Agricultural Water Management最新文献

{"title":"Risk of real-time irrigation decision-making system for farmland in arid irrigation districts: Methodology and case study","authors":"Yimin Ding ,&nbsp;Mingyu Wang ,&nbsp;Jianxin Jin ,&nbsp;Zhengyuan Sun ,&nbsp;Jia Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Making precise irrigation decisions several days in advance is of great significance for improving water resource utilization efficiency in arid regions. While crop models such as AquaCrop aid in predicting soil moisture and water requirements, uncertainties arising from soil heterogeneity, management practices, and crop traits can compromise the accuracy of irrigation decisions. Therefore, this study develops a real-time irrigation decision-making (RTID) system and a risk analysis framework based on AquaCrop to evaluate the impacts of uncertainty on a virtual maize field in the Hanyan Irrigation District, an arid region of Northwest China. Results show that uncertainties in weather forecasts, including reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) and precipitation, minimally affect net irrigation requirement (NIR) in drought areas. In contrast, sowing date, soil parameters, and crop coefficient (K_c) introduce significant variability. When maximized, these factors cause NIR fluctuations of −15 % to + 13 %, −5 % to + 12 %, and −10 % to + 10 %, respectively. Under the combined influence of these uncertainty factors, the fluctuations in NIR exhibit a saturation effect, meaning that as uncertainty factors continue to accumulate, the magnitude of NIR fluctuations no longer increases obviously. Statistical analysis indicates that when all factors act together, 90 % of NIR predictions remain within ±15 %, while yield losses exceed 1.5 % in ≤ 25 % of cases and 4 % in ≤ 5 % of cases, respectively. Moderately increasing the per-application NIR slightly reduces the risk of yield loss, but the benefits diminish beyond a 10 % increment. These findings provide scientific and practical insights for optimizing precision irrigation in arid regions, highlighting key sources of uncertainty and their impacts on water use efficiency and yield stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109851"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation alfalfa with annual forage enhances even water use and maintains forage yield resilience in a semiarid region","authors":"Hongheng Guo ,&nbsp;Shuai Hou ,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangyang Liu ,&nbsp;Yafang Wang ,&nbsp;Chugang Mei ,&nbsp;Kai Gao ,&nbsp;Zhiling Lin ,&nbsp;Zhixin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil water deficits in deep layers and early senescence are key but neglected issues under continuous monoculture cultivation, limiting crop production in water-limited environments, particularly for perennial crops with relatively high water demand. Whether annual forage crops with shallow roots can be incorporated into intercropping systems to effectively improve soil water distribution via water use compensation is unclear. A field trial with alfalfa and four annual forage crops (maize, sweet sorghum, Sudan grass and Japanese millet) was conducted in a typical semiarid region of the Loess Plateau. Compared with the alfalfa monoculture system, the alfalfa intercropping system with annual forage crops improved the water content of the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–160 cm) by 6.5 %-81.4 % and 10.7 %-23.2 %, respectively. Compared with the other intercropping systems, the alfalfa-maize system greatly reduced interspecific water competition in the subsoil by 16.4 %-27.6 % and increased topsoil water compensation by 0.3 %-13.1 %. This led to an average increase of 29.5 % in water storage in the topsoil and 12.0 % in water storage in the subsoil at the maturity stage. Compared with the alfalfa monoculture system, the alfalfa-maize, alfalfa-sorghum, alfalfa-Sudan grass, and alfalfa-Japanese millet intercropping systems presented 151 %, 44 %, 54 %, and 32 % greater water productivity, respectively. Notably, the improvement in soil water conditions within the intercropping system resulted in greater interspecific compensatory effects than selection effects, thereby conferring a yield advantage of 64.6 %-80.6 %. Moreover, compared with the other intercropping systems, the alfalfa-maize combination resulted in 0.5–7.6 % LER improvement, 13.8–28.8 % MAI enhancement, and 12.3–43.1 % CR reduction, coupled with water compensation benefits and favorable water productivity (WER &gt; 1). Overall, the yield loss of alfalfa intercropped with annual forage crops can be effectively compensated for. This offers a feasible solution for efficient water management by facilitating even water use for perennial forage crops in semiarid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109838"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking groundwater recharge dynamics to traditional irrigation practices in a semiarid mountain-front system","authors":"H. Bouimouass ,&nbsp;Y. Ouassanouan ,&nbsp;M.W. Baba ,&nbsp;A. Chehbouni","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater recharge in mountain-front areas is a critical yet poorly constrained component of the water cycle in semiarid regions, particularly where traditional irrigation practices dominate. