{"title":"Reducing Dead Zone in Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD): A Review","authors":"Shijie Jin, Xu Sun, Zhongbing Luo","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923601265","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923601265","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique is a means of defect detection adopting the diffracted longitudinal waves from flaw tips. However, the dead zone is induced by the coupling between tip-diffracted longitudinal wave and lateral wave or longitudinal back-wall wave. In this paper, the methods for reducing dead zone are reviewed from parameter optimization, alternative TOFD techniques and signal processing techniques. The principles, effects and influencing factors of different methods are analyzed and compared in sequence. Finally, the future challenges focus on the multiple overlapped signals (<i>N</i> ≥ 3) from shallow subsurface defects in thin plates and the change of dead zone induced by irregular structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 2","pages":"170 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating Electromagnetic Acoustic Emission Signals Denoising for Alloy Materials Nondestructive Testing: A CRQA Method","authors":"Qiuyue Li, Yushu Lai, Difei Cao","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923601393","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923601393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aiming at the problem that signals collected from local electromagnetic loading operations are usually mixed with background noises (especially white noise), this paper proposed an electromagnetic acoustic emission signal denoising technology based on cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA). Firstly, the decomposition layer and penalty factor of variational mode decomposition are set by experience or optimization algorithm, and then the original signal is decomposed. Secondly, the main components are selected by the CRQA algorithm, and the electromagnetic acoustic emission signal after denoising is obtained by superposition reconstruction. The simulation and experimental results show that when 5 dB noise is added, CRQA can effectively remove the background noises in electromagnetic acoustic emission signals compared to the correlation coefficient algorithm, and it can assist in realizing the high-precision nondestructive testing of alloy materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 2","pages":"144 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vikas Diwakar, Ashwani Sharma, Mohd Zaheer Khan Yusufzai, Meghanshu Vashista
{"title":"Direct Energy Deposited Cladded Material Characterization: Exploring Barkhausen Noise and Thermal Field with Parametric Simulation","authors":"Vikas Diwakar, Ashwani Sharma, Mohd Zaheer Khan Yusufzai, Meghanshu Vashista","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923600806","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923600806","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Direct energy deposition (DED) is a widely used manufacturing process for the production of high-performance metallic components. The process involves depositing a molten metal onto a substrate, which solidifies rapidly to form a clad layer. In this study, the effect of the DED-cladded material of SS316 on a Duplex SS was investigated using Barkhausen noise (BN) analyzer, and the BN signals was measured before and after the cladding process. The method is demonstrated to be effective in detecting microstructural changes, identifying defects, and evaluating the residual stress of the cladded material. The peak and RMS values of both cases exhibit an upward trend when the magnetizing frequency and magnetic field intensity are increased. There is a lower BN response appeared in the duplex SS compared to the cladded material, which gave direct information of the smaller grain size present in the duplex SS. The hysteresis loop characteristics, namely the average permeability, and remanence, showed an inverse relationship with respect to the low-frequency range. However, coercivity is directly proportional to all frequency ranges of the magnetizing waveform, whether it is a sine or triangular wave. The coercivity of the cladded material showed higher than the duplex SS, which is due to having a lower hardness level in the cladded material. Also, a parametric simulation is done to analyze the temperature distribution and heat affected zone (HAZ) at the interface of the deposited material and substrate. The results showed that at the higher value of the laser power, more HAZ appeared; however, as increasing the scanning speed, the HAZ values showed less at the constant value of laser power. The study provides valuable insights into the magnetic properties of cladded materials and their substrates, which can be used to evaluate material quality, hardness, and other mechanical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 2","pages":"223 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reference Blocks for Penetrant Testing","authors":"N. V. Delenkovskii, A. B. Gnusin","doi":"10.1134/S1061830924600114","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830924600114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reference specimens for penetrant testing have been developed that allow optical microscope assisted measurements of both the opening width of surface defects and their depth with the simultaneous condition that defect cavities do not extend onto the side faces of the blocks. Experimental data on the dependence of the defect indication areas after their development on their width (0.5–8.5 μm) and depth (40–860 mm) are presented. Using correlation analysis, the statistical significance of the above parameters is demonstrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 2","pages":"188 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. V. Romashko, O. V. Bashkov, T. A. Efimov, M. N. Bezruk, D. A. Bobruyko, N. V. Makarova
