AIDS reviews最新文献

{"title":"Viral hepatitis in persons living with HIV in the post-COVID era.","authors":"Vicente Soriano,&nbsp;Víctor Moreno-Torres,&nbsp;Carmen de Mendoza,&nbsp;Octavio Corral,&nbsp;Pablo Barreiro","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coinfection with hepatitis viruses A to E is frequent in persons living with HIV (PLWH) and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Oro-fecal transmissible hepatitis A and E mostly produce acute self-limited episodes in poor income regions and in non-vaccinated travelers. In high-income countries, outbreaks of hepatitis A occur in men having sex with men (MSM) and chronic hepatitis E is occasionally reported among PLWH with severe immunodeficiency. Chronic hepatitis B, C, and D are frequent in PLWH in highly endemic regions and globally in persons who inject drugs (PWID) and MSM. Progression to liver cirrhosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is major clinical complications in coinfected patients. Current estimates for PLWH are of 38 million worldwide. Roughly 12% have chronic viral hepatitis (5 million). Coinfection figures are of 5-10% for HBV (2-4 million), 4% for HCV (1.5 million), and 15% of HBsAg+ for HDV (0.5 million). Oral direct-acting antivirals (DAA) cure almost all treated patients with hepatitis C. However, given that there is no protective HCV immunity, PLWH with high-risk behaviors may experience HCV reinfection episodes. Tenofovir is the drug of choice in PLWH with chronic hepatitis B, given its dual effect on HIV and HBV. Lifelong oral tenofovir suppresses HBV replication and ameliorate liver damage. However, the risk of HCC persists even in the absence of cirrhosis. Finally, HDV causes the worst of viral hepatitis with faster progression to cirrhosis and HCC. An entry inhibitor, bulevirtide, has recently been approved and another drug, lonafarnib, is completing Phase 3 trials. Combination antiviral therapy for hepatitis D could improve dramatically the poor prognosis of HIV-HDV coinfected patients. The resumption of good medical practices in PLWH after the big disruption caused by COVID-19 will reduce the burden of viral hepatitis coinfections. Renewed efforts on HAV and HBV vaccination of susceptible individuals and earlier and wider prescription of antiviral therapy for HBV, HCV, and/or HDV coinfection should be prioritized in PLWH. The benefits of innovative strategies for viral hepatitis, including pre-exposure prophylaxis or use of long-acting antivirals, warrant further consideration in PLWH.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9175709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV patients' bone loss before and after antiretroviral treatment and its possible mechanisms.","authors":"Pei-Min Zheng,&nbsp;Yu-Qing Xie,&nbsp;Shi-Fan Lin,&nbsp;Le Zou,&nbsp;Zhi-Hua Huang,&nbsp;Zhi-Ping Zhang","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.22000028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV infection has been reported to cause bone loss and a higher risk of fracture. Under normal conditions, bone metabolism is regulated by mesenchymal cells, osteoclasts differentiated from mononuclear macrophages, osteoblasts, and their expression of regulatory factors, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), M-SCF, and transforming growth factor-beta. The balance between bone resorption and osteogenesis depends on the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In addition, some immune cells, such as B-cells, T-cells, and other non-immune cells expressing RANKL, can contribute to osteoporosis under inflammatory conditions. HIV proteins consist of three types: regulatory proteins, accessory proteins, and structural proteins, which contribute to HIV-mediated bone loss partly by upregulating NF-κB expression, tumor necrosis factor alpha content, and release of inflammatory cytokines. Even worse, although antiretroviral therapy has reduced HIV infection mortality and successfully transformed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome into a chronic disease, its impact on bone loss should not be overlooked, especially when the drug contains tenofovir. This review analyzes some reports focusing on the overall osteolytic situation due to imbalances in osteogenesis and bone resorption due to HIV infection and antiviral therapy. The intrinsic mechanism of bone loss provides a reference for researchers to analyze the risk factors for HIV patients complicated with bone loss and helps clinicians to provide ideas for the intervention and prevention of bone loss during clinical treatment and chronic disease management of HIV patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10019096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The new profile of psychiatric disorders in patients with HIV infection.","authors":"Lucía Gallego Deike,&nbsp;Pablo Barreiro,&nbsp;Blanca Reneses","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.22000030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, HIV infection is largely considered as a chronic condition rather than a deadly disease, given that effective antiretroviral treatment allows almost complete and persistent suppression of viral replication and restoration of nearly normal CD4+ T-cell counts. Being HIV a \"condition\", we imply that other illnesses are more frequently seen in persons living with HIV (PLHIV), among which mental health disorders are particularly common. Despite very successful antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection may still cause a wide range of neurocognitive dysfunctions and accelerated brain ageing. Beyond direct viral effects, at least another five causes of neurological damage are more frequent among PLHIV. First, the use of neurochemical substances as sexual boosters (chemsex) has become popular in this population. Second, the rate of sexually transmitted infections as syphilis, which may affect the central nervous system, is more prevalent among PLHIV. Third, the use of