocity and four microclimate variables in both the dry and wet season of 2018. We also measured functional traits, including pressure volume (PV) curves, predawn/midday water potential, and various lab-based water relations traits. We used linear mixed models to assess the correlation between microclimate and sap velocity in both seasons and ANOVA to assess the variation in PV curve and water potential variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The turgor loss point generally increased from the wettest to driest site. However, this trend was driven primarily by the increasing prevalence of leaf succulence at drier sites. Microclimatic variables correlated strongly with sap velocity in the wet season, but low soil moisture availability caused this correlation to break down during the dry season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results emphasize the vulnerability of cloud forest epiphytes to rising cloud bases. This vulnerability may be more severe in pasture trees that lack the potential buffer of surrounding forest, but additional research that directly compares the canopy microclimate conditions between forest and pasture trees is needed to confirm this possibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of ramet density and herbivory on floral volatile emissions and seed production in Solidago altissima","authors":"Jacob E. Herschberger,&nbsp;Lukasz Ciesla,&nbsp;Christopher R. Stieha,&nbsp;Mônica F. Kersch-Becker","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16414","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16414","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants produce an array of floral olfactory and visual cues to attract pollinators, including volatile organic compounds (VOC), which mediate plant–pollinator interactions and may be influenced by herbivory and neighboring plants. Consequently, these factors may affect plant fitness by disrupting pollination. However, most evidence comes from controlled experiments, limiting our understanding of how VOCs function in natural populations. This study investigated how herbivory and conspecific ramet density influence floral VOC profile, pollination, and seed production in a naturally occurring population of <i>Solidago altissima</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We recorded leaf herbivory and ramet density surrounding one focal ramet in 1-m² plots. We collected VOCs from the floral headspace and measured ovary fertilization as a proxy for pollination success and the number of seeds produced by the focal ramet.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings revealed interactive effects between ramet density and herbivory on floral VOC emission, richness, and diversity. Specifically, at lower ramet densities, herbivory did not affect floral volatile emissions. However, in highly dense stands, herbivory suppressed floral volatile emissions. Despite these changes, floral volatiles did not affect pollination and the number of seeds in <i>S. altissima</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our field-based findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex responses of floral VOCs to environmental stressors and their contributions to plant reproduction within natural communities. Our results suggest that while herbivory and ramet density influence floral scent, these changes do not affect reproduction in our study. Ultimately, generalist-pollinated plants like <i>S. altissima</i> might not rely heavily on chemical signaling during pollination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling subcellular functional traits: Adaptive insights into chloroplast ultrastructure in nonmodel species","authors":"Saulo Pireda,&nbsp;Maura Da Cunha","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16415","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay discusses how the ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts, particularly the mechanisms of thylakoid membrane unstacking, help maintain the photosynthetic performance of photosystem II (PSII) under stress conditions. This phenomenon may facilitate the repair of damaged PSII by providing access to the repair machinery. It is argued that this PSII repair mechanism accelerates PSII recovery, optimizing photosynthetic processes in stressed plants. Although some studies demonstrate the relationship between thylakoid membrane unstacking in stress conditions, these studies were developed with model species under controlled conditions. Thus, this essay serves as a validation tool for these previous studies, because it demonstrates that the relationships between ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts and the functioning of PSII are essential acclimative strategies for nonmodel plants to survive the constant edaphoclimatic changes of natural environments. Understanding these subcellular dynamics can significantly inform biologists about the plastic potential of plants, especially in heterogeneous environments. An integrated approach in future studies is necessary, highlighting the importance of exploring plant functional traits at multiple scales, because subcellular characteristics have great potential to understand plant acclimatization.</p>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population structure and natural selection across a flower color polymorphism in the desert plant Encelia farinosa","authors":"Sonal Singhal,&nbsp;Christopher DiVittorio,&nbsp;Chandra Jones,&nbsp;Itzel Ixta,&nbsp;Alexis Widmann,&nbsp;Ivone Giffard-Mena,&nbsp;Felipe Zapata,&nbsp;Adam Roddy","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16413","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16413","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clines—or the geographic sorting of phenotypes across continual space—provide an opportunity to understand the interaction of dispersal, selection, and history in structuring polymorphisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we combine field-sampling, genetics, climatic analyses, and machine learning to understand a flower color polymorphism in the wide-ranging desert annual <i>Encelia farinosa</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We find evidence for replicated transitions in disk floret color from brown to yellow across spatial scales, with the most prominent cline stretching ~100 km from southwestern United States into México. Because population structure across the cline is minimal, selection is more likely than drift to have an important role in determining cline width.