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of recharge induced by gravity-fed irrigation in the mountain-front of the Moroccan High Atlas, a key recharge zone for the Haouz aquifer. A simplified water balance approach, corrected for groundwater-based evapotranspiration, was applied to a 20-year dataset of irrigation diversions and remotely sensed evapotranspiration (MOD16A2), and validated against recharge estimates from the water table fluctuation (WTF) method. Results show strong spatial disparities, with upstream zones receiving disproportionately higher water allocations due to ancestral water rights, sustaining potential recharge in ∼90 % of months, while midstream and downstream zones consistently faced deficits. Despite local recharge events linked to flood years, statistically significant declining trends in recharge were observed across all zones, reflecting both reduced streamflow and intensified groundwater abstraction. Sensitivity tests revealed that neglecting rainfall and ΔS introduces only modest biases (≤12 % in upstream, ≤24 % in midstream zones), confirming the dominance of irrigation as the primary recharge driver. Potential recharge estimates aligned closely with WTF-derived values (differences of 5–14 %), further attesting to the reliability of the approach. These findings highlight the vulnerability of traditional irrigation systems under climate and human pressures and emphasize the urgent need for integrated water management strategies that safeguard ancestral irrigation practices while promoting adaptive measures such as managed aquifer recharge and climate-smart agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109855"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the coupled model of canal system optimization control and water distribution","authors":"Ke Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhanyi Gao ,&nbsp;Yu Fan ,&nbsp;Haorui Chen ,&nbsp;Xinrong Zheng ,&nbsp;Xufeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The process of water delivery and distribution in irrigation districts requires the coordinated operation of check gates and turn-out gates. The Integrator-Delay (ID) model is a widely used canal control model, assuming that offtakes are located at the downstream end of canal pools. However, previous studies have often analyzed water delivery and distribution separately, and the assumptions of the ID model fail to reflect the actual distribution of most open-canal offtakes. To address these issues, this paper establishes a coupled model for optimal control and water distribution in canal systems. Firstly, an Optimized Integrator-Delay (OID) model is proposed to more accurately represent the dynamic impact of offtake locations on water level variations. Model Predictive Controllers (MPCs) are then designed based on both the OID model and the ID model for performance comparison. Secondly, to evaluate the applicability and control performance of the two models when coupled with the canal system optimization water distribution model, three irrigation scenarios are defined: (1) prioritizing the backwater area, followed by the uniform flow area; (2) prioritizing the uniform flow area, followed by the backwater area; and (3) random irrigation. Control performance metrics are used to assess the stability of water levels, flow rates, and gate adjustments under the two controllers. Water delivery and distribution strategies are formulated for various scenarios and applied in the Bojili Irrigation District. The results show that， compared to the ID model, the OID model achieves maximum improvements in water level, flow rate, and gate opening control stability by 8.81 %, 16.47 %, and 7.06 %, respectively. The coupled model provides effective target water levels, water distribution schemes, and scheduling schemes for the three scenarios. It significantly reduces the frequency and magnitude of gate adjustments, minimizes water shortages and abandonment, and enhances system efficiency and resilience against complex demands and disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109842"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon mineralization and microbial responses to saline-water irrigation in a drip-irrigated oasis cotton field: Variations across soil aggregate fractions","authors":"Rui Chen ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingya Wang ,&nbsp;Jihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Li ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Saline water irrigation is an increasingly critical strategy for mitigating water scarcity in oasis agriculture. However, its impact on soil health at the aggregate scale, particularly concerning carbon sequestration and microbial communities, remains poorly understood. We conducted a four-year cotton field experiment irrigated with water at four salinity levels: CK (0.87 g·L⁻¹), T1 (3 g·L⁻¹), T2 (5 g·L⁻¹), and T3 (8 g·L⁻¹). Results indicated that increasing salinity elevated aggregate levels of salt cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺), total nitrogen, soil organic carbon (SOC), and labile organic carbon (LOC). In contrast, total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (SIC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased. While saline irrigation reduced soil fungal diversity, it did not significantly alter bacterial diversity. Microbial diversity was also strongly influenced by aggregate size, with the highest fungal richness and bacterial diversity found in the &lt; 0.25 mm fraction. Network analysis revealed that increasing salinity simplified bacterial community interactions but increased the proportion of coexisting species; fungal community networks showed no significant trends. Redundancy analysis identified SOC, LOC, TC, and Na⁺ as the primary factors governing both bacterial and fungal communities, with base cations and carbon fractions exerting a stronger influence on fungi. Based on the effects of saline water irrigation on the stability of microbial diversity and composition, we recommend a salinity threshold of ≤ 3 g·L⁻¹ to maintain sustainable crop yield and soil structural stability in regional cotton fields. This study provides a critical scientific foundation for optimizing saline water irrigation management in oasis ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109852"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen supply under mulched drip irrigation increases the rice yield by improving the photosynthetic nitrogen distribution strategy and promoting biomass accumulation","authors":"Lei Zhao ,&nbsp;Guodong Wang ,&nbsp;Qingyun Tang ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Song ,&nbsp;Honghai Luo ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) application can significantly regulate the N distribution strategy of crop leaf photosynthesis to optimize photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) and yield, but its effects on PNUE in drip-irrigated rice and its relationship with yield formation remain unclear. We hypothesize that water–fertilizer integration can improve the leaf photosynthetic N distribution strategy and whole-plant biomass accumulation through precise N fertilizer supply to improve water use efficiency while ensuring yield in drip-irrigated rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2021–2022 using two rice varieties with different degrees of drought resistance (T-43 and Liangxiang 3) with two irrigation methods (FI, traditional flood irrigation; DI, mulched drip irrigation) and four N application levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg·ha⁻¹). Flag leaf traits, N distribution, PNUE and rice yield were assessed. The N distribution ratios in the carboxylation system (P_c), light-harvesting components (P_L), PNUE and spike biomass in T-43 and LX-3 rice were 32.3–109.1 %, 22.7–152.7 %, 18.9–69.6 % and 35.1–93.7 % lower under DI than FI; the two-year mean leaf area, specific leaf weight, N content per unit mass and N content per unit area were 1.3 % and 1.6 %, 17.3 % and 9.2 %, 7.6 % and 24.5 %, 32.7 % and 45.1 % higher under DI than FI. Finally, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (<em>P</em>_max) and yield of T-43 did not significantly differ between FI and DI. Under both irrigation methods, the mean chlorophyll content, P_L, <em>P</em>_max, maximum electron transport rate (<em>J</em>_max), PNUE, spike biomass and yield of T-43 were highest under 300 kg·ha⁻¹ N. Under DI (10,200 m³·ha⁻¹), selecting drought-resistant rice (T-43) and applying 300 kg·ha⁻¹ N fertilizer increased the specific leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll content, P_c and P_L to increase PNUE and material accumulation, thereby increasing yield, representing an effective