certain antiretroviral drugs, such as efavirenz, has been associated with changes in mood and/or psychotic symptoms. Fourth, an increased rate of mental disorders has been reported in PLHIV, either as predisposing conditions or following the recognition of HIV diagnosis (i.e., major depression). Finally, psychosocial factors such as loneliness, isolation and stigmatization are more frequent in PLHIV and worsen their mental health. Given that the life expectancy of PLHIV has increased significantly, a new and much broader spectrum of psychiatric disorders has emerged in PLHIV. Early diagnosis and adequate management, including education and preventative interventions are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9175707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the M184V resistance mutation on treatment outcomes in patients with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mahmoud Kandeel","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.23000002","DOIUrl":"10.24875/AIDSRev.23000002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV is a global deliberating infectious disease. Of note, more than 36 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) with approximately newly diagnosed 1.5 million cases annually. M184V is a single base mutation in the highly conserved YMDD domain of reverse transcriptase (RT). It is one of the most encountered resistances associated with mutations to nucleoside RT inhibitors. There were continuous efforts to evaluate the impact of M184V mutation on the treatment outcomes in PLHIV. Therefore, the present systematic review was executed to reveal the virological failure, virological suppression, and resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in PLHIV with the M184V mutation. All clinical studies comparing the treatment outcomes among PLHIV harboring or not harboring M184V mutation were appropriate for systematic review and meta-analysis. The present systematic review included six articles, encompassing 4760 PLHIV. Of them, 1222 (25.67%) patients had M184V mutation, while 3538 (74.32%) PLHIV did not. The meta-analysis showed that patients with M184V mutation were 1.87 times more liable to virological failure (risk ratio [RR] 1.87; 95% 1.09, 3.20; p = 0.02). Furthermore, pooling the data from two studies revealed a significantly higher risk of viral blips (RR 2.26; 95% 1.47, 3.46; p = 0.0002). Concerning discontinuation of ART, there was no statistical difference between patients with and without M184V mutation (RR: 0.99; 95% 0.78, 1.25; p = 0.90). The present study revealed the negative impact of the M184V mutation on treatment outcomes in PLHIV. This included a higher risk of virological failure and viral blips, relative to patients without the mutation. Such patients may benefit from more aggressive and combined therapy for better disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50160394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis) and HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Safa Boujemaa,&nbsp;Gurparsad Singh-Suri,&nbsp;Gurleen Kaur","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.22000024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies have reported the occurrence of genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma fermentans) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, but findings are conflicting. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the association of U. urealyticum and M. hominis with HIV infection. We searched seven databases to retrieve articles reporting the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas among HIV-infected patients. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and displayed by forest plots. Cochran Q and I² statistics were applied to assess heterogeneity. In addition, a funnel plot with an Egger's test was performed to evaluate potential publication bias. Of the 1123 articles identified, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. Our results revealed that HIV-infected patients had higher colonization rates by U. urealyticum and M. hominis (single infection) than the control group (OR = 1.526; 95% CI: 1.202-1.937; p = 0.001 and OR = 2.610; 95% CI: 1.890-3.604; p = 0,000, respectively). However, coinfection seemed to be not associated with HIV infection (OR = 1.311; 95% CI: 0.744-2.311; p = 0.348). A subgroup analysis showed that study design and geographical origin were a source of heterogeneity in the studies that reported coinfection among HIV-infected patients. However, there was no statistical evidence of publication bias. Our study revealed that genital mycoplasmas were more frequent in HIV-infected patients than healthy individuals, resulting from a decline of natural immunity due to HIV. More effort should be dedicated to the screening, prevention, and treatment of genital mycoplasmas, to curb the spread of HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10103430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The management of polypharmacy in people living with HIV.","authors":"Sergio Marin,&nbsp;Carles Quiñones,&nbsp;Carla Codina Jiménez,&nbsp;Ester Valls,&nbsp;Eva Terricabras,&nbsp;Lidia Estrada,&nbsp;Glòria Cardona,&nbsp;Àngels Andreu","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has modified the prognosis of HIV which has evolved into a chronic condition. People living with HIV (PLWH) are living longer presenting an increased number of comorbidities leading to polypharmacy. Literature on the prevalence, associated factors, drug-drug interactions (DDIs), effects on ART-outcomes, geriatric conditions, and nutritional status together with health-interventions aimed to reduce it is presented in this review. A literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE database for all relevant English- and Spanish-language studies since 2006. Studies providing data of interest were identified and ordered in groups: (i) prevalence and associated factors (n = 37), (ii) DDIs (n = 19), (iii) Effects on