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given that the cline aligns with a climatic transition but there is no evidence for pollinator preference for flower color, we hypothesize that floret color likely varies as a function of climatic conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastome phylogenomics and new fossil evidence from Dominican amber shed light on the evolutionary history of the Neotropical fern genus Pecluma","authors":"Ledis Regalado,&nbsp;Marc S. Appelhans,&nbsp;Anja Poehlein,&nbsp;Axel Himmelbach,&nbsp;Alexander R. Schmidt","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16410","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16410","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Molecular studies based on chloroplast markers have questioned the monophyly of the fern genus <i>Pecluma</i> (Polypodioideae, Polypodiaceae), which has several species of <i>Polypodium</i> nested within it. We explored the delimitation of <i>Pecluma</i> and its biogeographic pattern by evaluating the phylogenetic position of four <i>Polypodium</i> species not sequenced thus far and integrating the first fossil evidence of <i>Pecluma</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using herbarium material, we applied a genome-skimming approach to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis of Polypodioideae; assessed the combination of character states observed in the fossil from Miocene Dominican amber using a previously published phylogeny of Polypodioideae based on four plastid markers as framework; calculated divergence times; and conducted an ancestral area estimation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Within Polypodioideae, <i>Pecluma</i> was recovered as sister to <i>Phlebodium</i>. Three of the newly sequenced species—<i>Polypodium otites</i>, <i>P. pinnatissimum</i>, and <i>P. ursipes</i>—were recovered with maximum support within the <i>Pecluma</i> clade, whereas <i>P. christensenii</i> remained within <i>Polypodium</i>. The closest combination of character states of the fossil was found within <i>Pecluma</i>. Our biogeographic analyses suggest an Eocene origin of the genus in South America, with several subsequent Oligocene and Miocene colonization events to Mexico–Central America and to the West Indies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the circumscription of <i>Pecluma</i> is still challenging, our results elucidate the origin and age of the genus. The newly described fossil, <i>Pecluma hispaniolae</i> sp. nov., supports the hypothesis that the epiphytic communities of the Greater Antilles exhibit a constant generic composition since the Miocene. We propose new combinations (<i>Pecluma otites</i>, <i>Pecluma pinnatissima</i>, and <i>Pecluma ursipes</i>) to accommodate three species previously classified in <i>Polypodium</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population histories of variable reproductive success and low winter precipitation correlate with risk-averse seed germination in a mediterranean-climate winter annual","authors":"Isabella H. Vergara,&nbsp;Monica A. Geber,&nbsp;David A. Moeller,&nbsp;Vincent M. Eckhart","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16412","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16412","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seed germination involves risk; post-germination conditions might not allow survival and reproduction. Variable, stressful environments favor seeds with germination that avoids risk (e.g., germination in conditions predicting success), spreads risk (e.g., dormancy), or escapes risk (e.g., rapid germination). Germination studies often investigate trait correlations with climate features linked to variation in post-germination reproductive success. Rarely are long-term records of population reproductive success available.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Supported by demographic and climate monitoring, we analyzed germination in the California winter-annual <i>Clarkia xantiana</i> subsp. <i>xantiana</i>. Sowing seeds of 10 populations across controlled levels of water potential and temperature, we estimated temperature-specific base water potential for 20% germination, germination time weighted by water potential above base (hydrotime), and a dormancy index (frequency of viable, ungerminated seeds). Mixed-effects models analyzed responses to (1) temperature, (2) discrete variation in reproductive success (presence or absence of years with zero seed production by a population), and (3) climate covariates, mean winter precipitation and coefficient of variation (CV) of spring precipitation. For six populations, records enabled analysis with a continuous metric of variable reproduction, the CV of per-capita reproductive success.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Populations with more variable reproductive success had higher base water potential and dormancy. Higher base water potential and faster germination occurred at warmer experimental temperatures and in seeds of populations with wetter winters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Geographic variation in seed germination in this species suggests local adaptation to demographic risk and rainfall. High base water potential and dormancy may concentrate germination in years likely to allow reproduction, while spreading risk among years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An elevational cline in leaf variegation: Testing anti-herbivory and abiotic heterogeneity hypotheses in maintaining a polymorphism","authors":"Cierra N. Sullivan,&nbsp;Matthew H. Koski","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16411","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16411","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While some studies have found leaf variegation to reduce photosynthetic capacity, others showed that it can increase