{"title":"Features of Application of Adaptive Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors of Acoustic Emission to Monitor the Condition of Polymer Composite Materials","authors":"R. V. Romashko, O. V. Bashkov, T. A. Efimov, M. N. Bezruk, D. A. Bobruyko, N. V. Makarova","doi":"10.1134/S106183092360140X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S106183092360140X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The results of an experimental study of the operation of fiber optic sensors (FOS) of acoustic emission introduced into the structure of polymer composite materials (PCM) are presented. The reliability and fault tolerance of FOS under critical mechanical loads on PCM was assessed, and the influence of the presence of FOS embedded into the structure of PCM on the mechanical characteristics of the material was investigated. For demodulation of FOS output signals, the principles of adaptive holographic interferometry based on two-wave mixing at dynamic hologram formed in a photorefractive crystal are used.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 1","pages":"16 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhong Mian, Xiang Hongxing, Li Fei, Yang Ming, Li Shouqing, Lei Xia, Tu Xiaoguang, Wang Zhiqi, Li Chen, Zhao Xin, Wei Dongshan, Xu Yajun, Zhou Chao
{"title":"Nondestructive Testing and Predictability of Microcracks in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites via Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy","authors":"Zhong Mian, Xiang Hongxing, Li Fei, Yang Ming, Li Shouqing, Lei Xia, Tu Xiaoguang, Wang Zhiqi, Li Chen, Zhao Xin, Wei Dongshan, Xu Yajun, Zhou Chao","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923600818","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923600818","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The presence of various defects in carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRP) can be highly detrimental to the safety of aircrafts during their operation. Therefore, it is crucial to employ an accurate and efficient nondestructive technology to detect such defects and ensure safe operation of aircrafts. In this study, we used COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to investigate the THz spectral characteristics of manually preset microcracks in CFRP. Results showed a linear relation between the THz spectral characteristics of the microcracks, including the reflectance, time-spectral amplitude, power spectral density, absorption, and absorption coefficient, with their geometric parameters such as the length, width, and position. This relation can help predict the geometric information of the microcracks through THz-TDS, facilitating a quantitative detection of microcracks in CFRP and providing a reference for practical applications in this detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 1","pages":"96 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140564018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Bekher, A. A. Popkov, A. S. Vyplaven, V. N. Fedorinin, V. I. Sidorov, S. P. Shlyakhtenkov, I. Yu. Kinzhagulov
{"title":"Inspection of Press Joints Based on the Analysis of Their Deformation Patterns under Local Thermal Loading","authors":"S. A. Bekher, A. A. Popkov, A. S. Vyplaven, V. N. Fedorinin, V. I. Sidorov, S. P. Shlyakhtenkov, I. Yu. Kinzhagulov","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923601356","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923601356","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The results of experimental studies of the possibility of using strain gauges under local pulsed thermal loading to evaluate the tension of the press connections of bearing rings with shafts are presented. Samples of press-fit joints in the range from 38 to 118 μm were prepared. As a result of the study of the patterns of heat flow propagation in bearing rings and tension samples by contact method and by means of thermal imaging, the possibility of separating strains associated with the influence of temperature on the strain measurement area and the temperature gradient in the heating area is shown. The methods of inspecting a press joint exposed to a heater ring with a heat power capacity of 80 kJ and a temperature of 200°C and measuring the strains of the ring and shaft by an opto-polarizing sensor with a base of 60 mm and a resolution of <span>(2 times {{10}^{{ - 7}}})</span> relative deformation units have been experimentally implemented. A correlation has been established between the time of reaching the maximum of local strains in the shaft with the tightness of the press joints and of the sign of strains in the bearing ring with a press fit leak with the gap between the ring and the shaft.