management strategy for improving productivity and water use in drip-irrigated rice in arid areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109839"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dual-threat: How saline water irrigation compromises soil health and seed cotton yield under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang, China","authors":"Zhanli Ma ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Li ,&nbsp;Hanchun Ye ,&nbsp;Feihu Yin ,&nbsp;Yue Wen ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Saline water has become a significant resource for agricultural irrigation in arid regions. However, its potential negative impact on soil health remains a concern. Therefore, understanding its effects on soil properties and microbial communities is essential. A two-factor experiment was conducted in 2023 and 2024, incorporating four levels of irrigation water salinity: 1.3 dS m^–1 (S1), 3.5 dS m^–1 (S2), 5.7 dS m^–1 (S3), and 9.8 dS m^–1 (S4), as well as three irrigation amounts: 450 mm (W1), 360 mm (W2), and 270 mm (W3) to analyze the impact of saline irrigation water on soil microorganisms and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that the relative abundance of dominant species in both fungal and bacterial communities decreased with increasing irrigation water salinity, with the exceptions of <em>Eurotiomycetes</em> (fungal community), <em>Actinobacteriota</em>, and <em>Gemmatimonadota</em> (bacterial community). Additionally, the relative abundance of all dominant species declined with reduced irrigation amount, except for <em>Gemmatimonadota</em> in the bacterial community. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the variables, including soil water-stable macroaggregates (WR0.25), pH, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and nitrate reductase (NR), explained over 10 % of the variance in fungal community structure, while WR0.25, NO₃⁻-N, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and NR accounted for over 10 % of the variance in bacterial community structure. Moreover, the alpha diversity of both fungal and bacterial communities decreased as irrigation water salinity increased and irrigation amount decreased. The structural equation model (SEM) revealed that irrigation water salinity and irrigation amount directly or indirectly affect microbial community diversity by altering soil physical, chemical, and enzymatic properties. The application of saline water irrigation significantly deteriorated soil quality and cotton yield. Irrigation with water of 3 g/L salinity did not significantly affect cotton yield, whereas high salinity levels (≥5 g/L) led to a significant reduction in yield, notably, the highest yields in both years were observed under the S2W1 treatment. This study provides valuable practical guidance for the use of saline water in agricultural irrigation in arid areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109847"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How reliable are long time-series reanalysis and model-based soil moisture products for agricultural soil water stress monitoring? Insights from a five-dataset evaluation across China","authors":"Peng Li ,&nbsp;Liang He ,&nbsp;Xuetong Wang ,&nbsp;Ermao Ding ,&nbsp;Qiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable soil moisture (SM) information underpins agricultural water management, yet large uncertainties remain in how long-term SM products capture hydroclimatic extremes. We systematically evaluate five widely used datasets—ERA5-Land (land reanalysis), GLEAM4 (satellite-driven water balance), GLDAS-Noah and GLDAS-CLSM (land surface models), and MERRA-2 (atmospheric reanalysis)—over China for 1982–2022. Using in situ observations, SMAP-L4 satellite data, and historical records of extreme droughts and floods, we assessed reliability against ground networks (Spearman ρ), consistency across products (Spearman ρ), and spatial coherence with SMAP-L4 (Pearson r). Long-term trends were quantified using the Theil–Sen estimator with the Trend-Free Pre-Whitening Mann–Kendall test. Results reveal a consistent divergence among products. MERRA-2, GLDAS-Noah, and GLEAM4 indicate widespread wetting, with positive SM trends across 33–75 % of grid cells and wet-stress intensification over 24–61 %. In contrast, ERA5-Land and GLDAS-CLSM depict drying, with negative SM trends over ∼47–51 % of grids, drought intensification across 42–45 %, and declining wet stress in 30–40 %. ERA5-Land exhibits the strongest agreement with in situ data (median Spearman ρ = 0.45–0.48) and reliably captures benchmark extremes such as the 1998 Yangtze flood and the 2022 drought. MERRA-2 best matches SMAP-L4 (Pearson r &gt; 0.76 nationwide) but underrepresents persistent droughts. Collectively, these findings establish ERA5-Land as the most reliable long-term benchmark for trend analysis, while underscoring the comparative advantage of MERRA-2 for short-term anomaly detection. Significant discrepancies in transitional and irrigated zones (e.g., the Loess Plateau and Huang–Huai–Hai Plain) underscore the need for climate- and region-specific fusion strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109845"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of dynamic pressure on emitter clogging in drip irrigation system: The perspective of multiple fouling","authors":"Shaobo Xing ,&nbsp;Kexin Du ,&nbsp;Ningning Liu ,&nbsp;Miao Li ,&nbsp;Yue Wen ,&nbsp;Luis Juana ,&nbsp;Raúl Sánchez ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the anti-clogging ability using dynamic pressure (DP) is an effective measure to improve the water use efficiency of drip systems. However, the response patterns of multiple fouling inside emitters to DP require further investigation. Therefore, a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of DP on the clogging performance and fouling characteristics of drip tapes, with constant pressure (CP) of 100 kPa as the control group. DP was applied in a trapezoidal waveform with a baseline pressure of 100 kPa, an amplitude of 30 kPa, and a cycle time of 90 s. The experiment spanned 64 days. Two types of non-pressure-compensating drip tapes and one type of pressure-compensating drip tape were tested, with performance evaluations conducted on 10 sampling points from each tape. The results demonstrated that, compared to CP, DP suppressed the fouling dry weight (<em>DW</em>) by 54.8 % (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). And DP strikingly raised the discharge ratio and variation (<em>Dra</em>) by 32.2 % and Christiansen’s irrigation uniformity (<em>CU</em>) of drip system by 21.8 %. Meanwhile, DP effectively alleviated the inhibitory effects of fouling on <em>Dra</em> and <em>CU</em>. Additionally, there were markedly mutual promotion effects among multiple fouling (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). DP inhibited the accumulation of particulates (59.7 %), precipitates (55.7 %), and biofouling (26.7 %) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) thereby improving <em>Dra</em> and <em>CU</em>. Overall, DP is a promising operational strategy to mitigate clogging for multiple fouling, thereby enhancing the water utilization efficiency of drip systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109837"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on machine learning: Predicting the combined effects and strategies of water management and biochar treatment on soil Cd activity and Cd accumulation in rice","authors":"Zhuowen Meng,&nbsp;Xin Liu,&nbsp;Shuang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, for cadmium (Cd) pollution in farmland, both the control of Cd contamination and the requirement of water conservation are urgent. Biochar passivation is a commonly used method for remediating Cd contamination in soils; however, under different water management conditions, the appropriate Cd concentration range for biochar remediation in Cd-contaminated soil remains to be investigated. In this study, machine learning was used to investigate the combined effects of biochar and water management on active Cd (DTPA-Cd, available Cd, and exchangeable Cd) in soils and Cd accumulation in brown rice. Moreover, the appropriate Cd concentration range for biochar remediation in Cd-contaminated soil under water flooding conditions and alternating wet-dry conditions was predicted. The results showed that active soil Cd and brown rice Cd were best fitted by the optimized GBDT model. The importance of factors affecting Cd uptake in rice grains was ranked as follows: soil properties (43.7 %) &gt; biochar properties (30.3 %) &gt; experimental conditions (24.6 %) &gt; rice properties (1.4 %). Machine learning predictions highlighted that, for soils with pH values of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0, when the Cd concentration in acidic soil exceeds 0.94, 1.25, 1.68, 2.12, and 2.42 mg·kg^-1, respectively, the use of water management alone should be avoided. Moreover, when the Cd concentration in acidic soil exceeds 1.25, 1.60, 1.95, 2.30, and 2.85 mg·kg^-1, respectively, even under flooded conditions, the application of biochar alone is not recommended, and other restoration techniques (e.g., silicon fertilizer, and green manure) should be coapplied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 109841"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}