photosynthesis. Thus, what maintains variegation remains an open question. Two primary hypotheses—the anti-herbivory and abiotic heterogeneity hypotheses—have been posited, yet little empirical research explicitly investigates the maintenance of naturally occurring variegation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used field surveys, image analysis, and climatic associations to explore the anti-herbivory and abiotic heterogeneity hypotheses in 21 populations of <i>Hexastylis heterophylla</i> and <i>H. shuttleworthii</i>, both polymorphic for leaf variegation. We measured the frequency of variegated individuals, variegation intensity, and herbivory for each morph, assessed abiotic correlates with variegation, and measured photosynthetic efficiency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found a strong elevational cline in leaf variegation strongly linked with abiotic heterogeneity; variegation was more common in lower-elevation populations characterized by higher temperatures, UV-B exposure, seasonal light change, and drier, more basic soils. Variegated and nonvariegated individuals experienced similar levels of herbivory. Morphs had similar photosynthetic quantum yields. However, nonvariegated leaves experienced more nonphotochemical quenching, an indication of photoinhibition, and had higher surface temperatures under high light.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that variegation may serve as an adaptation to high temperatures and light conditions and can reduce photoinhibition in certain environmental contexts. Thus, abiotic factors can maintain variegation in wild populations and shape geographic clines in variegation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing at the arid edge: Anatomical variations in leaves are more extensive than in stems of five Mediterranean species across contrasting moisture regimes","authors":"Asaf Alon,&nbsp;Neta Ginzburg,&nbsp;Hanita Zemach,&nbsp;Hillary Voet,&nbsp;Shabtai Cohen,&nbsp;Rakefet David-Schwartz","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16407","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16407","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increasing aridity in the Mediterranean region affects ecosystems and plant life. Various anatomical changes in plants help them cope with dry conditions. This study focused on anatomical differences in leaves and xylem of five co-occurring Mediterranean plant species namely <i>Quercus calliprinos</i>, <i>Pistacia palaestina</i>, <i>Pistacia lentiscus</i>, <i>Rhamnus lycioides</i>, and <i>Phillyrea latifolia</i> in wet and dry sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stomatal density, stomatal length, leaf mass area, lamina composition, percentage of intercellular air spaces, and mesophyll cell area in leaves of plants in wet and dry sites were analyzed. Xylem anatomy was assessed through vessel length and area in branches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the dry site, three species had increased stomatal density and decreased stomatal length. Four species had increased palisade mesophyll and reduced air space volume. In contrast, phenotypic changes in the xylem were less pronounced; vessel length was unaffected by site conditions, but vessel diameter decreased in two species. Intercellular air spaces proved to be the most dynamic anatomical feature. <i>Quercus calliprinos</i> had the most extensive anatomical changes; <i>Rhamnus lycioides</i> had only minor changes. All these changes were observed in comparison to the species in the wet site.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study elucidated variations in anatomical responses in leaves among co-occurring Mediterranean plant species and identified the most dynamic traits. Understanding these adaptations provides valuable insights into the ability of plants to thrive under changing climate conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diurnal patterns of floral volatile emissions in three species of Narcissus","authors":"Florian Losch,&nbsp;Maximilian Weigend","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16408","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16408","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants generate a wide array of signals such as olfactory cues to attract and manipulate the response of pollinators. The present study addresses the temporal patterns of scent emission as an additional dimension to the scent composition. The expectation is that divergent floral function is reflected in divergent qualitative and temporal emission patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used GC-ion mobility spectrometry with an integrated pre-concentration for automated acquisition of the temporal trends in floral volatile emissions for <i>N. viridiflorus</i>, <i>N. papyraceus</i>, and <i>N. cantabricus</i> subsp<i>. foliosus</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found a considerable increase in scent emissions and changes in scent composition for <i>N. viridiflorus</i> at night. This increase was particularly pronounced for aromatic substances such as benzyl acetate and <i>p</i>-cresol. We found no diurnal patterns in <i>N. papyraceus</i>, despite a similar qualitative composition of floral volatiles. <i>Narcissus cantabricus</i> subsp. <i>foliosus</i> showed no diurnal patterns either and differed considerably in floral scent composition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Scent composition, circadian emission patterns, and floral morphology indicate divergent, but partially overlapping pollinator communities. However, the limited pollinator data from the field only permits a tentative correlation between emission patterns and flower visitors. <i>Narcissus papyraceus</i> and <i>N. cantabricus</i> show no clear diurnal patterns and thus no adjustment to the activity patterns of their diurnal pollinators. In <i>N. viridiflorus</i>, timing of scent emission indicates an adaptation to nocturnal flower visitors, contradicting <i>Macroglossum</i> as the only reported pollinator. We propose that the legitimate pollinators of <i>N. viridiflorus</i> are nocturnal and are still unidentified.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}