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 1","pages":"54 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140564029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of Crack Damages in Composite Materials by Using Frequency- and Time-Domain Analysis","authors":"Rongxin Sun, Wei Li, Cong Liu, Peng Jiang, Chang Yang, Feng Yang","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923600582","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923600582","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Characterization methods for material damage are a critical area of research, as comprehensive detection techniques can significantly enhance safety in production processes. This paper utilizes experimental and numerical methods to explore the relationship between nonlinear coefficients derived from frequency-domain analysis results and crack damages in composite materials. Additionally, it analyzes the time-domain responses of three excitation signals along asymmetric paths under various damage scenarios, revealing distinctive characteristics of damaged materials. Furthermore, it investigates cross-correlation coefficients between different target damages and the damage-free case in the same path direction. Numerical results demonstrate a correlation between the extent of damage and the cross-correlation coefficient. The study also highlights that different excitation signals exhibit varying sensitivities to different damage types. Lastly, a damage index is proposed to quantify the interaction between the propagation path and damage, enabling a more accurate characterization of material damage. This study serves as a valuable complement to existing material damage characterization methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 1","pages":"22 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability of Dye Penetrant Inspection Method to Detect Weld Discontinuities","authors":"J. Vera, L. Caballero, M. Taboada","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923600442","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923600442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dye penetrant inspection method used to reveal surface weld discontinuities is an important factor for quality verification in the manufacture of structural components; however, it is probable that certain size-dependent discontinuities may or may not be detected. Then, how reliable can it be? In this sense, the objective of the research has been to estimate the reliability of dye penetrant inspection to detect discontinuities in relation to their size. Six experimental tests were performed by three inspectors, with visible and fluorescent dye penetrants, on twenty welded joints of similar surface characteristics, containing 63 typical weld discontinuities arranged according to shape and size, whereas POD reliability quantitative estimates were developed by the hit-or-miss statistical method. For the test system, the fluorescent penetrants, due to their greater sensitivity compared to the visible ones, registered greater reliability in revealing smaller discontinuities. The POD estimators were <i>a</i><sub>50</sub> (1.469 mm < 1.978 mm), <i>a</i><sub>90</sub> (6.348 mm < 7.474 mm), <i>a</i><sub>90/95</sub> (14.58 mm < 15.77 mm). Fluorescent dyes allowed a higher rate and probability of detection; both factors showed a tendency to increase as the discontinuities size increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 1","pages":"85 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lijie Chen, He Wang, Qingyang Deng, Xiao Wang, Ting Tang, Baoyou Luo
{"title":"Pore Distribution and Damage Evaluation of Modified Red Clay Based on NMR","authors":"Lijie Chen, He Wang, Qingyang Deng, Xiao Wang, Ting Tang, Baoyou Luo","doi":"10.1134/S1061830923600892","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1061830923600892","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the modification of red clay with calcium carbonate. The pore distribution was obtained using a combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The influence of calcium carbonate content, density, confining pressure, and shear strain on the pores was studied. Introducing pore classification to assess the extent of the damage under different conditions and the relationship between different types of pores. The results show that the content of added calcium carbonate has little effect on pore distribution when the density is low (1.4 and 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). The content of calcium carbonate has an influence on pore distribution when the density is high (1.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). With the density increases, the number of macropores and mesopores between soil particles decreases, while the small pores increase. The confining pressure results in the preferential drainage of free water from macropores. The porosity decreases as the confining pressure increases. Under the same confining pressure, as the shear strain increases, the large pores decrease while the small pores increase. Based on the analysis of damage degree, the shear strain is positively linearly related to the damage degree of intragranular mesopores, which forms a convex function relationship with intragranular macropores and intergranular mesopores (except under a confining pressure of 100 kPa).</p>","PeriodicalId":764,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"60 1","pages":"104 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}