ART-outcomes (n = 12), (iv) Effects on health conditions (n = 13), and (V) Health-interventions to assess and/or reduce it (n = 9). Polypharmacy occurs in 9-91% of PLWH (2.6-19.5% affected by severe polypharmacy). Main factors associated with polypharmacy are older age, a higher number of comorbidities, frailty, deteriorated renal function, and previous hospitalizations. DDIs were present in 19.15-84% of cases (1.3-12.2% for the most severe types). Mainly involved non-ART drugs were antihypertensives, statins, antithrombotic agents, corticosteroids, divalent cations, and antiacids. Polypharmacy can affect ART selection, adherence, and outcomes and has been related to some geriatric conditions such as falls, frailty, and poor nutritional status. Potentially prescribing issues are present in up to 87.9% of cases according to the STOPP-START and Beers criteria and some pharmacist-led interventions have been shown to reduce it. Considering these findings, polypharmacy should be considered a clinical concern in this population and treatment-optimization programs are needed to reduce its burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9175710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection in truck drivers: a systematic review of global evidence.","authors":"SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Ramin Shahidi, Parisa Matini, Pegah Mirzapour, Ghazal Arjmand, Iman Amiri-Fard, Haleh Siami, Soudabeh Yarmohammadi, Esmaeil Mehraeen, Omid Dadras","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.23000010","DOIUrl":"10.24875/AIDSRev.23000010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transporting and driving long distances might be associated with an increased risk of contracting HIV in truck drivers, which is recognized as a link to network transmission of HIV among this population. The present study aims to systematically review the prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection in truck drivers globally. A comprehensive search of the databases of Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was carried out. The original papers reporting statistics on the prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among truck drivers were included. In this study, 23 original articles that met the eligibility criteria were reviewed. All articles were cross-sectional studies in which a total number of 16,315 truck drivers were studied to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection. Findings indicated high HIV seroprevalence among truck drivers, with the highest prevalence of 56% in South Africa. HIV/AIDS awareness and condom use among truckers were reported low. Having sex with other men, circumcision status, time away from home, marital status, years working as a truck driver, education, income, and drug/alcohol use are the most important risk factors for HIV in truck drivers. Longer time on the road can increase the risk of infection by creating conditions for unsafe sex, in particular, having sex with other men. Low socioeconomic status exacerbates the condition. HIV risk-reduction interventions for long-distance truck drivers are necessary to enhance the awareness of sexually transmitted infections and introduce protective measures such as condoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139428901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coinfection with Viral Hepatitis in HIV patients in 2023.","authors":"Pablo Barreiro,&nbsp;Víctor Moreno-Torres,&nbsp;Vicente Soriano","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9252206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HTLV-1 in Brazil: epidemiological scenario in the highest endemic country in the world.","authors":"Tatiane Assone, Jorge Casseb","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000067","DOIUrl":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M23000067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139428899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiretroviral therapy and weight gain in antiretroviral treatment-experienced HIV patients: A review.","authors":"Emilie Dupont,&nbsp;Jean Cyr Yombi","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.22000026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The risk of developing non-AIDS events (NAEs) remains higher in persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) compared to the general population despite progress made in the treatment by antiretroviral (ARV). Particular attention is therefore given to the management of risk factors associated with NAEs during the follow-up of PLWH, including overweight. Factors associated with weight gain in PLWH are multifactorial and include demographics, HIV disease-related, lifestyle, cultural, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated factors. All these confounding factors make it difficult to interpret the potential link between ARVs and weight gain. In antiretroviral treatment- experienced PLWH, confounding factors such as the return to normal health or the advanced stage of disease can be ruled out compared to naïve patients which somewhat facilitates the interpretation of weight gain. Weight gain after ART switch is modest, not generally a big concern in clinical practice in this population and correlated more strongly with baseline regimen, especially after the stop of TDF or EFV, than with sex-, race-, or HIV-related factors. It remains uncertain whether this is due to the loss of a weight suppressive effect of prior regimens with older agent such as TDF or EFV or a weight gain effect of the newer regimens especially TAF and/or INSTI, or both. The mechanisms linked to weight gain attributed to the new ARVs as well as its possible reversibility are not yet elucidated. Clinicians who switched ARV regimen of experienced PLWH should be aware of this side effect and of this potentially consequences on the global health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9175706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}